Biology exam 4

Medulla oblongata

Automatic reflex center

Contusion

Causes bleeding and swelling inside of the brain around the area where the head was struck

Ventricles

Chambers in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and lined with ependymal cells

What facts affects the transfer of short term memory to long term memory?

Emotional states, rehearsal, association, automatic memory, memory consoldation

FAST

Face Arms Speech Time

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Helps maintain stable environment for brain

retrograde amnesia

Loss of memories formed in the distant past

cross section

a white oval containing a grey butterfly-shape

Sensory areas

conscious awareness of sensation

Lateralization

division of labor between hemispheres

Automatic memory

Subconscious information stored in long term memory

cerebral edema

swelling of brain associated with traumatic head injury

lateral horn

sympathetic control neurons

transient ischemia attacks (TIA)

temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia

Pia mater

thin fibrous membrane that follows the convolutions of gyri and sulci in the cerebral cortex, fits in grooves and indentation

Short term memory

Temporary holding of information

CSF 3

CSF flows through the subarachnoid space

CSF 2

CSF flows through ventricles and into subarachnoid space via median and lateral apertures

CSF 4

CSF is absorbed onto the dural venous sinuses via arachnoid granulation

Cerebellum

Contains cerebrocerebellum, spinocerebellum, vermis, vestibulocerebellum. function is proper execution of movement and balance

Epithalamus

Contains the pineal gland, secretes melatonin that helps regulate sleep-wake cycle

Clinically consciousness

Continuum that grades behavior in response to stimuli. Alertness, drowsiness, stupor, coma

Pons

Control respiration rate/depth. Contains nuclei of cranial nerves and projection fibers

Epidural space

Cushion of fat and network of veins in space between vertebrae and spinal dura mater

Association

Trying new information with old memories

Concussion

Violent jarring and shaking that results in disturbance of brain function

occipital lobe

Visual area

Somatotopy

all areas of the body can be mapped to areas of the primary motor cortex/primary somatosensory cortex

Simple diffusion

allows lipid-soluble substances, as well as blood gases to pass freely through cell membranes, drugs affect brain lipid soluble

temporal lobe

auditory area

dorsal horn

axons and cell bodies in the dorsal spinal cord convey mostly sensory information from the body to brain

Ventral horn

axons and cell bodies in the ventricle spinal cord primarily transmit signals controlling movement from the brain to body

Emotional state

best if alert, motivated, surprised, or aroused

subdural/subarachnoid hemorrhage

bleeding in the space between the brain and the surrounding membrane

Descending

brain to cord or lower cord levels (motor outputs)

Fainting/syncopy

brief loss of consciousness due to inadequate cerebral blood flow

ventricle roots

bundle of motor neurons axons that exit the spinal cord

Paresthesias

caused by damage to dorsal roots or sensory tracts. Leads tingling and numbness

Paralysis

caused by damage to ventral roots or ventral horn cells, leads to motor function loss

dorsal roots ganglia

cell bodies of sensory neurons

Thalamus

center station for information coming into the cortex, sorts, edits, and relay information

Brain regions

cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

CSF 1

choriod plexus of each ventricle produces CSF

Insomnia

chronic inability to obtain the amount or quality of sleep needed

Nuclei

clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS

visceral sensory area

conscious perception of visceral sensations

Anterograde amnesia

consolidation memories are not lost, but new inputs are not associated with old one

Brain stem

contains midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival

Motor areas

control voluntary movement

Limbic system

controls emotional behavior and motivational drives

Left hemisphere

controls language, math, and logic

Right hemisphere

controls visual-spatial skills, emotion, and artistic skills

Frontal eye field

controls voluntary eye movements

Meninges

cover and protect the CNS, protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses, contain CSF, form partitions in skulls

spastic paralysis

damage to upper motor neurons or primary motor cortex. No voluntary control of muscles, muscles often shorten permanently

Fissure

deep grooves

Orexin

destroyed by patients immune system

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of pyramidal tract

tight junctions

ensure substance pass through, not around endothelial cell

Specific transport mechanisms

facilitated diffusion moves substances important to the brain such as glucose, amino acids and specific ion

Huntington diease

fatal hereditary disorder caused by accumulation of the Huntington protein in brain cells

memory consolidation

fitting new facts into categories already stored in cerebral cortex

spinal nerves

formed by fusion of dorsal and ventral roots

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

forms a liquid cushion of constant volume in and around the brain, this is a clear fluid that is has oxygen, carbon dioxide dissolved. Function is to reduce physical stress, protect CNS from blows and other trauma, nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals

slow-wave sleep

frequency of waves decline but amplitude increases. EEG, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and GI mobility change

Transverse

from one side to other (commissural fibers)

premotor cortex

helps plan movement

commissural fibers

horizontal fibers that connect gray matter of two hemispheres

association fibers

horizontal running that connect different parts of same hemisphere

3rd ventricle

in diencephalon

4th ventricle

in the hindbrain and continuous with the central canal

poliomyelitis

infection, destruction of ventral horn motor neurons by poliovirus, muscles atrophy

Meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

basal nuclei

influence muscle movements, play a role in cognition/emotion

Parkinson's disease (PD)

inhibition of voluntary movement (resting tremor)

Association areas

integrate diverse information

Auditory areas

interprets info from inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location

somatosensory association cortex

interprets sensory input from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding an objects size, texture, relationship

Olfactory cortex

involved in awareness of odors

Broca's area

involved in the production of speech sound. Lesions in this area cause patients to understand words but cannot speak.

Wernicke's area

involved in the understanding spoken and written words. Lesions cause patients to speak but words are non sensible.

anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)

involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality

Brain death

irreversible coma

NREM stage 4

EEG is dominated by delta waves, arousal is difficult, bed-wetting, night terrors, and sleepwalking may occur

Primary motor cortex

large neurons that allow conscious control of skeletal muscle movement

Thick basement membrane

last part of barrier substance must pass through, contains enzymes that destroy certain chemicals that would activate neurons

Delta waves (4 or less)

High-amplitude waves of deep sleep and when reticular activating system is suppressed, as during anesthesia, indicates brain damage in awake adult.

NREM stage 2

Irregular EEG with sleep spindles and arousal is more difficult, 30-45 mins

Lateral ventricle

Large C shaped chambers located deep in each hemisphere

Spinal cord trauma

Localized injury to spinal cord or its roots leads to functional losses

Aura (sensory hallucination)

may precede seizure

Hippocampus/amygdalla

medial temporal-lobe structure that are involved in long-term memory formation and emotional response

Reticular formation

mediates the overall level of consciousness, alertness, attention

arachnoid mater

membrane of thin fibrous tissue that forms a loose sac around CNS

Emotional memory

memory of experiences linked to an emotion Ex: heart pounding when you hear rattlesnake)

Declarative

memory of fact Ex: names,faces,words,dates

Motor memory

memory of motor skill Ex: riding a bike

procedural

memory of skill Ex: playing piano

Absense seizures

mild seizure of young children. expression goes blank for a few seconds

Theta waves (4-7Hz)

More irregular, common in children and uncommon in awake adults.

Tonic-clonic seizures

Most severe last few minutes. Victim loses consciousness, bones broken during intense convulsions, loss of bowel and bladder control, and severe biting of tongue

Midbrain

Movement of the body and head

Posterior association area

Plays role in recognizing patterns and faces and localizing us in space, Involved in understanding written and spoken language (Wernicke's area)

What are the two different types of sleep?

Rapid eye movement(REM) and non-rapid eye movement(NREM)

Hypothalamus

Regulate the sleep cycle, releases orexin that cortex "wake up"

cerebral cortex

Site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory perception, voluntary motor initiation, communication, memory storage, understanding

Brocas area

motor speech area that directs muscle of speech production

white matter

myelinated axons

grey matter

neuron and glial cell bodies and interneurons

Hydrocephalus

obstruction blocks CSF circulation or drainage, resulting in increased pressure

tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

only approved treatment for stroke

lateral sulcus

outlines temporal lobes

hemiplegia

paralysis on one side

Consciousness

perception of sensation, voluntary initiation and control of movement, associated with higher mental processing

gustatory cortex

perception of taste

Cingulate gyrus

plays role in expressing emotions via gestures and resolves mental conflict

frontal lobe

premotor cortex, primary motor cortex, motor speech, intelligence/abstract reasoning

pariental lobe

primary somatosensory cortex

Alzheimer disease (AD)

progressive degenerative disease of the brain that results in dementia.

Limbic association area

provides emotional impact that makes a scene important to us and helps establish memories

Association area

receive inputs from many sensory areas, send outputs to many areas. Allows us to give meaning to information received, stored in memory tie to previous experiences and decided on actions

Primary somatosensory cortex

receives general sensory information from skin and proprioceptors of skeletal muscle

Visual areas

receives visual Information from retinas, uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli

Amygdaloid body

recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions, assesses danger, and elicits fear response

Electroencephalography (EEG)

records electrical activity (population of neurons) that accompanies brain function. electrodes placed on scalp measure electrical potential differences between various cortical areas.

cerebral dominance

refers to the hemisphere that is dominated in language

Alpha waves (8-13Hz)

regular and rhythmic, low-amplitude, synchronous waves indicating an "idling" brain.

Cataplexy

related condition where person lose muscle tone while awake

NREM stage 1

relaxation begins, EEG shows alpha waves, arousal is easy, 30-45 mins

rehearsal

repetition and practice

Vestibular cortex

responsible for conscious awareness of balance

Beta waves (14-30Hz)

rhythmic, less regular waves occurring when mentally alert.

Gyri

ridges or fold between 2 clefts

Long term memory

seemingly limitless capacity

Dorsal roots

sensory input to cord

longitudinal grooves

separate two hemispheres

transverse cerebral fissure

separates cerebrum and cerebellum

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

Pareto-occipital sulcus

separates parietal and occipital lobes

flaccid paralysis

serve damage to ventricle root and ventricle horn cell. impulse to not reach muscles, muscles atrophy

Sulci

shallow grooves and depressions

Gray matter

short, nonmyelinated neurons and cell bodies

NREM stage 3

sleep deepens, theta and delta waves appear, vital signs decline

Narcolepsy

sleep disorder involving abrupt lapse into sleep from awake state

Sleep

state of partial unconsciousness from which person can be aroused by stimulation

memory

storage and retrieval of information

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

stroke

How to cross the BBB?

substances move only through endothelial cells via simple diffusion and specific transport mechanisms

cerebral hemisphere

superior part of the brain, 83% of brain mass

feet of astrocytes

surrounded endothelial cells, help to promote tight junctions formation in endothelial cell

Spinal cord

thick bundle of nerve tissue that carries information about the body to the brain and from the brain to the body

Dura mater

thick fibrous layer, strong protective sheath over brain and spinal cord

Ischemia

tissue deprived of blood supply, leading to death of brain tissue

Epileptic Seizure

torrent of electrical discharges by groups of neurons. Prevent any other messages from getting through.

Paraplegia

transection between T1 and L1

quadriplegia

transection in cervical region

Coma

unconsciousness for extended period, oxygen consumption is lowered

Ascending

up to higher centers (sensory inputs)

Motor homunculi

upside-down caricatures represent contralateral motor innervation of body regions

somatosensory homunculi

upside-down caricatures represent contralateral sensory input from body regions

Projection fibers

vertical fibers that connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

Hypothalamus

vital to homeostasis