Biology Final
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics
Isotonic Solution
describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
concentration gradient
difference in concentration of a substance on two sides of a membrane
variation
differences between organisms
Variation
differences in traits of organisms in a population
Seasonal isolation
different mating season
osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
pathogen
disease-causing agent
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
bacteria
domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycans
ene
double bond between carbons
replication
double the chromosomes
Crossing over
during prophase 1 of meiosis: the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring
codon
each set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA representing an amino acid or start/stop signal
decomposer
eats DEAD THINGS - the bottom of the food chain - recycles nutrients
fossil
the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil
deforestation
the removal of trees
point mutation
the replacement of a single nucleotide with another nucleotide (causes cystic fibrosis, TaySachs, sickle cell anemia)
What is a niche?
the role an organic has in a community
What determines the "code" for DNA, the sides or the rungs
the rungs of DNA determine the code
Meiosis 2
the second division in meiosis in which chromatids of each chromosome are segregated equally into 4 haploid daughter cells
Meiosis 2
the second of two divisions in meiosis, during which sister chromatids are separated
Metaphase 1
the second step in meiosis I: the tetrads are aligned at the metaphase plate
Metaphase 2
the second step in meiosis II: sister chromatids allign at the metaphase plate
What determines the genetic code?
the sequence of bases in DNA
primary succession
the series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist
anaphase
the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles
gamete
egg or sperm sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes (haploid), one from each homologous pair
gamete
eggs and sperm; have half the regular number of chromosomes (HAPLOIDS) (HAP - think HALF)
Anaphase 1
the third step in meiosis 1: homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
What is one type of evidence for evolution other than the fossil record?
embryonic development, homologous structures, biochemical comparison, biogeography
accessory pigments
energy absorbing plant pigments other than chlorophyll
activation energy
energy needed to start a chemical reaction; lowered by enzymes
Anaphase 2
the third step in meiosis II: sister chromatids separate and move toward the spindle poles
biomass
the total amount of living matter within a given trophic level
How many strands are in RNA?
1 / single stranded
Non-disjunction
error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate
crossing over
exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis
eth
2 carbon
E Site
exit site
What are two causes of cancer?
exposure to certain chemicals, radiation or a genetic predisposition to developing cancer
Number of electrons in outermost shell of any noble gas? (besides helium)
8
co-dominance
the trait of each allele are seen fully and equally; ie. a red bunny and a white bunny have a baby that has red and white spots - different from blending where a red and white bunny makes a pink bunny
Chitin
A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility.
mitosis
A child growing taller (mitosis/meiosis)
nitrogen cycle
the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
Ovum
A mature egg cell
Chlorophyll
A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.
homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
terrestrial
A term that describes an organism associated with a land environment.
Scientific law
A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data.
The bases which pair together in DNA are
AT CG
During which phase does the number of chromosomes briefly double?
Anaphase
Which phase occurs directly after metaphase?
Anaphase
disruptive
extremes asre favored, intermediates are selected against "" (butterfly ex)
In vitro fertilization
the union of sperm and egg in an artificial setting, usually in a laboratory
Reproductive isolation mechanisms
factors that contribute to individuals being isolated from one another, promotes speciation.
agriculture
farming - the industry and science of growing food
lipids
fats; STORES energy
trophic level
feeding level in an ecosystem
zygote
fertilized egg
Cytokinesis
final stage of mitosis, cells divide and move apart
prophase
first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus
Prophase
first stage of mitosis, nuclear envelope disappears, chromosomes condense
glycolysis
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid.
What is the classic example of homologous structures?
forelimbs of vertebrates, streamlined shape of aquatic organisms
Telophase
fourth stage of mitosis, cells begin to form cleavage furrow (animal) or cell plate (plant) and divide
insertion mutation
frame-shift mutation where a nucleotide is added to the genetic material
deletion mutation
frame-shift mutation where a nucleotide is deleted from the genetic material
Sex Cell
gamete
phloem
the vascular tissue through which food moves in plants
xylem
the vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in plants
How many amino acids are there and how many words are there in the genetic code?
there are 20 amino acids but 64 words are available; some are start and stop codons
sex-linked
gene located on the X or Y chromosome
endocytosis
things ENTER the cell; a cell engulfs and captures nutrients with its plasma membrane
dihybrid cross
genetic cross using two traits with two alleles each
Cystic fibrosis
genetic disorder that leads to abnormal mucus build up in the respiratory and digestive systems.
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism; like BB, Bb, or bb
What is a clone?
genetic replica of another organism
Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments
genetic variation
1:2:1
genotypic ratio for the F2 generation
exocytosis
things EXIT the cell; the cell membrane breaks open and releases it.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Which kingdoms contain only single celled organisms?
Archaea and Eubacteria and Protista
domains
Bactiria, Archea, Eukarya
The DNA must be cut with the same retriction enzyme(s).
Before placing DNA into the wells of a gel, what must be done to all of the DNA samples?
What does a cell do after it completes telophase and cytokinesis?
Begins interphase
Adam Sedgwick
Believed evolution would undermine the whole moral fabric
How long does interphase take?
Between 18 and 20 hours
How long does the whole cell cycle take?
Between 20 and 22 hours
the variety or variability of living organisms in an environment
Biodiversity
Catabolism
Biological processes which primarily break down large storage and other chemicals, often releasing energy in the process.
The main function of cellulose in plants is
Body support Cell Wall in Plants
Polar
Bonds that have an uneven distribution of charge
Cellular Respiration Formula
C6H12O2 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)
What is organic acids formula
COOH
ecological succession
gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance
chlorophyll
green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
organ system
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
tissue
group of similar cells that perform a particular function
species
group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. Ex. there are thousands of different ______ of butterflies.
haploid number
half the normal number of chromosomes; found in sex cells
What element is contained in all organic compounds?
Carbon
homozygous
having two identical alleles for a trait
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
When does DNA replication occur?
DNA replication occurred during S or the Synthesis part of interphase
What is the shape of DNA?
Double helix / twisted ladder
What causes Down syndrome?
Down syndrome is synonymous with trisomy 21, having and extra chromosome on #21
Law of Segregation
During the formation of gametes, allelic pairs for two traits (from the same gene on sister chromosomes) separate
What do genes do and where are they found?
Genes control traits, they are found on chromosomes
linked gene
Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses.
reduction of alleles in a population (resulting from a disaster that drastically reduces population size).
Genetic Drift
genetic drift cont.
Genetic drift is random changes in allele frequencies over time due to chance. They have their greatest impact on small populations. Some examples: Bottlenecking and Founder effect
What is the manipulation of genes referred to as?
Genetic engineering
GMO
Genetically Modified Organism
Which of the part of the cellular respiration process takes place in the cytoplasm?
Glycolysis
50% or 1:2
If a green body is dominant to a yellow body and mom is heterozygous green and dad is yellow, what is the probability that the offspring will be yellow?
100% or 1:1
If a green body is dominant to a yellow body and mom is homozygous green and dad is yellow, what is the probability that the offspring will be green?
increases speed at which the chemical process happens.
If the light intensity increases....
During which phase does the DNA make a copy of itself?
Interphase (Synthesis)
The two main stages of the cell cycle are called...
Interphase and mitosis
Pentose is a molecule of
Monosaccaride with 5 carbon atoms
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
homologous structure
protein synthesis
how amino acids are put together to make proteins -- TRANSCRIPTION > DNA to RNA - TRANSLATION > RNA to polypeptide chain.
cell cycle
how cells reproduce; mitosis and meiosis. first DNA replicates, then the cell divides.
cellular respiration
how cells use energy - burning ATP
succession
how ecosystems change from having no life, to more and more complex populations. - Rock to soil to mosses, to shrubs to trees - SECONDARY SUCCESSION occurs after forest fires when soil is still there.
food chain
how energy goes from producers to primary consumers to secondary consumers etc.
isolating mechanisms
things that keep two different species from mating; could be structural (ie. - won't fit); or if mating can take place, can be hybrid inviability (embryo cannot survive), hybrid sterility (resulting ADULT IS STERILE), or hybrid breakdown (first generation is viable but FUTURE GENERATIONS CANNOT SURVIVE)
Anaphase
third stage of mitosis, spindle fibers shorten pulling chromosomes apart
How many nitrogen bases are needed to make a codon?
three nitrogen bases
How many nitrogen bases does it take to make an amino acid?
three nitrogen bases
What is an anticodon?
three nitrogen bases on a tRNA molecule
What is a codon?
three nucleotides or nitrogen bases
Multiple Allele
three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait
codon
three-nucleotide base sequence (triplet) on DNA and mRNA that codes for a single amino acid
What determines the atomic mass of an element?
Number of protons plus number of neutrons
One
Number of strands RNA is made of
What is alcohol's formula
OH
allele frequency
how often an allele happens. EXAMPLE - The allele for albino traits is very rare.
photosynthesis
how plants change sunlight into carbohydrates (i.e. - radiant energy TO CHEMICAL energy -- the light energy is stored in BONDS ) - occurs in CHLOROPLASTS.
F2
Offspring of the F1 generation
Cellulose is a ___ Saccaride
Poly
What is a major event of anaphase?
Sister chromatids separate
stomata
Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move.
The digestion of food involves a series of
hydrolysis reactions
Phospholipid
hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tails
Paleys argument
if we come upon a watch we would infer that the watch must have had a maker who comprehended its construction and designed its use. We would infer this due to its complexity
codon
in RNA, a three-base "word" that codes for one amino acid
How is probability related to the biology that you studied the year?
in meiosis the movement of chromosomes into gametes and the subsequent fertilization is determined by chance
Where does transcription take place in a Eukaryote cell?
in the nucleus
Where does translation occur in the cell?
in the ribosome
1.) Observation 2.) Question 3.) Hypothesis 4.) Experiment 5.) Analyse data 6.) Conclusion yes
Steps of the Scientific Method. Do they ALWAYS have to be followed in one particular order.
cell
The basic unit of life
Osmosis
The diffusion of solvent particles(H20) across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher solvent concentration to an area of lower solvent concentration
Genetic Engineering
The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.
spindle
tiny fibers that are seen in cell division
Genetically modified
What does GM stand for?
What is the basic formula of a carbohydrate?
[C(H20)]n
vascular tissue
tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in plants
Gene therapy
inserting a normal/working gene into human cells to correct genetics disorders.
What is a mutation?
a change in a gene
mutation
a change in the DNA of a gene.
carnivore
a consumer that only eats other consumers
intracellular
inside a cell.
What is a proto-oncogene?
a proto-oncogene is a gene which normally controls cell division;if it changes it can allow cancer to occur
pH
a relative measure of the hydrogen ion concentration within a solution; Latin for "probably hydrogens".
What are transcription and translation?
transcribe means to write DNA letters into RNA letters and translate means to interpret the letters into amino acids
ions
active transport
egg cell
also called ovum; female gamete
mitosis, meiosis
body cell reproduction and sex cell reproduction
biological macromolecules
large molecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
What must an experiment have to be properly controlled?
only one variable
embryo
organism in its early stage of development
stabilizing
intermediates are favored and extremes are selected against "baby birth weight"
G1 phase
interphase stage of cell cycle following mitosis where cell grows, synthesizes proteins, and carries out normal metabolic functions
ane
single bond between carbons
G0 phase
interphase stage of cell cycle where cell goes into not growing or dividing stage. Seen in mainly brain, and heart cells
genetic code
the 4-letter code; always use the chart reading the mRNA strand
biodiversity
the variety of different species in a given area
gradualism
theory that new species arise from the result of SLIGHT MODIFICATIONS over many generations.
double helix
two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA
G2 phase
interphase stage of cell cycle where cell grows, replicates it's organelles, and prepares to go into mitosis phase
S phase
interphase stage of cell cycle where cell replicates DNA
nitrogenous base
is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.
What does semi-conservative replication mean?
it means that one strand of the old DNA double helix is incorporated into each of the new DNA molecules
Dehydration synthesis reactions
join monomers into polymers
tRNA
transfer RNA, a type of RNA that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized in the ribosomes.
tRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
pollination
transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant
biome
large area of the world with similar climates --- desert, tundra, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, tropical rainforest
macromolecule
large molecule (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid)
kingdom
large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla
Active Transport
transport of a solute (e.g. glucose filtrate in kidneys) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient (always requires E)
facilitated diffusion
transported across the plasma membrane WITH THE concentration gradient with the aid of CARRIER PROTEINS --- DOES NOT require ENERGY.
yne
triple bond between carbons
Genetic engineering
(AKA recombinant DNA technology) - modifying the genes of an organism
nucleic acid
(DNA or RNA) - carries genetic information
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work the energy is stored in ATP until it is released by the reactions remove a phosphate from ATP a simple way of remembering it is just that it's just energy
replication
(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division
Translation
(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
binary fission
type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells
pH
level of acidity - 1 - 14. 1 is most acidic, 14 is most basic. 7 is neutral (water is 7). Human blood is 7.4, slightly basic.
blood type
*a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB, or O *A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.
"" anagenesis
unbranched. mutations and changes in allele frequencies accumulate as gene flow continues, species become so different from ancestors that they are considered new species (horses)
Chromatin
uncondensed DNA that is present during Interphase
Translation
uses the codons in mRNA to make a specific amino acid
biotechnology
using a living thing as a tool- ie - using yeast to make yogurt, using waste as fertilizer, genetic engineering by inserting one organism's genes into another organism.
How are the ages of fossils accurately determined?
using radioactive dating or absolute dating
bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria
Two broad ways of looking at nature
-Either everything in nature exists for a reason -All exists for no particular reason
3 things that impressed Darwin on his journey
-Extinction -Geographical distribution -Adaptation
Methods of comparing organisms
-Gel electrophoresis -Comparative Anatomy
Goals of modern systematics
-Inferring phylogeny >to determine the evolutionary relationships among species and groups of species
Female preferences
-Sexy sons -Good genes( offspring survival)
Mutation
-Ultimate source of all variation -Refer to change in a DNA sequence and phenotypic consequences
Male male competition
-direct combat -preventing remating of females -Mate guarding -Sperm competition
A fatty acid is said to be saturated this means that it Contains large amounts of hydrogen Contains many double bonds Contains few double bonds Both one and three
1 & 3
asexual reproduction
1 parent
ecosystem
living and nonliving things in an environment, together with their interactions
What are the three types of cell transport?
1. simple diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion 3. active transport
Lamarck's Theory
1.tendency toward perfection 2. use and disuse 3. inheritance of acquired traits (jack the baby) 4. Life was created long ago in a simple state and has gradually improved itself 5.strive toward a perfect being
dec
10 carbon
How much energy is transferred form one trophic level to the next?
10%, rest is lost as heat
How many ATP are produced by the Kreb cycle for each molecule of glucose?
2
How many ATP molecules are produced in the Kreb's cycle?
2
What is the number of cells mitosis creates?
2
How many hair color genes does a Guinea pig have and where are they found?
2 genes found in every nucleus of every cell in the body
Mitosis results in the formation of what?
2 genetically identical daughter cells
How long does mitosis take?
2 hours
The process of speciation
2 individuals belonging 2 the same species must be able to produce fertile live offspring. Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise
sexual reproduction
2 parents male and female
How many strands does DNA have?
2 strands
How many types of natural amino acids are there
20
How many codons are there given the following DNA strand? A T C G C G A T C
3
How many codons are there given the following RNA Strand? A U G C G G A A U C
3 (with one nitrogen base left over)
transpiration
loss of water from a plant through its leaves
but
4 carbon
meiosis
4 haploid cells are formed (mitosis/meiosis)
A DNA molecule contains 44% C. The percentage of G in the same molecule is
44%
Direction of DNA Synthesis
5' to 3'
How many carbons are in glucose?
6
The Monacans were separated into the Archaebacteria and the Eubacteria. How many kingdoms are there?
6
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6C02 + 6H20 + Light = C6H12O6 + O2
photosynthesis equation(very important)
6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Products of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
6CO2 +6H2O + Energy (ATP)
oct
8 carbon
non
9 carbon
Ion pump
A Protein moves ions across a membrane (hydrogen, sodium or potassium); requires ATP
science
A body of evidence‐based knowledge gained through observation and experimentation related to the natural world and technology.
Peptide bond
A bond that links amino acids together in a protein.
carbohydrate
macromolecule for ENERGY; foods like bread and pasta are carbs.
nucleotide
A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
Mother cell
A cell ready to begin reproduction, containing duplicated DNA and centrioles.
eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotic cell
A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Haploid cell
A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair.
Diploid cell
A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs.
Eukaryotic cell
A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
genetic drift
A change in the allele frequency within a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.
Physical change
A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance.
Chemical change
A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance.
Molecular compound
A chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules
Dehydration Synthesis
A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water.
Antibiotic
A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms.
purine
A class of nucleotides that includes adenine and guanine.
pyrimidine
A class of nucleotides that includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil
Organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
Ecosystem
A community of organisms and their abiotic environment
Adenine
A component that is involved in making the ATP molecule found on the opposite end of the phosphate groups.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
A compound used by cells to store and release energy; consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
principle (scientific)
A concept based on scientific laws and axioms (rules assumed to be present,true, and valid) where general agreement is present.
Polar covalent
A covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons
Polar-covalent bond
A covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons
Nonpolar-covalent bond
A covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge
founder effect
A decrease in genetic variation caused by the formation of a new population by a small number of individuals - (i.e. - a few people living on an island have descendants that begin to develop genetic defects)
pedigree
A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.
Zygote
A fertilized egg
Thylakoid
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
Recombinant DNA
A form of DNA produced by combining two genetic material from two or more different sources by means of genetic engineering
Trisomy
A genetic condition of having three chromosomes instead of two. The conidtion causes various birth defects
Heterozygous
A genotype consisting of two different alleles for a trait. (E.g. Tt) Also referred to as hybrid.
Homozygous
A genotype consisting of two identical alleles of a gene for a particular trait. (E.g. TT or tt) Also referred to as purebred.
Chlorophyll
A green pigment found in the chloroplasts, specifically embedded in the thylakoid membranes, of plants, algae, and some bacteria
Biome
A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms
Population
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area.
Community
A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other
Organ System
A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.
Placebo
A harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect.
What is a theory?
A heavily supported hypothesis
Nuclear membrane
A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
lipid
macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.
Central vacuole
A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.
Phospholipid
A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group.
Unsaturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Saturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms.
solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
Inference
A logical interpretation based on observations
Flagella
A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.
meiosis
A male produces sperm (mitosis/meiosis)
tumor
A mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably.
temperature
A measure of the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of particles in a sample of matter. This physical property can determine the rate and extent to which chemical reactions can occur within living systems. It is commonly measured in degrees Celsius(°C) or Fahrenheit(°F).
concentration
A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent
Concentration
A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent.
aquaporin
A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.
Semipermeable membrane
A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.
Vacuole
A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell.
Organic Molecule
A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous.
Chemical bond
A mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that bind the atoms together
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement.
Molecule
A neutral group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds
Virus
A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics: (1) It has genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat. (2) It cannot reproduce on its own.
recessive inheritance
A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effect of one allele is only expressed within a homozygous genotype. In a heterozygous condition with a dominant allele, it is not expressed in the phenotype.
Incomplete Dominance
A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits.
homologous structure
A physical characteristic in different organisms that is similar because it was inherited from a common ancestor (ANALOGOUS structures are similar, but not due to inheritance)
missense
A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.
nonsense
A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies the termination of translation
What is a hypothesis?
A possible explanation or an educated guess
Mitosis
A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells.
RNA editing
A process that takes place before the mRNA is sent to the ribosome; some RNA bases are removed in order to create a final draft of the mRNA
hypothesis
A proposed explanation for an observed phenomenon or PREDICTED OUTCOME of an experiment
Hypothesis
A proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon
Mutualism
A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.
Commonesalism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Spore
A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.
Asexual
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent
Sexual
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
Experiment
A research study conducted to determine the effect that one variable has upon another variable
Cell Wall
A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells.
Gene
A section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein of a portion of protein, thereby causing a trait.
gene
A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait
Gene
A sequence of DNA that controls a trait. The smallest chemical parts that form segments of chromosomes.
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that refers to a specific amino acid.
Hypotheses
A set of claims that are falsifiable
system
A set of interacting or interdependent components,real or abstract, that form an integrated whole. An open system is able to interact with its environment. A closed system is isolated from its environment.
chromosomes
A single piece of coiled DNA; contains genes that determine traits. Each species has a certain number of chromosomes.
Plasmid
A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code.
Isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in a solution.
Hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Scientific Law
A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions
Prediction
A statement that forecasts what would happen in a test situation if the hypothesis were true
Hydrogen bond
A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules.
chloroplasts
A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. main function of chloroplasts is to produce food (glucose) Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow - because these colors are reflected into our eyes.
Cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.
Catalyst
A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process.
solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Conclusion
A summary that states if your hypothesis was supported or refuted and what the investigation showed, based on observations and data
Membrane
A thin covering of tissue.
Protein
A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.
Anticodon
A three-nucleotide base sequence on tRNA.
Organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
Virus
A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.
Punnett Square
A tool used to predict the results of a genetic cross. Graphical method of showing all of the potential combinations of offspring genotypes that can occur and their probability given the parent genotypes.
sex-linked trait
A trait, associated with a gene that is carried by either the male or female parent(e.g., color blindness and sickle‐cell anemia). - most of these are carried by the mother, called "X-linked"
mRNA
A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.
gene splicing
A type of gene recombination in which the DNA is INTENTIONALLY broken and recombined
prokaryote
A unicellular organism that LACKS a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
DNA fingerprint
A unique pattern of bands formed by the fragments from an organism's DNA.
Vaccine
A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen.
protein
macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes
Chromosomes
made up of DNA and proteins
ATP releases energy and becomes....
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
When ATP releases energy, what does it become?
ADP as a phosphate
The nitrogen containing bases and RNA are
AGCU
What is unique about retroviruses and what is an example?
AIDS is a retroviruses which injects RNA that must be made into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase
Most enzymes name end in the letters
ASE
What is the storage form of energy called?
ATP
start codon
AUG (methionine)
The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy.
Active Transport
Exocytosis
Active transport process of exporting substances (e.g. proteins) from a cell by a vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing its contents outside the cell.
Is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats
Adaptation
What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine
In which environment does a cell produce more ATP?
Aerobic
What is the difference between the energy produced by anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
Aerobic produces 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule Anaerobic only produces 2 ATP
What are two parts of the cell theory?
All living things are made of cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells
population
All of the SAME SPECIES in the SAME GENERAL LOCATION (i.e. - all the squirrels in Dark Hollow Woods, all the carp in the Allegheny River - all the bacteria in my stomach???-- all the fish in my aquarium???)
ecosystem
All the living AND NON-LIVING things in an environment - the COMMUNITY plus the ABIOTIC (dirt, water etc)
sunlight
main source of energy
homeostasis
maintaining equilibrium - can't get too hot or too cold
Of what molecules is protein made of?
Amino Acids
The building blocks of proteins are
Amino acids
Are amino acids linked together to form polypeptides, or do you break amino acids to form polypeptides
Amino acids linked together form polypeptides
tRNA
An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA
Benign tumor
An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.
Mutation
An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents
7
An adult organism has 14 chromosomes in their body cells, how many will they have in their sex cells?
Surrogacy
An arrangement whereby a woman bears a child on behalf of another woman
Hypothesis
An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question.
Valence electrons
An electron that is found in the outermost shell of atom and that determines the atoms chemical properties
Electron-dot notation/ Lewis Structure
An electron-configuration notation in which only the valence electrons of an atom of a particular element are shown, indicated by dots placed around the element's symbol
crossing over
An exchange of genetic material during ANAPHASE I of MEIOSIS; contributes to genetic variability
Theory
An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence
metaphase plate
An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.
Organism
An individual living thing
What is and atom or a group of atoms with an unbalanced charge?
An ion
Endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell.
Genotype
An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. (E.g. Tt, TT or tt) The gene may or may not be expressed when you observe a living thing.
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible trait.
catalyst
makes chemical reactions go much faster; doesn't get used up in the reaction; can be used again and again.
producer (ecological)
makes its own food - photosynthesis - plants and green algae
food web
many interconnected food chains
Somatic Cell
Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell.
somatic cell
Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell.
symbiotic relationship
Any close interaction of two organisms - mutualism - both benefit (bees and flowers); commensalism - one is unaffected(whale and barnacles); parasitism - one benefits one is harmed (tapeworms in people);
pumps (ion or molecular)
Any of several molecular mechanismsin which ions or molecules are transported across a cellular membrane requiring the use of an energy source (e.g., glucose,sodium[Na+], calcium[Ca+], and potassium[K+]).
What are the smallest particles of elements?
Atom
What is the universal energy, "currency", of the cell?
Atp
Bacteria
Bacteria are living cells and can multiply rapidly. Once inside the body, they release poisons or toxins that make us feel ill. BACTERIA GET IN BETWEEN CELLS
Atoms
Basic unit of matter
Cell
Basic unit of structure and function in living things
natural resource
materials found in nature that are used by living things
Which is the process of reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid?
meiosis
Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Both processes include glycolysis. In aerobic respiration oxygen (O2) is needed and in anaerobic respiration no oxygen needed. Aerobic produces 36 ATP; Anaerobic produces 2 ATP. *There are many ways to compare and contrast these!!!
catabolism
Breakdown of large molecules; catabolic metabolism
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water.
What is the function of the Lysosomes?
Breaks down molecules using enzymes and cellular digestion
Amino Acid
Building blocks of protein
How do slight variations occur among organisms of the same species?
meiosis, crossing over and mutations can shuffle and change genes
When RNA is made from DNA in the nucleus is it called messenger RNA, Transfer RNA or ribosomal RNA
messenger RNA
mRNA
messenger RNA, brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
Reactants of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 +6O2
Yes and so can DNA with sticky ends.
Can DNA with blunt ends be used in DNA fingerprinting?
No, there must be sticky ends so the different pieces of DNA can stick together.
Can DNA with blunt ends be used in genetic transformation?
Yes, he could be the donor of the diploid body cell.
Can a male be cloned?
A molecule which has the general formula CH2O would be a...
Carbohydrate
What macromolecule is made of 3 to 6 Carbons in a ring, and what is an example of it in DNA
Carbohydrate, Deoxyribose
Cell wall in plants is made from which macromolecule?
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides.
Starch glycogen and cellulose are all classified as
Carbohydrates, polysaccharides, complex carbohydrates
Biochemicals are molecules found in living organisms which contains the element
Carbon
The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again
Carbon Cycle
What is carbon fixation and where does it occur?
Carbon fixation is the process of incorporating carbon in inorganic CO2 into organic chemicals;this occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast as part of the Calvin cycle
Compounds that contain _____ are called organic acids
Carboxyl groups
NADPH
Carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
Carrying capacity
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
Cell Membrane
meiosis
Cell division that makes SEX cells -- has TWO divisions Produces GAMETES; cells with HALF the normal number of chromosomes (HAPLOID).
meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
chromosome
Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells.
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell.
Cell wall
What is the function of the Mitochondria?
Cellular respiration and convert chemical energy for cellular use
What do spindle fibers and centrioles do during mitosis?
Centrioles organize the spindle fibers and spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart when they separate
Evolution
Change in the inherited traits of species over generations
Ionic bonding
Chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between cations and anions
Octet
Chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom, by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons, has an octet of electrons in its highest occupied energy level
Molecules
Chemicals that result from atoms linking together.
What organelle and pigment are required for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll and chloroplasts
A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.
Chloroplast
When DNA in a cell is uncoiled and spread throughout the nucleus it is called...
Chromatin
Monosomy
Chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number
What is condensed genetic material called?
Chromosome
What is a major event of metaphase?
Chromosomes align along middle of cell
What is a major event of prophase?
Chromosomes begin to condense and spindle fibers start to form
homologous chromosomes
Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell.
What are two examples of sex-linked traits?
Color blindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy
The simultaneous demand by two or more organisms for limited environmental resources, such as nutrients, living space, or light.
Competition
What is the process of joining organic molecules?
Condensation or dehydration synthesis
Chromosome
Condensed fibers of DNA
Biosphere
Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.
Anabolism
Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
anabolism
Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison
Control
Respiration
Conversion of energy stored in glucose molecules into energy that cells can use
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy that is able to be used by organisms
photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen
What chemical bond involves sharing of electrons, transferring?
Covalent and ionic
Sticky ends
Created when DNA is cut by the same restriction enzymes. They are single stranded pieces of DNA that can stick to a complementary single stranded piece of DNA.
What is the final step of the cell cycle or M phase?
Cytokenisis
Responsible for giving a cell its shape. Helps materials easily pass from one organelle to another.
Cytoplasm
Ribosome
Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
DNA
In which of the four groups of organic molecules is DNA?
DNA and RNA are nucleic acids
Chromosome
DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell.
Besides your actual fingerprint, what can scientists use to determine you identity?
DNA fingerprinting
proteins
DNA holds the code for the making of these molecules
What are the building blocks of DNA and what does each building block contain?
DNA is made of nucleotides consisting of a sugar, phosphate and a base
Transformation
DNA taken up directly from environment by competent prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Any DNA can be used
As atoms bond with each other, they
Decrease their potential energy, thus creating more-stable arrangements of matter
What does an enzyme do to begin the chemical reaction
Decreases activation energy
The destruction of enzymes cause by extremes of environmental is called
Denaturation
DNA
Deoxyriboneucleic acid found mainly in the nucleus
What do the letters DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
The experimental factor that is being measured; the variable that may change.
Dependent Variable
Name one reason why mitosis is important
Development and growth Cell replacement Regeneration
Diffusion refers to the movement of any chemical from one place to another. Diffusion is the movement of molecules (solute or particles)., whereas osmosis exclusively refers to the movement of water across a membrane.
Differences of osmosis and diffusion
Allele
Different forms of a gene for one trait. For example, brown and blue eyes are two different _____ for eye color.
Is mitosis haploid or diploid?
Diploid
mitosis
Diploid cells are formed (mitosis/meiosis)
What types of bonds are used in the tertiary level of organizational polypeptides
Disulfide
The genetic characteristics that distinguishes us from others.
Diversity
yes; yes
Does cellular respiration take place in animal cells? Plant cells?
Rough ER
ER that is dotted with ribosomes.
Phosphate
Either two or three of these are found in ATP or ADP. Energy is stored in the bonds between these groups.
What is device is required to see detailed structures of organelles?
Electron microscope
What does active transport require?
Energy and transport protein
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Energy for the cell
Activation energy
Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Entropy is constantly increasing
Restriction enzymes
Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
Restriction enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.
What are two examples of proteins?
Enzymes( dna polymerase), hemoglobin, kerotin, antibodies
Photosynthesis- carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen Respiration- glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + carbon dioxide + energy
Equations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Is the proof used to reveal a theory.
Evidence
A gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form.
Evolution
Evolution happens at the _______ level _________ ___________
Evolution happens at the population level over time.
The large fragments move more slowly and don't travel as far as the smaller fragments.
Explain how DNA separates by size in a gel.
How do you determine the total magnification of a microscope image?
Eyepiece magnification X Objective Magnification
True or false the end of the triglyceride lipids repelled by water is called a hydrophilic end
False it's hydrophobic
True or false: Cell growth occurs during the process of mitosis.
False. It happens during interphase.
What are the 4 main categories of lipids?
Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids
egg
Female sex cell
What is meiosis?
Formation of haploid gametes required for sexual reproduction
polymer
molecules composed of many monomers; makes up a biomolecule
Denaturizing is likely to be caused by all of the following except: temperature, pH, functioning as a catalyst during a chemical reaction, a decrease in H +
Functioning as a catalyst during a chemical reaction
Atoms form compounds by ______
Gaining, losing, or sharing electrons
What was the significance of the Galapagos islands?
Galapogos islands were important because most of the species that live there live no where else, but most of them resembled mainland south american species, Seemed like the species strayed, then diversified. Darwin collected numerous specimens of different species mostly they were finches, each finch species had a different beak
the gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals (immigration or emigration).
Gene flow
The collective genetic information contained within a population of sexually reproducing organisms.
Gene pool
What is the genotype of an organism?
Genotype is the combination of letters used to represent genes
the scientific name of a species always goes
Genus (capitalized usually underlined or italicized) species (not capitalized) in short G. species (E. coli)
nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
-Acts as a solvent for chemical reactions -Transports dissolved compounds in and out of cells -Helps break down waste and nutrients in the cell
Give at least 3 reasons why water is important to a cell. Example for each.
fires, floods, and hurricanes
Give examples of density Independent limiting factors.
food supply, habitat for living and breeding
Give examples of density dependent limiting factors.
What are two examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose, galactose, maltose
What are the components of a triglyceride?
Glycerol and three fatty acids
What is the first step of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Steps of Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis, Fermentation
Steps of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Chain Transport
What are the three major steps of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, electron transport
During transcription cytosine bonds with _____ to make RNA?
Guanine
What is the nitrogen base that bonds with Cytosine?
Guanine
Darwins Voyage
HMS beagle, 1831, was most important influence, darwin was the naturalist on the ship and they were trying to find new trade routes (but darwin found otherwise)
the area or natural environment where an organism or community live
Habitat
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.
Gametes
Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction.
Why is helium different in its number of electrons in its outermost energy level than the rest of the noble gases?
Helium and it's two electrons have a completely filled out shell ???
What molecule consists of four interacting polypeptide chains plus an iron coating group
Hemoglobin
Causes of Cancer
Heredity, radiation, certain chemicals, and some viruses
What is the law of segregation?
Homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis
Mitochondria are found in both plant and animals cells where chloroplast is only found in plant cells. Mitochondria produce energy (ATP), chloroplast converts light energy into sugars that is used for photosynthesis.
How are mitochondria and chloroplasts different? In what types of cells are they found? What is their main function?
A person may sway towards one particular side of the outcome.
How can an observation be biased?
by cell division; making more cells.
How do organisms grow? (Which cellular processes increase the number of body cells)?
a niche is an organisms role in the environment where a habitat is where an organism lives.
How is a niche different than habitat?
What type of bonding is important for water's unique properties?
Hydrogen
amino acid
monomer of protein
What occurs in the Calvin Cycle?
Hydrogen from water and molecules from carbon dioxide are combined using the energy stored in ATP from absorbing sunlight
A molecule water added to a disaccharide at the oxygen bridge will split it by a _____ reaction
Hydrolysis
What's the process of taking molecules apart?
Hydrolysis
3:4 or 75%
If a green body is dominant to a yellow body and mom is heterozygous green and dad is yellow, what is the probability that the offspring will be green?
50% or 1:2
If a green body is dominant to a yellow body and mom is heterozygous green and dad is yellow, what is the probability that the offspring will be green?
outcome increase-> more glucose
If the reactants increase....
Molecules start to move a little faster and the reactions go faster also.
If the temperature decreases.....
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?
If two genes are the same they are homozygous different ones are heterozygous
Thymine is found
In DNA
Which bases pair together in DNA and RNA?
In DNA A-T G-C;in RNA A-U C-G
Cell Plate
In a plant cell, midline of dividing cells. Becomes the cell wall eventually.
Experimental Group
In an experiment, the participants who are exposed to the independent variable under investigation
Producers; 10%
In food pyramid, where is most of the energy found? How much energy is lost at each level?
Embryonic stem cells
In theory, can give rise to all cell types in the body.
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
Independent Variable
Structural formula
Indicates the kind, number, arrangement, and bonds but not the unshared pairs of the atoms in a molecule
Chemical formula
Indicates the relative numbers of atoms of each kind in a chemical compound by using atomic symbols and numerical subscripts
to receive (a characteristic) from one's parents by genetic transmission
Inherit
Trait
Inherited characteristic of an organism
Interdependence
Interactions among organisms within a community
In what stage does a cell spend most of its' life?
Interphase
List the Phases of the Cell Cycle in order...
Interphase(G1, S, G2), Prophase (P), Metaphase, Anaphase (A), Telophase (T)
Negative end. Since DNA is negative, it will be attraced to the positive side of the gel.
Is DNA placed at the positive or negative end of the electrophoresis chamber?
Negatively
Is DNA positively or negatively charged?
Dominant
Is a trait that always shows when it is present. Represented by a capitol letter. Masks the recessive trait.
Recessive
Is a trait that is hidden (masked) when the dominant gene is present. Must have two recessive alleles to be expressed (shown). Represented by a lower case letter.
Metastasis
Is the spread of cancer from its primary site to other places in the body
Why is ATP and nucleic acid
It's monomer is a nucleotide
proteins
monomers of amino acid chains
eukaryote
more complex kind of organism; cells HAVE A NUCLEUS; EVERYTHING but bacteria IS A EUKARYOTE.
What is the mnemonic for the 7 levels of classification?
King Philip came over from Germany swimming
Hydrophobic
Lacking any affinity to water.
What is an example of a disaccharide?
Lactose-or- sucrose
Should the surface area to volume ratio for a cell be small or large?
Large- If the volume is too large the cell won't be able to get nutrients quickly enough
In drawing a Lewis structure, the central atom is generally the _____
Least electronegative atom
Bigger number of electronegativity =
Less negative
Pigment
Light-absorbing molecules used by plants to gather the sun's energy
Who invented the modern system of taxonomy?
Linnaeus
Biochemical type that usually insoluble in water is
Lipids
what macromolecule is used for long-term energy storage, insulated the body and cushions organs?
Lipids
What is the theory about how enzymes work?
Lock and key theory
What is the structure of the ER?
Long, interconnected tubes of membrane that snake through the cytoplasm
Unicellular
Made of a single cell
Multicellular
Made up of more than one cell.
multicelluar
Made up of more than one cell.
What is homeostasis? Give an example
Maintaining internal balance: buffers to maintain pH, dilation of pupil, sweating, shivering
Homeostasis
Maintaining the status quo.
What does the ribosome do?
Makes proteins or assembles amino acids into proteins
nucleolus
Makes ribosomes
What is the combination of chromosomes for male and for female?
Male is XY female is XX
Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell.
Mitochondria
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modified and packages molecules and preparation of cell products
What is the smallest piece of a compound?
Molecule
release factor
Molecule that enters the A site at the terminating step of translation where tRNA would normally bind
What is a polar covalent molecule?
Molecule that shares electorns unequally ( water )
How is amino acid like monosaccharide
Monomers of larger polymers
Amino Acids
Monomers that make up polypeptide chains (proteins)
What are ethics?
Moral questions of right or wrong
Smaller number of electronegativity =
More negative
Atoms gain share or lose electrons to become
More stable
A change of the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type.
Mutation
Binomial nomenclature
Naming an organism with its genus and species name.
a driving force in the evolution of a species that favors changes according to environmental conditions
Natural Selection
Anions
Negative ions, non metals tend to gain electrons to form anions
Non-metals tend to gain electrons to form ____ ions called _____
Negative, anions
What element is found in proteins but no carbohydrates or lipids?
Nitrogen
The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere.
Nitrogen Cycle
What type of molecules are ATCG
Nitrogenous bases
Are enzymes used up in chemical reactions?
No
Which group of elements satisfied the octet rule without forming compounds?
Noble gases
Ribosomes
Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible fore protein synthesis.
If two covalently bonded atoms are identical, the bond is
Nonpolar covalent
This macromolecule contains the instructions for making proteins and the genetic information.
Nucleic Acids
A cell structure that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct all the cell's activities.
Nucleus
What are are two organelles that you should be able to see with a light microscope?
Nucleus, chloroplast, cell wall, cell membrane
In and uncharged atom, the number of what equals the number of what?
Number of protons equals number of electrons
What determines the atomic number of an electron?
Number of protons in the nucleus
mitochondrion
ORGANELLE; where RESPIRATION occurs; the POWERPLANT of the cell, how cells produce energy.
Electron Transport Chain
Occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. All of the electrons (H) from glucose travel to the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
Atoms tend to form bonds to follow the _____
Octet rule
New organisms produced by a living thing, the product of the reproductive processes of an animal or plant
Offspring
Triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature are known as
Oil, unsaturated
Clone
Organism produced by asexual reproduction that looks identical to the parent.
What is an autotroph?
Organism used inorganic molecules or uses photosynthesis
Autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food.
Decomposers
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
Omnivores
Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms.
Consumers
Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.
Carnivores
Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants.
Herbivores
Organisms that eat only plants.
Producers
Organisms that produce their own food.
What is needed for aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Oxygen and carbohydrate
Parental Generation
P generation
Homologous Chromosome
Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.
homologous chromosome
Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.
guard cell
Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.
What is the function of the ER?
Passageway through cell, intercellular transport
Heredity
Passing of traits from parents to offspring
The transportation of materials across a plasma membrane without using energy.
Passive Transport
What are two variables that effect the function of a particular protein?
Ph and temperature
What are the two molecules found in the sides of the DNA latter
Phosphate and deoxyribose
What are the three components of DNA / nucleotide
Phosphate, deoxyribose (sugar) and a nitrogen base
What are the two main components of the cell membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer with protein
What are the main components of a cell membrane?
Phospholipids
Blunt ends
Pieces of DNA that have been cut with a restriction enzyme, however there are no single-stranded pieces.
Logistic growth
Population growth that is controlled by limited resources.
Exponential growth
Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population.
Cations
Positive ions, main group metals tend to lose electrons to form cations
Main-group elements tend to lose electrons to form ____ ions called _____
Positive, cations
What is the charge of a proton, a neutron, an electron?
Positive, neutral, negative
Bond length is the average distance between two bonded atoms at which _______
Potential energy is at a minimum
SSBP
Prevents hydrogen bonds from forming between complementary DNA strands.
Homeostasis
Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Internal fertilization
Process in which eggs are fertilized inside the female's body
Genetic transformation
Process of inserting DNA from one species into another species to create a transgenic organism.
Gel electrophoresis
Process that separates DNA into bands by inserting the DNA into a gel and running an electrical current through it.
Photosynthesis
Process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
During which phase do chromosome first become visible?
Prophase
During which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers first form?
Prophase
What do chromosomes do during Prophase, Metaphase and Telophase?
Prophase: appear Metaphase: line up Anaphase: split
DNA determines the synthesis of these bio macromolecules
Protein
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis and translation
Insulin, hormones and enzymes are all examples of
Proteins
enzymes are made from which macromolecule?
Proteins
What to structural features of nitrogenous bases distinguish them from sugar molecules in DNA
Purines and Pyrimidines
An observation that describes using your 5 senses. It also uses NO numbers.
Qualitative Observation
An observation that deals with a number or amount.
Quantitative Observation
Ribosomes are made up of
RNA & Protein
What enzymes helps to split DNA apart and make RNA?
RNA polymerase
How can you determine if a strand of a nucleic acid is DNA or RNA? What is the following, DNA or RNA? A U C A G C C A A U U C
RNA, because it contains Uracil (U)
ecological isolation
mountain, river, canyon.....SQUIRRELS'
pollution
Release of harmful materials into the environment
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction that requires two organisms
germ cell
Reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum
What does aerobic mean?
Requires oxygen
gene flow
movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
Double Blind Study
Research method in which both the subjects and the experimenter are unaware or 'blind' to the anticipated results.
RFLP
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
Covalent bonding
Results from the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms
What do the letters RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic Acid
The molecule which uracil replaces thymine is
Ribose
Gene flow
movement of either individual organisms or their gametes -allows favorable mutation to spread -makes local adaptation more difficult
active transport
movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy to be expended by the cell
active transport
movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration -- uses energy .
facilitated diffusion
movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels; passive transport
What are three methods of fossilization?
mummification, petrification, amber, freezing,tar pits, molds/impressions
point mutation
mutation involving change in one nucleotide; example is a substitution
silent mutation
mutation that does not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein; also called neutral
frame-shift mutation
mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message; includes insertions and deletions
A natural or artificial process that favors or induces survival and perpetuation of one kind of organism over others that die or fail to produce offspring.
Selection
Triplet
Sequence of three DNA nucleotides used to make one mRNA codon, and ultimately one amino acid.
Light Reactions
Set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH2; water is a reactant and oxygen gas is a product; takes place on the thylakoid membrane.
What are sex-linked traits?
Sex linked traits are on the X chromosome
Covalent bonds form from _____
Shared electrons
Molecular formula
Shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound
kind of amino acid differs from others by the composition of the
Side group/R
Monosaccharides
Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
In a chromosome pair connected by a centromere, what is each individual chromosome half called?
Sister chromatid
mitosis
Skin cells dividing (mitosis/meiosis)
What two features must a molecule have to diffuse through a cell membrane?
Small and uncharged( nonionic )
Plasmid
Small circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria.
base insertion
mutation which results in the addition of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein
Random Fertilization
Source of genetic variation caused by the unlimited number of possible sperm & egg combinations.
Antibodies
Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents.
The process through which a new species is born.
Speciation
organisms belonging to a group of organisms that having common characteristics and are capable of mating with each other
Species
What do enzymes do?
Speed up a reaction
What structure guides the movement of chromosomes?
Spindle fiber
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids
Potential Energy
Stored Energy
homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
population dynamics
Study of changes in population - affected by birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration.
Control Group
Subjects in an experiment who do not receive application of the independent variable but are measured nonetheless for the dependent variable
Ions
Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons.
What does an enzyme work on to produce a product
Substrate
DNA is made up of a phosphate group and organic base and
Sugar
Backbone of DNA
Sugar & Phosphate
Ribose
Sugar in RNA
cancer treatments
Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and combinations of these.
What are the complimentary bases in DNA given the following DNA strand. A T C C G C A A T
T A G G C G T T
freezing point
TEMPERATURE at which liquid goes to solid
Cytokinesis begins during which phase of cell division?
Telophase
During which stage of mitosis do nucleus reappear?
Telophase
diploid
The #14 is referred to as a: diploid/haploid
Which portion of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
The Electron Transport Chain (32 ATP per glucose)
In what organelle would you find Kreb's cycle and the electron transport chain?
The Mitochondria
Messenger RNA
The RNA that performs transcription.
Fermentation
The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules.
cleavage furrow
The area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell
In chemical bonds, what is accomplished when the valence electrons are redistributed?
The atoms become more stable.
Uracil (U)
The base found only in RNA (replaces thymine in DNA)
Atoms
The basic building blocks of matter.
Digestion
The breakdown of absorbed substances.
Respiration
The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy.
If the chromosomes were not able to reproduce during the S phase of interphase, what would occur?
The cell could not divide and the G0 phase would start
base deletion
mutation which results in the loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein
How can mutations be inherited?
mutations can only be inherited if they occur in the gamete of the tissues which produce gametes
biochemical conversion
The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms such as fuels
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy
What are 2 examples microevolution?
natural selection, migration, mate choice, mutation, genetic drift
nucleotides
neuclic acid base pairs
genetic recombination
new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis
What is it called when atmospheric nitrogen is converted into nitrates?
nitrogen fixation
Can an individual evolve?
no
3' - 5'
The direction mRNA is made off of a DNA strand
Bond energy
The energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms
Independent Variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
Teleology
The explanation of a phenomenon by purpose rather than cause
Karyotype
The figure produced when the chomosomes of species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous pairs.
Ribose
The five-carbon sugar found in ATP that connects the phosphate groups with adenine.
Stroma
The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
The form of RNA found in the ribosome
tRNA (transfer RNA)
The form of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribsome to form the polypeptide chain (protein)
mRNA (messenger RNA)
The form of RNA which is created as a blueprint from DNA; carries instructions for making a protein
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
The image seen represents...it explains how genes flow into protein.
recessive
The inherited characteristic often masked by the dominant characteristic and not seen in an organism.
gene therapy
The intentional insertion, alteration, or deletion of genes into a person's cells to treat a disease.
Independent Assortment
The law stating that pairs of genes separate independently of one another in meiosis
Calvin Cycle
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH2 is used to build high-energy compounds such as glucose, ADP, and NADP+. Takes place in the stroma.
Probability
The likelihood that a specific event will occur. Usually expressed as the ratio of the number of actual occurrences to the number of possible occurrences.
cell membrane
The lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell
Nucleus
The location where DNA replication takes place
Cytoplasm
The location where mRNA goes after transcription
Nucleus
The location where transcription takes place
RNA polymerase
The main enzyme that transcribes DNA into mRNA
Where does the Kreb Cycle occur?
The matrix of the mitochondria.
Electronegativity
The measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a compound
osmosis
The movement of WATER from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration ; (water moves from fresh water to saltier areas until the two are of equal salinity) - DIFFUSION OF WATER
passive transport
The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; happens AUTOMATICALLY; NO ENERGY REQUIRED.
abiotic
nonliving
Fossil records
not complete. oldest fossils, lower strata. for a fossil to be created, you need the right conditions right after it dies.
gene recombination
nucleic acid molecule is broken and then joined to a different molecule; a result of crossing‐over.
Where is DNA found in a Eukaryote cells?
nucleus
Empirical data
observations that are collected, measured, sorted, counted, compared, and described
What determines whether the two chemicals will react?
The number and arrangment of electrons in the outer orbital
What is the difference between two isotopes of the same element?
The number of neutrons
Purebred
The offspring of generations that have the same traits. TT or tt
Lysosome
The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids.
Mitochondria
The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.
Golgi bodies
The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell.
Dependent Variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
Visible Light
The part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum viewable by humans; includes wavelengths of 400 - 700 nanometers
Heredity
The passing of physical characteristis from parent to offspring.
migration (genetics)
The permanent movement of genes into or out of a population
Interphase
The portion of the cell cycle where the cell spends the majority of it's time.
fossils
The preserved remains or traces of organisms that once lived on Earth
Meiosis
The process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms gametes (n).
Biosynthesis
The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones.
Reproduction
The process by which living things produce new individuals of the same type
Inheritance
The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.
External fertilization
The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female
Transcription
The process by which the message from DNA is written down into RNA
inheritance
The process in which genetic material is passed from parents to their offspring.
What is translation?
The process of assembling proteins
Diffusion
The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
substrate
The reactant on which an enzyme works.
Nucleus
The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA.
Centromere
The region that joins two sister chromatids.
Secretion
The release of biosynthesized substances.
Zygote
The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring.
forensics
The science of tests and techniques used during the investigation of crimes.
Genetics
The science that studies how characteristics get passed from parent to offspring.
Genetics
The scientific study of how physical characteristics are passed from parent to offspring through DNA.
Introns
The sections of RNA removed from the final draft of mRNA that remain in the nucleus
Exons
The sections of RNA that make up the final draft of mRNA which is sent out of the nucleus to the ribosome
Plasma membrane
The semipermeable membrane between the contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings.
What determines a protein's primary structure?
The sequence of amino acids
molecule
The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance - i.e. - a water molecule
atom
The smallest unit of an element. Contains protons, neutrons, and electrons. Examples include hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.
Facilitated Diffusion
The spontaneous passage (simple diffusion - no E) of large, polar molecules and ions, bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients
Frame Shift Mutation
occurs when a nucleotide (or nitrogen base) is added or removed which causes a change in the codon which causes a change in the amino acid (s).
bioenergetics
The study of energy flow (energy transformations) into and within living systems.
biology
The study of life
ecology
The study ofthe relationships between organisms and their interactions with the environment
What is the name of the molecules to which enzyme binds to and where does this occur?
The substrate and active site
ribose
The sugar found in the RNA nucleotide
Metabolism
The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Catabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.
Metabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.
Anabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.
Corroboration
The support of inference by empirical data from various sources
Osmosis
The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration.
Interphase
The time interval between cellular reproduction.
Diploid number (2n)
The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell.
dominant inheritance
The trait that is expressed (SEEN) - i.e. - Brown eyes are dominant. - What if both genes are seen???
Absorption
The transport of dissolved substances into cells.
passive transport
The transportation of materials across a plasma membrane without using energy. - (osmosis, diffusion, filtration, facilitated diffusion)
biosphere
The zone of life on Earth ; everywhere you can find life on Earth from the bottom of the ocean to high in the atmosphere.
A hypothesis that fails to be falsified through repeated experimental attempts over time
Theory
A theory that describes how organisms change over many generations.
Theory of Evolution
Adult stem cells
These cells are tissue-specific, meaning they are found in a given tissue in our bodies and generate the mature cell types within that particular tissue or organ.
Vector
These deliver new genes to existing cells (viruses are oftened used).
What are centrioles and spindle fibers made of?
They are made of microtubules( so are cilia and flagella)
What are the main characteristics of lipids?
They are nonpolar of hydrophobic whoch means they dont mix well with water
Chromatid
one half of a duplicated chromosome
What is a nucleotide?
one monomer of DNA
P site
one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. It holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain.
Which kingdoms are prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic?
only bacteria in the Kingdom Archaea and Eubacteria are prokaryotic
golgi apparatus
organelle -- makes proteins that leave the cell .
chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
ribosome
organelle that makes PROTEINS - "protein synthesis"
nucleus
organelle where DNA is found in a eukaryotc cell
Many animals to cellulose for food energy however these animals cannot produce the digestive enzymes needed for digesting cellulose. What do they do to use this complex carbohydrate
They have microorganisms in their guts that produce the proper enzymes
What are the functions of the carbohydrates( glycoproteins) on the cell membrane?
They serve as receptor molecules for molecular signals( ex:hormones) and they are used for cell recognition in the immune system (ex: antigen for determining blood type)
How is electronegativity used to determine the degree to which binding is ionic or covalent?
This can be estimated by calculation the difference in the elements electronegativities.
plastids
organelles in plants - makes and stores food, can do photosynthesis - choroplasts are the most common plastid
carbohydrate
organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
decomposer
organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter
autotroph
organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer
omnivore
organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals
evolution
organisms change over MILLIONS of years through MUTATIONS
natural selection
organisms possessing better traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, therefore the better trait becomes more common; (faster antelopes are more likely to escape and eventually have babies, therefore baby antelopes are more likely to be faster)
species
organisms that can reproduce and have VIABLE offspring - (horses and donkeys are different species because although they can have babies, the babies are STERILE)
consumer
organisms that need to EAT (animals, people)
Purpose of cell division
organisms' growth, damage repair, and reproduction
centriole
organize the spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during animal cell mitosis
Vestigial organs
organs that ancestors had but were eventually proved non useful and have slowly shrunk (snake hips and human coccyx)
extracellular
outside the cell.
virus
package of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat that must use a host cell's machinery to reproduce itself
What lines up during Metaphase 1?
pairs of homologous chromosomes
mitosis
part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
vestigial structure
parts of an organism that are no longer functioning and do not affect survival
Explain the Kreb Cycle. What happens?
This part of respiration occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. It releases enough energy to make 2 ATP and 6 CO2.
What is the main event that occurs in glycolysis?
This process breaks glucose into pyruvate molecules. It produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
punctuated equilibrium
pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
What bond holds amino acids together?
peptide
channel protein
This protein acts as a tunnel for larger molecules in facilitated diffusion
Environmental factors
Those "nonbiological" factors that are involved in a person's surroundings such as the nature of the person's parents, the person's friends, and the person's behavioral choices.
How many fatty acid molecules are found in triglyceride limpid
Three
What is the nitrogen base that bonds with Adenine in DNA?
Thymine
Zooplankton
Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa.
Phytoplankton
Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.
Plankton
Tiny organisms that float in the water.
What does the suffix -"lysis" mean?
To Break or Burst
What is the purpose of cytokinesis?
To separate the cytoplasm and cell membrane
Sexual Conflict
Trait may evolve that increases reproduction of one sex at a cost to the member of the other sex
Hamilton's Rule
Traits can spread when rb>c -r is the coefficient of relatedness -bis benefit to the recipient -c is the cost to the donor
Polygenic
Traits controlled by two or more genes
3' AUG CGU UAG 5'
Transcribe the following triplet: 5' TAC GCA ATC 3'
What is the name from monosaccharide that has three carbon atoms
Triose
The sides of the double helix structure of DNA are held together with hydrogen bonds. True or False
True
True or False, organisms form various types of small organic molecules called monomers which may then linked together to form polymers.
True
True or false, the active site of enzyme is the place where it takes its chemical action on substrate
True
Dipeptide consists of
Two Amino Acids
Isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula.
Compound Molecule
Two or more Macromolecules joined together
What are the complimentary bases in RNA given the following DNA strand? A T C C G C A A T
U A G G C G U U A
During transcription Adenine bonds with _____ to make RNA?
Uracil
Aerobic Respiration
Uses oxygen
Control Variable
VARIABLES THAT REMAIN CONSTANT OR UNCHANGED
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Vacuole
Dots placed around an element's symbol can represent ______
Valence electrons
The electrons involved in the formation of a chemical bond are called
Valence electrons
VESPR
Valence shell electron repair repulsion; a theory that predicts some molecular shapes based on the idea that pairs of valence electrons surrounding an atom repel each other
Viruses
Viruses can only reproduce inside host cells, and they damage the cell when they do this VIRUSES GET INTO CELL
What substances are part of the diet and become cofactors are coenzymes of enzymes
Vitamins and minerals
Independent Variable
WHAT YOU CHOOSE VALUES FOR- ON Y AXIS
Dependent Variable
WHAT YOU MEASURE- ON Y AXIS
habitat
WHERE an organism lives (a forest, a sewer, a yard)
A disaccharide is formed by reaction in which two molecules are joined by the removal of
Water
hydrophobic
Water fearing
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Water, Carbon dioxide, sunlight
Mitosis- 2 diploid cells - goal is cell division - 1 stage Meiosis- 4 haploid cells - goal is gamete production - 2 stages
What are 3 major differences in mitosis and meiosis?
1. Crime scene analysis 2. Paternity cases (identify parents) 3. Evolutionary relationships (how closely related two species are)
What are 3 ways DNA fingerprinting can be used?
Tobacco plant with a jellyfish gene. Strawberry plant with a cold water fish "antifreeze" gene. Plants with genes so they are resistant to weeds and pests.
What are some examples of plants that have been genetically modified?
Ultraviolet radiation from the sun, trauma
What are some possible external causes of mutations?
The gene does not always get incorporated into the cells' DNA. Cells die so the treatment has to be repeated.
What are some problems with gene therapy?
1. Bacteria - binary fission 2. Eukaryotic cells - mitosis, 3. Identical twins
What are some ways clones are produced in nature?
1. Insert a normal working gene into a virus. 2. The virus delivers the gene to a cell. 3. The gene is incorporated into the cell's own DNA.
What are the 3 main steps of gene therapy?
homologous structure
perform different functions in the species living in the different environment, or it may gave the same origin but different functions
1. Cut the DNA samples with the same restriction enzyme. 2. Load the DNA into separate wells at the negative side of the gel. 3. Turn on the electricty. DNA will separate by size as it moves to the positive end of the gel. 4. Stain the DNA with dye and look at the banding pattern.
What are the main steps to DNA fingerprinting?
1. Obtain a diploid body cell and haploid egg cell. 2. Remove the nucleus from the egg cell. 3. Insert the diploid body cell nucleus into the egg cell. 4. The egg cell divides and then is implanted into a surrogate. 5. The surrogate carries the baby until it is born. 6. The baby is identical to the animal who donated the diploid body cell nucleus.
What are the main steps to producing a clone in the lab?
Is found in our cellular membranes, where it is in charge of generating a gradient of ions. It continually pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, powered by ATP.
What does the sodium potassium pump do for a cell?
human insulin gene
What gene is placed into bacteria so it can produce a hormone to help diabetic patients?
Messes up the gene sequence resulting in cancer or various kinds of disorders.
What happens if there is a mutation in DNA?
They can cross pollinate with another species (genetic pollution).
What is a problem with having genetically modified plants in the environment?
Fundamental niche is the entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself. Realized niche is the set of conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition) have been taken into account.
What is a species realized niche? Fundamental Niche?
The process in which individual cells make proteins.
What is protein synthesis?
phosphate
What is represented by the yellow circle?
Sexual reproduction just means combining genetic material from two parents. Asexual reproduction produces offspring genetically identical to the one parent.
What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Identify and treat disease/disorders
What is the ultimate goal of the human genome project (after they determined the base sequence in DNA)?
Is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA; takes place in the nucleus.
What is transcription; where does it take place?
The information contained in the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is read as three letter words (triplets), called codons. Each word stands for one amino acid; Occurs in the cytoplasm.
What is translation; where does it take place?
Fermentation occurs....?
When oxygen is NOT present in anaerobic cellular respiration.
equilibrium
When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution
Complete Dominance
When the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.
What is an example of non-dominance?
When traits blend rather than one being dominant over the other ex: red and white make pink
DNA polymerase
Which enzyme adds new DNA nucleotides in the process of replication?
Prey will always be the larger number because the predator needs to eat a lot of the prey for energy and to have enough to reproduce after.
Why are there more produces than consumers in an energy pyramid?
to make sure results are accurate.
Why do scientists do multiple trials
So complementary sticky ends will form that will join together.
Why is it important to use the same restriction enzyme when cutting human DNA and a plasmid during transformation?
If a species cannot adapt to a change in the environment and it cannot move to a new environment. Food supply. Predators.
Why might a species become extinct?
What are two types of cells that use anaerobic respiration?
Yeast and muscle
3:1
phenotypic ratio for the F2 generation
geographic isolation= allopatric speciation
physical barrier. ex. darwins finches, squirrels. See page 19
phenotype
physical characteristics of an organism; like green eyes, bushy tail or sleek tail
mutagen
physical or chemical agent that causes mutations
What processes effect atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?
plants use carbon dioxide,burning fuels increase carbon dioxide levels
Nonsense Mutation
point mutation that causes an early stop codon
silent mutation
point mutation that causes no phenotypic change in the organism
Biomes are grouped by latitude and predominantly defined by plant/animal communities and what?
precipitation
endocytosis
process by which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane; active transport
differentiation
process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.
natural selection
process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
regulation
process by which organisms maintain homeostasis, a stable internal environment.
reproduction
process by which organisms produce new organisms of their own kind
photosynthesis
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates
absorption
process by which substances are taken into the cell or an organism.
exocytosis
process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell; active transport
differentiation
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
natural selection
process in which organisms with favorable genes are more likely to survive to reproduce. Ex. the idea of ____ ______ was first presented by Charles Darwin.
Transcription
process of forming a neucleic acid using a template
cellular respiration
process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
transcription
process where the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
translation is the same as
protein synthesis
enzyme
protein that speeds up a chemical reaction
Subatomic Particle
protons, neutrons, electrons
What is cloning achieved in mammals?
put DNA of adult nucleus into ago and implant it into a receptive uterus
equilibrium
random but equal distribution of molecules
eutrophication
rapid growth of algae in bodies of water, due to high levels of nitrogen and often phosphate
dehydration synthesis
reaction that links the Nucleotides together
RNA
receives instructions from DNA
symbiosis
relationship in which two species live closely together
respiration
release of chemical energy from certain nutrients.
excretion
removal of metabolic waste.
enzyme
a CATALYST in LIVING THINGS
theory (scientific)
a WELL SUPPORTED explanation of how and why things work
response
a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some stimulus or agent
mutation
a change in the genes; a genetic MISTAKE in the copying process.
phenotype
a characteristic of an organism that is determined by protein structure & function (ex. hitchhiker's thumb)
trait
a characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.
Punnett square
a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
taxonomy
a classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin etc
organ
a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
Co-dominance
a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
monohybrid cross
a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked
energy pyramid
a diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web
food web
a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem
Asexual reproduction
a form of reproduction from a single parent based on mitosis
Sexual reproduction
a form of reproduction in which offspring are produced from the union of gametes from two genetically different parents
oxygen
a gas that has no color or smell, is present in air, and is necessary for most animals and plants to live. Ex. the chemical symbol for _____ is O.
allele
a gene. The gene for BROWN EYES and the gene for BLUE EYES are two different ALLELES for the same trait.
tissue
a group of cells working together (muscle tissue contracts, bone tissue is hard and strong, nerve tissue sends signals)
organ system
a group of organs working work together (circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous system)
organ
a group of tissues working together (heart, liver, brain)
Cancer
a growth defect in cells , a breakdown of the mechanism that controls cell division.
mutation
a heritable change in DNA
cytoplasm
a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
organism
a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently
protein
a macromolecule - what ALL tissues are made of - the building block of living things (i.e. - bone, blood, muscle, are ALL MADE OF PROTEIN) - also makes other molecules. - made of AMINO ACIDS
seed
a mature fertilized plant ovule consisting of an embryo and its food source and having a protective coat
fitness
a measure of contribution to future generations
mutation
a mistake in genetic replication; an imperfect copy of the genes; often leads to genetic diseases, but also allows evolution.
gradualism
a model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity
Macromolecule
a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.
ATP
a nucleotide that stores and transfers energy within cells
nucleus
a part of the cell containing DNA responsible for growth and reproduction
Simple Diffusion
a passive process( no E required) in which small, nonpolar molecules (O2,CO2) move freely down their concentration gradients (high to low concentration) and through a cell membrane without the help of transport proteins
What are the genes for blood type?
a person can have ant two of these A, B or O including two which are the same
structural adaptation
a physical feature of an organism's body having a specific function that contributes to the survival of the organism
toxin
a poison that can harm an organism
fertilization
a process that occurs when the sperm and egg combine to produce an embryo
selectively permeable
a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot
cell wall
a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell; made of carbohydrates
fever
a rise in the temperature of the body
codon
a series of 3 nucleotides - ATG, CGA, - usually makes a particular amino acid
food chain
a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
monomer
a single part of a polymer
gene
a small part of a chromosome that determines ONE trait (or ONE PROTEIN)
organelle
a specialized part within a cell, like a mini-organ (nucleus, golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole)
Gamete
a specialized sex cell produced by each parent for sexual reproduction
Meiosis
a specialized type of cell division which produces gamete cells for sexual reproduction
keystone species
a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem
golgi body
a structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and transports them out of the cell
conclusion
a summary of what you have learned from an experiment
theory
a system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation
endoplasmic reticulum
a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids
organelle
a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
What is binomial nomenclature?
a two part naming system consisting of the genus and species in Latin and italicized
base-pair substitution
a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner are replaced by another pair of nucleotides
selection pressure
a unseeable force that makes a population of a species difficult to survive
algae
a very simple plant without stems or leaves that grows in or near water.
virus
a very small living thing that causes infectious illnesses. Ex. HIV is the _____ that causes AIDS.
bacteria
a very small living things. Ex. Although some cause illness or disease, many ______ are harmless.
Endocytosis
active transport process in which a cell engulfs materials with a portion of its cell membrane and releases those contents as vesicles into the cell.
What is the name for the acronym ATP
adenosine triphosphate
metabolism
all chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.
What is a community?
all living organisms in a an area
gene pool
all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population
community
all the LIVING things in an ecosystem -- group of populations (i.e.- all the fish, all the worms, all the bacteria, etc, that live together in a lake form the lake's "COMMUNITY") - NOT THE ABIOTIC STUFF
What is the purpose of stomates?
allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide from a lead to its environment
genetic engineering
altering the genes to cause desirable outcomes that would not occur naturally (i.e - putting watermelon genes into tomatoes to get monster tomatoes)
control
always left the same
meth
1 carbon
Bacteria converts animal and plant waste into what during the nitrogen cycle?
ammonia
Enthalpy of Vaporization
amount of energy as heat required to vaporize the metal at constant pressure; measure of the strength of the bonds holding the metal together
Inclusive fitness
an alleles effect on the reproductive success of the individual carrying along with the success of individuals with allele identical by descent
behavioral adaptation
an inherited behavior that helps an organism survive; like escaping from predators or find a mate
predation
an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism
chloroplast
an organelle in plants; where photosynthesis occurs.
embryo
an organism in its early stages of development, especially before it has reaches a distinctively recognizable form.
producer
an organism that can make its own food
consumer
an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
fetus
an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal
Structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function
analogous structure
convergent evolution
analogous structure of unrelated organisms from different ancestors develop similar function such as butterfly wings and bird wings.
mechanical isolation
anatomy parts don't fit together
glucose
another name for sugar C6H12O6 three things used for making glucose are sunlight water and carbon dioxide used for energy and growth
macromolecule
any large complex organic molecule
organism
any living thing
organism
any living thing; something that meets all criteria of life. Ex. so far, we have not found proof of any living ________ on another planet.
organic
anything containing carbon, or referring to something that is alive or was alive (plants are organic; dead leaves are organic)
biotic
anything that is alive, was alive, or is produced by living things.
centromere
area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
What three letters do enzymes end in?
ase
binary fission
asexual reproduction in prokaryotes by which one cell divides into two identical cells
cohesion
attraction between LIKE molecules. Surface tension in water is an example.
adhesion
attraction between molecules. Causes Capillary action; Sticking.
Which organisms make their own food?
autotrophs
prop
3 carbon
hex
6 carbon
What is a polymer?
A large molecule made up of repeating subunits
Species
A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.
Control Variable
A variable that is kept constant during a controlled experiment
Chloroplast
An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
Chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
ribosome
An organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins
endoplasmic reticulum (er)
An organelle, containing folded membranes and sacs,responsible for the production, processing, and transportation of materials for use inside and outside a eukaryotic cell. Rough ER -- has ribosomes to make proteins Smooth ER - no ribosomes , makes LIPIDS
Haploid
An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.
Diploid
An organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number
Autotroph
An organism that captures energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer; "self-feeder"
Pathogen
An organism that causes disease.
Transgenic organism
An organism that contains the DNA from a DIFFERENT species.
Anaerobic organism
An organism that does not require oxygen.
Parasite
An organism that feeds on a living host.
Hybrid
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait. Tt
Heterotroph
An organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer; "other-eater"
Aerobic organism
An organism that requires oxygen.
Malignant
Any tumor that is cancerous and has the potential of spreading to other parts of the body
cellular respiration
C6H1206->CO2 + H20+ ENERGY (released) goal is to create ATP occurs in all living things
Sucrose takes the chemical form of
Disaccharide
Smooth ER
ER that has no ribosomes.
codon
Group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein
A proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon.
Hypothesis
1:4 or 25%
If a green body is dominant to a yellow body and mom is heterozygous green and dad is heterozygous green, what is the probability that the offspring will be yellow?
outcome decreases-> less glucose
If the reactants decrease....
Independent assortment
Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
Observation
Information obtained through the senses
RNA
ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins
rRNA
ribosomal rna, hold tightly to the mRNA and use its information to assemble amino acids
Law of Superposition
rocks on the bottom were deposited first in a succession of strata
geology
science dealing with the earth's history as recorded in rocks
metaphase
second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Metaphase
second stage of mitosis, centrioles move to opposite ends of cell, spindle fibers attach to chromosomes, chromosomes line up in middle
gene
section of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
gene
sections of chromosomes made of DNA that code for traits. The basic unit of heredity.
genes
segment of dna that codes for a specific trait
directional selection
selection against is moving from one phonotype to the other (peppered moths) ref. to packet for drawing
Kin selection
selection in which certain alleles have greater representation in future generation because those with the allele have behavior that increase reproductive success of others with the same allele, relatives
During which phase does the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
Active transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy.
Passive transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion.
mitosis
Muscle cells dividing (mitosis/meiosis)
What is Amine's formula
NH^2
Reproduction
Producing more cells.
Enzymes work on substrates to produce
Products
Human genome project
Project that determined the exact sequence of all of the bases in human DNA.
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA
Makes proteins; Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.
Ribosome
reproductive isolation
separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
Promoter
sequence of DNA that initiates transcription
Cell Cycle
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
anitcodon
set of 3 nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon
genetic code
set of rules that specify to the codons in DNA or RNA that corresponds to the amino acids in proteins
sperm
shorter term for spermatozoon; male gamete
energy pyramid
shows TROPHIC levels; carnivores at the top, producers at the bottom. Biomass decreases as you go up the pyramid.
analogous structure
similar things in different species. EXAMPLE - wings in birds versus fins for fish.
small non-polar molecules
simple diffusion
fungi
simple type of plant that has no leaves or flowers and that grows on plants or other surfaces. Ex. mushrooms are a _____.
prokaryote
single celled organism - NO NUCLEUS - bacteria
plasma membrane
skin of the cell - phospholipid bilayer - hydrophilic outside (phosphate) - hydrophobic inside (lipid) - semipermeable - controls what goes in and out.
They both equalize the concentration of two solutions into a membrane. they both work together to move water molecules from a area of high concentration to a area of low concentration.
Similarities between osmosis and diffusion
Which of the four main lipid types consists of four joined carbon rings plus various groups
Steroids
Energy
The ability to do work
Genetic factors
The general guideline of traits determined by a person's DNA.
Codons
The language of mRNA instructions read by ribosomes in 3 letter sequences.
nonnative species
something not from the area --invasive, alien, nonindigenous, or exotic. (currently, zebra mussels are invading Lake Erie)
limiting factor
something that limits the GROWTH of a population. (not enough food, not enough space)
punctuated equilibrium
species are generally stable with periods of rapid changes quickly results in new species - opposite of GRADUALISM -- probably both true - (ex - a giant meteor caused extinction of the dinosaurs and many other species) - CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION - most living things appeared all at once.
What is punctuated equilibrium?
species may remain stable for long periods of time until environmental changes create new pressures and a new species suddenly occurs
divergent evolution
splitting of an ancestral population into two or more subpopulations that are geographically isolated from one another.
interphase
The normal life of a cell - when division is NOT happening.
Definition of Cellular Respiration
The process of breaking the chemical bonds of glucose into energy. Breaking chemical bonds releases electrons.
selective breeding
The process of breeding organisms that results on offspring with desired genetic traits.
Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms.
Biology
The study of life
Cancer
Uncontrolled cellular division
uracil
Unlike DNA, RNA contains
regulates temperature.
Why is it important for cells to have a selectively permeable cell membrane?
nucleic acid
a long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides; DNA and RNA
What is a plasmid
a loop of DNA in a bacterium
antibody
a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a pathogen that has entered the body
independent variable
always going to be present in the experiment
mitochondria
cellular organelles where cellular respiration occurs
homeostasis
state reaches when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with other parts.
Theory of Evolution
states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.
homologous structures
structural features with a common evolutionary origin. Structures found in various organisms with a common ancestor but with decent modifications (page 16) Cladogenesis
analogous structures
structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in form or function
What is epidemiology?
study of disease
law (scientific)
defines, but does not explain phenomena- often is in the form of a Mathematical Equation. - Newton's laws - F = ma
A disacchride is formed by a
dehydration synthesis reaction
genetics
study of inheritance- traits
embryology
study of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms
Blind Study
subject is unaware whether they received treatment
antigen
substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody
vaccine
substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity
hormone
substance produced in one part of an organism that affects another part of the same organism
catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction; like an enzyme
Missense Mutation
substitution of a nucleotide that causes a subsequent change in amino acid
An area of land is wiped out by a fire. First weeds and small organisms colonize it and they gradually are replaced with other communities over time. What is this?
succession
What is the process by which one species progressively replaces another species?
succession
What makes up the sides of the DNA ladder, or what is the back bone of DNA
sugar and phosphate
Does reproduction help the individual or ensure the survival of the species?
survival of the species
mutualism
symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship
commensalism
symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed
parasitism
symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it
ingestion
taking in food from the environment.
genus
taxonomic group containing one or more species
species
taxonomic group whose members can interbreed
Gel Electrophoresis
technique used to separate DNA according to size. DNA moves from - to +
What biome do we live in?
temperate deciduous forest
Delocalized Electron
electrons that are free to move in metals
Spindle fiber
emerge from centrioles, attach to chromosomes to pull them apart during mitosis
The amount of what is increasing the the universe?
entropy
kingdoms
eubactiria (bactiria), archeabactiria (Archea) , protista, fungi, plantae, animalia (eukarya)
the irreversible disaearance of a population or species
extintion
transgenic
term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms
analogous structure
have similar functions but different origin
heterozygous
having two different alleles for a trait
A site
holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain
What is the greenhouse effect?
the Earth's atmosphere absorbs the head from the sun and traps it-how much is trapped depends on the concentration of certain gases like carbon dioxide
What place seems to have most influenced Darwin's ideas?
the Galapagos islands with the 17 finch species and giant tortoises
fitness
the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment
experiment
the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation
What determines whether the two organisms are the same species?
if they breed in nature and produce fertile offspring
data
information gathered from observations
adaptation
inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
aquatic
lives in the water
Biochemical comparisons
look to see how related different species are, look in the dan, amino acid sequences. see page 17
impermeable
nothing can get through - PLASTIC is impermeable, paper towels are not.
chromatid
one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
generation
one step in the line of descent of a family
nitrogen bases
parts of nucleotides that make up "rungs" of the ladder
homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
What biochemical is Nitrogen an important component of?
proteins
carrier (transport) proteins
proteins that help things move in and out of the cell - in the plasma membrane; helps small molecules, and macromolecules move into the cell from the blood.
geotropism
response to the earth's gravity, as the growing of roots downward in the ground
genotype
the actual genes within a cell - includes recessive genes that might not be seen (i.e. - a person with brown eyes may have a genotype that includes a GENE for blue eyes)
What is mitosis?
separation of chromosomes and division of nucleus
What is a half-life?
the amount of time for half of the material to decay
An experiment fives one group a blood pressure pill and the other group a sugar pill. They then measure blood pressure. What is the dependent variable?
the blood pressure
genetics
the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms
ecology
the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and with nonliving parts of their environment
digestion
the breakdown of complex food materials into forms the organism can use. Ex. Going to sleep after eating can be bad for ____.
amino acid
the building blocks of proteins
monomer
small chemical unit that makes up polymers
anticodon
the complement of mRNA; triplet code on the tRNA
genome
the complete genetic material contained in an individual
genome
the complete genetic material contained in an individual.
speciation
the creation of a new species - often happens when a group of animals is separated from the rest of the population - (i..e - Kangaroos and other marsuplials in Australia - have weird adaptations like the pouch)
cell cycle
the cycle of growth and reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase (g1, s, g2) and mitosis (division of the nucleus-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)
resistance
the degree of unresponsiveness of a disease-causing microorganism to antibiotics or other drugs (as in penicillin-resistant bacteria)
allele
the different forms of a gene; could be dominant or recessive
Lattice Energy
the energy released when one mole of an ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions
Mitosis
stage of cell cycle where the cell divides
amino acids
the building blocks of protein
What is the principle of parsimony?
the simplest explanation is the best
initiation
the start of translation (the tRNA, rRNA, & mRNA have come together)
equilibrium
the state of both sides are balanced
niche
the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)
termination
the stop codon has been reached
Tetrad
the structure formed when two homologous chromosomes become linked during crossing over
competition
the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources
What is probability?
the study of event that occur by chance
What is taxonomy?
the study of the classifying organisms
Bond Energy
the energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms
dominant
trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present
polygenic trait
traits controlled by more than one gene (height, weight, IQ, - NOT eye color, hair color, blood type)
Continous variation
traits influenced by many genes or the environment(human height)
During protein synthesis, which comes first, Transcription or translation
transcription
hydrogen bonds
what holds the two sides of the DNA molecule together?
double helix
what is the shape of the DNA molecule
What is non-disjunction?
the failure of two chromosomes to properly separate during meiosis
telophase
the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle
F1
the first filial generation (first offspring)
Meiosis 1
the first of two divisions in meiosis, during which homologous chromosomes are separated
Prophase 1
the first step in meiosis I: chromatin condenses, centrosomes move to opposite poles, and a spindle fibers start to form
Prophase 2
the first step in meiosis II: chromatin condenses, centrosomes move to opposite poles and a spindle fibers start to form
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration occurs in ...
bacteria, yeast, or muscle cells.
speciation
the formation of new species as a result of evolution
protein synthesis
the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
Telophase 1
the fourth and final step of meiosis I: nuclear membrane reforms and the chromosomes decondense. Followed by cytokinesis.
Telophase 2
the fourth and final step of meiosis II: nuclear membrane reforms and the chromosomes decondense
phenotype
the gene that is SEEN. (Bb are the genes for eye color - GENOtype. B is dominant Brown. b is recessive blue. - The actual eye color would be brown (PHENOtype)
evolution
the gradual change in a species over time
tropism
the growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus
Sexual Selection
based on characters that give certain individuals an advantage over others of the same sex
amino acid
basic building blocks of proteins
cell
basic unit of life
cell
basic unit of living things: contains DNA ,cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.
What is the theory of natural selection?
the idea that organisms with the best suited traits survive and reproduce
fertilization
the joining of a sperm cell and an egg cell
Formula Unit
the lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound
Critical Step of Translation
the matching of the codon with the anticodon on the tRNA carrying the correct amino acid
Gene flow
the movement of alleles from one population to another
What is the application of biological processes and systems to solve design and engineering problems?
biomimetics
behavioral isolation
bird mating calls ex. "like what are you doing other bird species? mating call or threatening me???"
Umbilical cord stem cells
blood-forming stem cells. These stem cells are used to treat diseases of the blood or to restore the blood system after treatment for specific cancers
analogous structurues
both adapted to have same trait, but with different common ancestor that has nothing to do with that triad (16) Morphological Convergence
Phenotype depends on
both genotype and environment
Speciation- cladogenesis
branching, populations become genetically isolated by mechanisms
hydrolysis reactions
break polymers into monomers
Artificial selection
breeders (humans artificially breed dogs to what they want
How does a virus infect a cell?
by injecting its genetic material into the cell and replicating
gene expression
the multi-step process of turning the code of a gene into its final product (most often a protein)
What makes up the rungs of the DNA ladder?
the nitrogen bases
Haploid number (n)
the number of homologous pairs in a diploid cell.
carbon cycle
the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again
What happens during petrification?
the original hard tissue of the organism is slowly replaced by other minerals
capsid
the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus
heredity
the passing of traits from parent to offspring. Ex. scientists know that _____ can increase chances for certain diseases.
What is macroevolution?
the patterns in which new species evolve
habitat
the place where an organism lives
elongation
the polypeptide chain is growing
cell division
the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
diffusion
the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; passive
evolution
the process of change that has transformed life on Earth
What is transcription?
the process of making RNA from DNA
What is microevolution?
the processes by which inherited traits change overtime in a population
independent assortment
the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
cytokinesis
cell DIVISION (splitting)
diploid number
cell condition in which two of each type of chromosome are present
Cyclin and CDK
cell cycle regulators
mitosis
cell division; CLONING of cells, makes an exact replica of the original.
lysosome
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell
vacuole
cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
what is the process of converting glucose into energy called?
cellular respiration
Centromere
central part of chromosome, joining the two sister chromatids
mutation
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
mutation
change in the DNA
natural selection
changes in relative frequencies of alleles for a heritable trait in a population, outcome of differences in survival and reproduction among the individuals that vary in a trait.
chromosomal mutations
changes in the chromosomes where parts of the chromosomes are broken and lost during mitosis
semi-permeable
characteristic of a cell membrane which allows some molecules to pass through but not others
synthesis
chemical combination of simple substances to form complex substances.
Where are codons and anticodons?
codons are on DNA and mRNA; anticodons are on tRNA
antibiotic
compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria
Inference
conclusion that is made based on empirical data
chromosome
condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide
herbivore
consumer that eats only producers; also called a primary consumer
secondary consumer
consumer that eats primary consumers
primary consumer
consumer that feeds directly on producers
nucleus
contains the DNA; the control center of the cell.
nuclear membrane
controls what goes in and out of the nucleus
What are 2 examples of macroevolution?
convergent, divergent or adaptive radiation, extinction,gradualism, punctuated equilibrium
cloning
creation of an exact genetic copy of an organism; identical twins are clones; any organism that reproduces asexually (i.e. - bacteria just divide), produces clones.
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
translation
decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
biogeochemical cycles
water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle).
hydrophillic
water loving
theory
well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
dependent variable
what changes in the experiment
nitrogen base
what does the red hexagon represent?
deoxyribose
what is the sugar found in DNA
nucleotide
what nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) are made of - Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine -- AT, CG
When are stomates closed?
when a plant is NOT photosynthesizing or when it is dehydrated
extinction
when a species no longer exists
hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
hypotonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
incomplete dominance
when neither is dominant - causes blending -- a red bunny and a white bunny have pink babies.
Point mutation
when one nitrogen base is switched with a different nitrogen base. This may or may not be a bad mutation since there are several codon possibilities for a given amino acid
Hypertonic Solution
when the concentration of solute particles inside the cell is lower than the concentration in the cytosol; this will cause H2O to flOw out of the cell .
Hypotonic Solution
when the concentration of solute particles outside the cell is lower than the concentration in the cytosol; this will cause H2O to flOw into the cell .
isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
competition
when two or more organisms need the same food, space, or water
endemic
where a species came from (i.e. - kangaroos are ENDEMIC to Australia)
cytosine
which base binds to guanine
adenine
which base binds to thymine?
helicase
which enzyme unzips DNA so it can make copies of itself?
Is the genetic code read the same way by all organisms?
yes
What is the technical term for the cell formed when an egg and a sperm combine?
zygote