Biology Exam 3 "practice set"

From the list provided, select all that describe the process of sickle-cell gene therapy. (Check all that apply.)

- Bone marrow removal - ex vivo gene therapy

What is/are the main goal(s) for obtaining and testing DNA?

All of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following statements about PCR is true?

All of them

The information contained in genes is expressed:

All of these are required for gene expression to be complete

Genome editing can be accomplished by using

CRISPR

What is the function of a restriction enzyme in genetic engineering?

Cut DNA into many fragments

What was Watson and Crick's contribution to the structure of DNA?

DNA is a double helix.

Which process provides the nucleotides that are found within a gene or a targeted area of the genome?

DNA sequencing

Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?

Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body.

Which of the following best explains the difference between selective breeding and genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating the DNA of organisms, whereas selective breeding makes use of existing, naturally present variation and the process of sexual reproduction.

Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?

Genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?

Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?

Hemoglobin is composed of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.

If a person shows an intermediate phenotype, such as that observed in a person who is heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, this indicates the pattern of inheritance to be __________.

Incomplete dominance

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of a genetic disease?

It is a change in the genetic information that may be passed on from one generation to the next.

Genes can be inserted into plasmid DNA and cloned into bacteria. This will produce bacteria that have recombinant DNA and will

Make multiple copies of the inserted gene

Which of the following statements best describes the orientation of the two strands of DNA?

The two strands of DNA are anti-parallel. One strand is oriented 3' to 5' and the other is oriented 5' to 3'.

Which of the following best explains the role of transcription in a cell?

To produce a mRNA molecule to deliver the genetic instructions outside the nucleus.

During gene therapy, bone marrow stem cells are removed from the individual. What must happen to those cells before they are injected back into the individual?

Viruses act as vectors to carry the normal gene into the genome of the stem cells.

DNA is packaged into chromosomes to

all of the above

Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis results in

four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

Since the success of Flavr-Savr tomatoes, there has been a

growing trend to produce more GMOs in agriculture

Sickle-cell gene therapy in clinical trials

has presented with promising results with the expression of the correct hemoglobin protein.

______ contain similar genes but often different alleles. After DNA replication, ______ contain identical alleles combinations

homologous chromosomes; sister chromatids

There are two main forms of non-Mendelian inheritance. In ______, as observed in familial hypercholesterolemia, the dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele. In ______, as observed in AB blood type, two dominant alleles are expressed for the same phenotype.

incomplete dominance, codominance

Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of apples?

nonbrowning

Which of the following plays the role of interpreting the genetic information, from the mRNA, into a structural protein that is used by the cell?

translation

What type of cells are used to collect DNA for genetic testing?

white blood cells

If 23% of a species' DNA contains adenine, how much guanine is in this species' DNA?

27%

Mendel crossed pea plants dominant for two different traits (tall and green pods) with pea plants recessive for those same two traits (short and yellow pods). This cross resulted in pea plants that had combinations of all four traits (tall with green pods, tall with yellow pods, short with green pods, and short with yellow pods). Which law of inheritance best describes why this happens?

Law of independent assortment

Sickle-cell disease has a physiological impact on the body because it

all of the answer choices are correct

European corn crops have been genetically modified with the ______ gene from Bacillus thuringiensis which acts as an insecticide

endotoxin

Small, circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells that can be manipulated in developing GMOs are known as

plasmid

At which point of the respiratory system would sickle-cell disease cause an impact?

the delivery of air into the alveoli

The two primary ways that genetically modified plants are created are:

- introducing foreign genes into a plant - manipulating genes within a plant

A researcher is comparing a plot of agricultural land planted with Bt corn to a plot of agricultural land planted with non-GMO corn. Based on what she knows about Bt, she would expect to find

an increased crop yield in the Bt corn field

Gene therapy can involve the replacement of a defective gene. Which type of vector is used to replace the defective gene in ex vivo gene therapy and not used in in vivo gene therapy?

virus

This list contains the characteristics of the law of independent assortment and the law of segregation. Select all that contributed to Mendel's law of segregation. (Check all that apply.)

- During meisosis, only one factor is passed on in a gamete - an individual receives one factor from each parents - fertilization results in a new individual with two factors

DNA replication is considered to be ______ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Semiconservative

A gardener saves seeds from a red tomato plant in her garden. She plants the seeds the following summer and is surprised when the plant produces orange tomatoes. Then she remembers the red tomato plant was next to a plant that produced yellow tomatoes. This an example of a GMO

false

To transcribe something is to make an identical copy, i.e., if the original is DNA, the transcribed copy is also DNA.

false

Which of the following statements describe a potential benefit of genetically modified plants? Check all that apply.

- Plants can be more resistant to pests - plants can be more resistance to the effects of climate change - plants can be modified to produce vaccines for human use - it can make plants more nutritious

A single mutation causes sickle-cell disease. Which of the following statements best describes how this occurs?

A single nucleotide mutation causes a normal glutamine amino acid to be replaced with a valine amino acid. This causes the resulting hemoglobin protein to form incorrectly, resulting in sickle-shaped red blood cells that cannot function as intended.

Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of corn?

Insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance

What is the role of the enzyme ligase in DNA replication?

It breaks the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands of the DNA together.

Which of the following statements differentiates spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Spermatogenesis occurs through meiosis and oogenesis occurs through mitosis. The outcome is the production of four sperm, in spermatogenesis, and one egg in oogenesis.

For traits to be transmitted and expressed in the next generation

Will depend on being recessive or dominant

Which of the following nitrogenous bases are correctly paired?

adenine-uracil; guanine-cytosine

The ultimate goal(s) of successful plant GMOs is(are) to

all are correct

Hemoglobin is not a good carrier of CO2. Carbon dioxide is converted into ________________ ions before it is transported to the alveoli.

bicarbonate

The Covid19 vaccine introduces a strand of mRNA that carries the directions to make the "spike" part of the virus. This protein is produced by our cells and results in immunity (we look into that part in our next unit). Why is it unlikely this piece of mRNA will be incorporated into our own DNA and cause problems?

mRNA carries the amino acid and has nothing directly to do with DNA

Transcription starts with RNA polymerase binding to the start of the gene called a/an __________.

promoter

The sickle-shaped red blood cells can block the capillaries of organs in multiple body systems. The _____ may become enlarged and that can result in abdominal pain and decreased recycling of red blood cells. The ______ can become blocked; this can decrease urine output and cause kidney failure.

spleen ; kidneys

During DNA replication, the ______ strand is the one being used by the DNA polymerase to provide the new ______ strand of DNA.

template ; daughter

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means

two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.

Which of the following statements best describes the human life cycle?

· Adult humans produce haploid sex cells through meiosis. During fertilization, these cells form a diploid zygote. The zygote divides through mitosis to form a human.