Biology exam, Chapters 10-12
LOOK AT QUIZ= ACTION POTENTIALS
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The opening of ligand gates on the sarcolemma is directly caused by - all choices are correct - acerylcholinesterase activity - calcium influx into the motor neuron - acetylcholine attatchment - sodium influx into the muscle fiber
All are correct
Which of the following correctly identifies muscle components in order from largest to smallest? - muscle fiber, fascicles, myofibril - fasciculus, muscle bundle, myofibril - fasciculus, muscle fiber, myofibril - sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, fasciculus
Fasciculus, muscle fiber, myofibril
During muscle contractions, thin filaments are pulled towards the - z disc - a band - i band - m line - h zone
M line
Which division of the nervous system focuses on resting and digesting when the body feels that the environment is safe? - peristaltic - sympathetic - parasympathetic - somatic
Parasympathetic
Which area of the brain contains the motor and somatosensory cortex, and is primarily involved in initiating movement and processing touch and taste? - frontal lobe - parietal lobe - occipital lobe - temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
What is the role of acetylcholine in calcium release? - stimulates postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors to release intracellular calcium - binds to sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing calcium release - binds to the t-tubules, causing calcium release - binds to T-tubules, causing calcium release - stimulates cellular contraction by opening voltage-gated ion channels
Stimulates cellular contraction by opening voltage-gated ion channels
Which area of the brain focuses on fine-tuning motor skills and maintaining balance and coordination with the body? - cerebellum - temporal lobe - medulla oblongata - corpus callosum
Cerebellum
What major nerves arise from the following plexuses? - cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral - sciatic, femoral and obturatory, musculotaneous, phrenic nerve
Cervical- phrenic nerve brachial - musculotaneous lumbar- femoral sacral- sciatic
What kind of cell performs the main function of the nervous system? - axon - cell body - glial cell - neuron
Neuron
What energizes the myosin head? - ADP sythesis - acetylcholine - calcium ions - phosphate release - ATP hydrolysis reaction
ATP hydrolysis reaction
What energizes the myosin head? - calcium ions - ADP synthesis - ATP hydrolysis reaction - Phosphate release - acetylcholine
ATP hydrolysis reaction
Which ATP production would be sufficient to run in place for one minute? - aerobic cellular respiration - anaerobic cellular respiration - creating phosphate
Anaerobic cellular respiration
The nucleus is found in what specific part of the neuron? - synapse - dendrites - neurosoma - axon
Neurosoma
Which region of a SARCOMERE contains thin filaments? - H zone - A band - Both I band and A band - I band
Both I band and A band
Which region of a sarcoma region contains thin filaments? - both I band and A band - H zone - A band - I band
Both I band and A band
The muscular system is responsible for - pH balance - hormone regulation - breathing, heart regulation balance, and movement - changes in temperature
Breathing, heart regulation balance, and movement
Smooth muscle tone is maintained by the prolong presence of blank in the muscle cells cytosol? - ATP - sodium ions - acetylcholine - oxygen - calcium ions
Calcium ions
At the neuromuscular junction, _____ must enter the synaptic end bulb to stimulate the release of ______, which binds to ligand gates so ______ can enter the muscle fiber. - calcium ions, sodium ions, ACh - sodium ions, ACh, calcium ions - calcium ions; ACh, sodium ions - ACh, calcium ions, sodium ions - sodium ions, calcium ions, ACh
Calcium ions; ACh, sodium ions
Which type of muscle tissue contracts when excited by their own auto rhythmic muscle fibers? fast twitch clay glycolytic skeletal muscle - cardiac muscle - multi - unit smooth muscle - slow twitch oxidative skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
What is the area of gray matter found between the lateral halves of the spinal cord? - medial commissure - central commissure - anterior horn - lateral commissure
Central commissure
What does CNS stand for? - central nervous system - collateral neurological system - collective nervous system - certified neurological system
Central nervous system
Which division of the nervous system consists only of the brain and spinal cord? -peripheral nervous system - sympathetic nervous system - somatic nervous system - central nervous system
Central nervous system
The subarachnoid space is filled with what fluid? - spinocerebral fluid - medullospinal fluid - cerebrallarspinal fluid - cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid
Which component of a neuron receives information from neighboring neurons? - terminal branches - dendrites - axon - myelin sheaths
Dendrites
A neuron has 3 main parts. What are they? - dendrites - axon - axon - neurosoma
Dendrites (the second) axon neurosoma
Which protein is used to reinforce the sarcolemma and help transmit the tension generated by the sarcomeres to the tendons? - dystrophin - troponin - tropomyosin - actin - myosin
Dystrophin
Which area of the brain focuses on critical thinking, comprehension, and logical processing skills? - occipital lobe - frontal lobe - parietal lobe - temporal lobe
Frontal lobe
Which regions of the SARCOMERE contain thick filaments? Select all that apply - H zone — A band - I band - Zone of overlap
H zone, A band, zone of overlap
Motor unit recruitment occurs when there is _____ in the number of active motor units within a skeletal muscle. - decrease - increase - no change
Increase
Which microscopic structure is found only in the cardiac muscle tissue? -sarcomeres -tropomyosin - striations - myosin - intercalated discs
Intercalated discs
Smooth muscles are: - involuntary, un-striated and uni-nucleated - involuntary, and straited - voluntary and straited - voluntary and unstraited
Involuntary, un-straited and uni- nucleated
Cardiac muscles are - involuntary without nucleii -involuntary, striated, uni-nucleated or bi- nucleated - voluntary, cylindrical, bi-nucleated - can be voluntary and involuntary
Involving strained, uni-nucleated or bi-nucleated
What is a mixed nerve? - it carries both sensory and motor information - carries both autonomic and ganglia information
It carries both sensory and motor information
What is the medullary cone? - it is the terminal portion of the solid part of the spinal cord at the level of about L1-L2 - it is the superior portion of the solid part of the spinal cord at the level of about L1-L2 - it is the continuing portion of the solid part of the spinal cord at the level of about L1-L2
It is the terminal portion of the solid part of the spinal cord at the level of about L1-L2
Which term describes a somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates? - motor unit - neuromuscular junction - synapse - motor end plate
Motor unit
Which function do all three muscles perform? - stabilizing the movement of joints - moving and storing material throughout the body - generating heat through contractions - promoting movement of body structures
Moving and storing materials throughout the body
We would find smooth muscle in all of the following EXCEPT: - myocardial tissue - pulmonary circulatory tissue - small intestine - esophagus
Myocardial tissue
The extensors muscles of the hand are controlled by what nerve? - radial nerve - musculocutaneous nerve - fibulae nerve - cutaneous nerve
Radial nerve
What type of response system reroutes an input signal to act upon muscles to issue a faster response than processing by the brain? - motor arc - reflex arc - sensory arc - response arc
Reflex arc
The space between two Z lines constitutes the: - sarcoplasm - sarcolemma - snuffaluffagus - sarcomere
Sarcomere
What type of signal (sensory/motor) travels through the: motor- sensory- anterior horn/decending posterior horn/ascending
Sensory- posterior horn/ ascending motor- anterior horn/ descending
Which of the following structures represents a meeting point between two neurons? - tetrad - synapse - neuron plate - asters
Synapse
Which component of an axon acts as the output? - cell body - dendrites - terminal branches - myelin sheaths
Terminal branches
Skeletal muscle contraction is triggered to begin when calcium is released from - T-tubules - mitochondria - myofibrils - terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Terminal cistern of sarcoplasmic reticulum
What is the role of tropomyosin in muscle contraction? - to prevent myosin from continuing to slide up the actin filament - to aid in myosin 'cocking' on the actin filament - to release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum - to release troponin from tropomyosin, allowing myosin to bind to the actin filament
To prevent myosin from continuing to slide up the actin filament
T/F- in function, how does the posterior spinal root differ from the anterior spinal foot? Is the below answer correct? - the posterior spinal root carries sensory impulses to the spinal cord and the anterior spinal root carries motor impulses from the spinal cord.
True
A brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a unit in response to a single action potential moving down the somatic motor neuron is known as - infused tetanus - refractory period - twitch contraction - wave summation - fused tetanus
Twitch contraction
Which of the following is accurate regarding Type 1 and Type 2 muscle fibers? - type 1 fibers are white, whereas type 2 fibers are red - type 1 fibers store much of their energy as triglycerides, whereas type 2 fibers store energy as ATP or creatine phosphate
Type 1 fibers store much of their energy as triglycerides, whereas type 2 fibers store energy as ATP or creatine phosphate
Why would cardiac muscles have longer refractory periods than skeletal muscles. Choose the best answer? - skeletal muscle is autorhythmic - cardiac muscle is not dependent on aerobic respiration to produce ATP - the muscle types contain different contractile proteins - skeletal muscles have prolonged calcium influx - to preserve the normal rhythm of the heat and prevent fatigue
to preserve the normal rhythm of the heat and prevent fatigue
LOOK AT QUIZ
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LOOK AT QUIZ - MOTOR PROTEINS THAT CONVERT THE ENERGY IN ATP
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LOOK AT QUIZ - TROPONIN, TROPOMYOSIN AND NEBULIN LOCATION
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LOOK AT QUIZ = RETURN STRETCHED SARCOMERE
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LOOK AT QUIZ = THICK AND THIN ELEMENTS
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LOOK AT QUIZ- AREA COMPOSED OF ONLY THICK FILAMENTS
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LOOK AT QUIZ- STRUCTURES MOVE TOWARDS CENTER OF THE SARCOMERE
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Which layer is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and surrounds the entire muscle? - D - A - C - E - B
- C
How do tracts differ from nerves? - Tracts are parallel nerve fibers in the CNS, while nerves are parallel nerve fibers in the PNS - tracts are parallel nerve fibers in the PNS, nerves are parallel nerve fibers in the CNS
- Tracts are parallel nerve fibers in the CNS, while nerves are parallel nerve fibers in the PNS
The three types of muscles are: (select all that apply) - cardiac muscle - corrugated - uni-nucleated - smooth muscle - skeletal muscle
- cardiac muscle - smooth muscle - skeletal muscle
Which property of muscle gives it the ability to stretch without damage? - elasticity - contractility - extensibility - electrical excitability
Extensibility
World class shot putters will have a higher percentage of blank in their arm muscles - fast glycolic fibers - fast oxidative fibers - slow oxidative fibers
Fast glycolytic fibers
Which component of the brain primarily controls the interpretation of emotions, storage of long-term memories, and behavior? - pons - occipital lobe - limbic system - cerebellum
Limbic system
Which functions as a motor protein in all three types of muscle tissue? - titin - troponin - tropomyosin - myosin - actin
Myosin
A spinal nerve belongs to what division of the nervous system? - peripheral nervous system (PNS) - central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system
The diaphragm contractions are regulated by what nerve? - mesenteric nerve - phrenic nerve - splanchnic nerve - radial nerve
Phrenic nerve
Which characteristics describe both skeletal and cardiac muscle? -autonomic control - striations - cell shape - somatic control - autorhythmicity
Striations
