Biology Final

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DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics

Isotonic Solution

describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

concentration gradient

difference in concentration of a substance on two sides of a membrane

variation

differences between organisms

Variation

differences in traits of organisms in a population

Seasonal isolation

different mating season

osmosis

diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

pathogen

disease-causing agent

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

bacteria

domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycans

ene

double bond between carbons

replication

double the chromosomes

Crossing over

during prophase 1 of meiosis: the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring

codon

each set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA representing an amino acid or start/stop signal

decomposer

eats DEAD THINGS - the bottom of the food chain - recycles nutrients

fossil

the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil

deforestation

the removal of trees

point mutation

the replacement of a single nucleotide with another nucleotide (causes cystic fibrosis, TaySachs, sickle cell anemia)

What is a niche?

the role an organic has in a community

What determines the "code" for DNA, the sides or the rungs

the rungs of DNA determine the code

Meiosis 2

the second division in meiosis in which chromatids of each chromosome are segregated equally into 4 haploid daughter cells

Meiosis 2

the second of two divisions in meiosis, during which sister chromatids are separated

Metaphase 1

the second step in meiosis I: the tetrads are aligned at the metaphase plate

Metaphase 2

the second step in meiosis II: sister chromatids allign at the metaphase plate

What determines the genetic code?

the sequence of bases in DNA

primary succession

the series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist

anaphase

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

gamete

egg or sperm sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes (haploid), one from each homologous pair

gamete

eggs and sperm; have half the regular number of chromosomes (HAPLOIDS) (HAP - think HALF)

Anaphase 1

the third step in meiosis 1: homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell

What is one type of evidence for evolution other than the fossil record?

embryonic development, homologous structures, biochemical comparison, biogeography

accessory pigments

energy absorbing plant pigments other than chlorophyll

activation energy

energy needed to start a chemical reaction; lowered by enzymes

Anaphase 2

the third step in meiosis II: sister chromatids separate and move toward the spindle poles

biomass

the total amount of living matter within a given trophic level

How many strands are in RNA?

1 / single stranded

Non-disjunction

error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate

crossing over

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

eth

2 carbon

E Site

exit site

What are two causes of cancer?

exposure to certain chemicals, radiation or a genetic predisposition to developing cancer

Number of electrons in outermost shell of any noble gas? (besides helium)

8

co-dominance

the trait of each allele are seen fully and equally; ie. a red bunny and a white bunny have a baby that has red and white spots - different from blending where a red and white bunny makes a pink bunny

Chitin

A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility.

mitosis

A child growing taller (mitosis/meiosis)

nitrogen cycle

the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Ovum

A mature egg cell

Chlorophyll

A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.

homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

terrestrial

A term that describes an organism associated with a land environment.

Scientific law

A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data.

The bases which pair together in DNA are

AT CG

During which phase does the number of chromosomes briefly double?

Anaphase

Which phase occurs directly after metaphase?

Anaphase

disruptive

extremes asre favored, intermediates are selected against "" (butterfly ex)

In vitro fertilization

the union of sperm and egg in an artificial setting, usually in a laboratory

Reproductive isolation mechanisms

factors that contribute to individuals being isolated from one another, promotes speciation.

agriculture

farming - the industry and science of growing food

lipids

fats; STORES energy

trophic level

feeding level in an ecosystem

zygote

fertilized egg

Cytokinesis

final stage of mitosis, cells divide and move apart

prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

Prophase

first stage of mitosis, nuclear envelope disappears, chromosomes condense

glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid.

What is the classic example of homologous structures?

forelimbs of vertebrates, streamlined shape of aquatic organisms

Telophase

fourth stage of mitosis, cells begin to form cleavage furrow (animal) or cell plate (plant) and divide

insertion mutation

frame-shift mutation where a nucleotide is added to the genetic material

deletion mutation

frame-shift mutation where a nucleotide is deleted from the genetic material

Sex Cell

gamete

phloem

the vascular tissue through which food moves in plants

xylem

the vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in plants

How many amino acids are there and how many words are there in the genetic code?

there are 20 amino acids but 64 words are available; some are start and stop codons

sex-linked

gene located on the X or Y chromosome

endocytosis

things ENTER the cell; a cell engulfs and captures nutrients with its plasma membrane

dihybrid cross

genetic cross using two traits with two alleles each

Cystic fibrosis

genetic disorder that leads to abnormal mucus build up in the respiratory and digestive systems.

genotype

genetic makeup of an organism; like BB, Bb, or bb

What is a clone?

genetic replica of another organism

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments

genetic variation

1:2:1

genotypic ratio for the F2 generation

exocytosis

things EXIT the cell; the cell membrane breaks open and releases it.

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Which kingdoms contain only single celled organisms?

Archaea and Eubacteria and Protista

domains

Bactiria, Archea, Eukarya

The DNA must be cut with the same retriction enzyme(s).

Before placing DNA into the wells of a gel, what must be done to all of the DNA samples?

What does a cell do after it completes telophase and cytokinesis?

Begins interphase

Adam Sedgwick

Believed evolution would undermine the whole moral fabric

How long does interphase take?

Between 18 and 20 hours

How long does the whole cell cycle take?

Between 20 and 22 hours

the variety or variability of living organisms in an environment

Biodiversity

Catabolism

Biological processes which primarily break down large storage and other chemicals, often releasing energy in the process.

The main function of cellulose in plants is

Body support Cell Wall in Plants

Polar

Bonds that have an uneven distribution of charge

Cellular Respiration Formula

C6H12O2 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)

What is organic acids formula

COOH

ecological succession

gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance

chlorophyll

green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

tissue

group of similar cells that perform a particular function

species

group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. Ex. there are thousands of different ______ of butterflies.

haploid number

half the normal number of chromosomes; found in sex cells

What element is contained in all organic compounds?

Carbon

homozygous

having two identical alleles for a trait

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA

When does DNA replication occur?

DNA replication occurred during S or the Synthesis part of interphase

What is the shape of DNA?

Double helix / twisted ladder

What causes Down syndrome?

Down syndrome is synonymous with trisomy 21, having and extra chromosome on #21

Law of Segregation

During the formation of gametes, allelic pairs for two traits (from the same gene on sister chromosomes) separate

What do genes do and where are they found?

Genes control traits, they are found on chromosomes

linked gene

Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses.

reduction of alleles in a population (resulting from a disaster that drastically reduces population size).

Genetic Drift

genetic drift cont.

Genetic drift is random changes in allele frequencies over time due to chance. They have their greatest impact on small populations. Some examples: Bottlenecking and Founder effect

What is the manipulation of genes referred to as?

Genetic engineering

GMO

Genetically Modified Organism

Which of the part of the cellular respiration process takes place in the cytoplasm?

Glycolysis

50% or 1:2

If a green body is dominant to a yellow body and mom is heterozygous green and dad is yellow, what is the probability that the offspring will be yellow?

100% or 1:1

If a green body is dominant to a yellow body and mom is homozygous green and dad is yellow, what is the probability that the offspring will be green?

increases speed at which the chemical process happens.

If the light intensity increases....

During which phase does the DNA make a copy of itself?

Interphase (Synthesis)

The two main stages of the cell cycle are called...

Interphase and mitosis

Pentose is a molecule of

Monosaccaride with 5 carbon atoms

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

homologous structure

protein synthesis

how amino acids are put together to make proteins -- TRANSCRIPTION > DNA to RNA - TRANSLATION > RNA to polypeptide chain.

cell cycle

how cells reproduce; mitosis and meiosis. first DNA replicates, then the cell divides.

cellular respiration

how cells use energy - burning ATP

succession

how ecosystems change from having no life, to more and more complex populations. - Rock to soil to mosses, to shrubs to trees - SECONDARY SUCCESSION occurs after forest fires when soil is still there.

food chain

how energy goes from producers to primary consumers to secondary consumers etc.

isolating mechanisms

things that keep two different species from mating; could be structural (ie. - won't fit); or if mating can take place, can be hybrid inviability (embryo cannot survive), hybrid sterility (resulting ADULT IS STERILE), or hybrid breakdown (first generation is viable but FUTURE GENERATIONS CANNOT SURVIVE)

Anaphase

third stage of mitosis, spindle fibers shorten pulling chromosomes apart

How many nitrogen bases are needed to make a codon?

three nitrogen bases

How many nitrogen bases does it take to make an amino acid?

three nitrogen bases

What is an anticodon?

three nitrogen bases on a tRNA molecule

What is a codon?

three nucleotides or nitrogen bases

Multiple Allele

three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait

codon

three-nucleotide base sequence (triplet) on DNA and mRNA that codes for a single amino acid

What determines the atomic mass of an element?

Number of protons plus number of neutrons

One

Number of strands RNA is made of

What is alcohol's formula

OH

allele frequency

how often an allele happens. EXAMPLE - The allele for albino traits is very rare.

photosynthesis

how plants change sunlight into carbohydrates (i.e. - radiant energy TO CHEMICAL energy -- the light energy is stored in BONDS ) - occurs in CHLOROPLASTS.

F2

Offspring of the F1 generation

Cellulose is a ___ Saccaride

Poly

What is a major event of anaphase?

Sister chromatids separate

stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move.

The digestion of food involves a series of

hydrolysis reactions

Phospholipid

hydrophilic head & hydrophobic tails

Paleys argument

if we come upon a watch we would infer that the watch must have had a maker who comprehended its construction and designed its use. We would infer this due to its complexity

codon

in RNA, a three-base "word" that codes for one amino acid

How is probability related to the biology that you studied the year?

in meiosis the movement of chromosomes into gametes and the subsequent fertilization is determined by chance

Where does transcription take place in a Eukaryote cell?

in the nucleus

Where does translation occur in the cell?

in the ribosome

1.) Observation 2.) Question 3.) Hypothesis 4.) Experiment 5.) Analyse data 6.) Conclusion yes

Steps of the Scientific Method. Do they ALWAYS have to be followed in one particular order.

cell

The basic unit of life

Osmosis

The diffusion of solvent particles(H20) across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher solvent concentration to an area of lower solvent concentration

Genetic Engineering

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.

spindle

tiny fibers that are seen in cell division

Genetically modified

What does GM stand for?

What is the basic formula of a carbohydrate?

[C(H20)]n

vascular tissue

tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in plants

Gene therapy

inserting a normal/working gene into human cells to correct genetics disorders.

What is a mutation?

a change in a gene

mutation

a change in the DNA of a gene.

carnivore

a consumer that only eats other consumers

intracellular

inside a cell.

What is a proto-oncogene?

a proto-oncogene is a gene which normally controls cell division;if it changes it can allow cancer to occur

pH

a relative measure of the hydrogen ion concentration within a solution; Latin for "probably hydrogens".

What are transcription and translation?

transcribe means to write DNA letters into RNA letters and translate means to interpret the letters into amino acids

ions

active transport

egg cell

also called ovum; female gamete

mitosis, meiosis

body cell reproduction and sex cell reproduction

biological macromolecules

large molecules - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

What must an experiment have to be properly controlled?

only one variable

embryo

organism in its early stage of development

stabilizing

intermediates are favored and extremes are selected against "baby birth weight"

G1 phase

interphase stage of cell cycle following mitosis where cell grows, synthesizes proteins, and carries out normal metabolic functions

ane

single bond between carbons

G0 phase

interphase stage of cell cycle where cell goes into not growing or dividing stage. Seen in mainly brain, and heart cells

genetic code

the 4-letter code; always use the chart reading the mRNA strand

biodiversity

the variety of different species in a given area

gradualism

theory that new species arise from the result of SLIGHT MODIFICATIONS over many generations.

double helix

two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA

G2 phase

interphase stage of cell cycle where cell grows, replicates it's organelles, and prepares to go into mitosis phase

S phase

interphase stage of cell cycle where cell replicates DNA

nitrogenous base

is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.

What does semi-conservative replication mean?

it means that one strand of the old DNA double helix is incorporated into each of the new DNA molecules

Dehydration synthesis reactions

join monomers into polymers

tRNA

transfer RNA, a type of RNA that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized in the ribosomes.

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome

pollination

transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant

biome

large area of the world with similar climates --- desert, tundra, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, tropical rainforest

macromolecule

large molecule (protein, lipid, carbohydrate, nucleic acid)

kingdom

large taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla

Active Transport

transport of a solute (e.g. glucose filtrate in kidneys) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient (always requires E)

facilitated diffusion

transported across the plasma membrane WITH THE concentration gradient with the aid of CARRIER PROTEINS --- DOES NOT require ENERGY.

yne

triple bond between carbons

Genetic engineering

(AKA recombinant DNA technology) - modifying the genes of an organism

nucleic acid

(DNA or RNA) - carries genetic information

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work the energy is stored in ATP until it is released by the reactions remove a phosphate from ATP a simple way of remembering it is just that it's just energy

replication

(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division

Translation

(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm

binary fission

type of asexual reproduction in which an organism replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells

pH

level of acidity - 1 - 14. 1 is most acidic, 14 is most basic. 7 is neutral (water is 7). Human blood is 7.4, slightly basic.

blood type

*a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cell; A, B, AB, or O *A, B, AB and O. Type O is the universal donor and AB blood is known as the universal recipient.

"" anagenesis

unbranched. mutations and changes in allele frequencies accumulate as gene flow continues, species become so different from ancestors that they are considered new species (horses)

Chromatin

uncondensed DNA that is present during Interphase

Translation

uses the codons in mRNA to make a specific amino acid

biotechnology

using a living thing as a tool- ie - using yeast to make yogurt, using waste as fertilizer, genetic engineering by inserting one organism's genes into another organism.

How are the ages of fossils accurately determined?

using radioactive dating or absolute dating

bacteriophage

virus that infects bacteria

Two broad ways of looking at nature

-Either everything in nature exists for a reason -All exists for no particular reason

3 things that impressed Darwin on his journey

-Extinction -Geographical distribution -Adaptation

Methods of comparing organisms

-Gel electrophoresis -Comparative Anatomy

Goals of modern systematics

-Inferring phylogeny >to determine the evolutionary relationships among species and groups of species

Female preferences

-Sexy sons -Good genes( offspring survival)

Mutation

-Ultimate source of all variation -Refer to change in a DNA sequence and phenotypic consequences

Male male competition

-direct combat -preventing remating of females -Mate guarding -Sperm competition

A fatty acid is said to be saturated this means that it Contains large amounts of hydrogen Contains many double bonds Contains few double bonds Both one and three

1 & 3

asexual reproduction

1 parent

ecosystem

living and nonliving things in an environment, together with their interactions

What are the three types of cell transport?

1. simple diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion 3. active transport

Lamarck's Theory

1.tendency toward perfection 2. use and disuse 3. inheritance of acquired traits (jack the baby) 4. Life was created long ago in a simple state and has gradually improved itself 5.strive toward a perfect being

dec

10 carbon

How much energy is transferred form one trophic level to the next?

10%, rest is lost as heat

How many ATP are produced by the Kreb cycle for each molecule of glucose?

2

How many ATP molecules are produced in the Kreb's cycle?

2

What is the number of cells mitosis creates?

2

How many hair color genes does a Guinea pig have and where are they found?

2 genes found in every nucleus of every cell in the body

Mitosis results in the formation of what?

2 genetically identical daughter cells

How long does mitosis take?

2 hours

The process of speciation

2 individuals belonging 2 the same species must be able to produce fertile live offspring. Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise

sexual reproduction

2 parents male and female

How many strands does DNA have?

2 strands

How many types of natural amino acids are there

20

How many codons are there given the following DNA strand? A T C G C G A T C

3

How many codons are there given the following RNA Strand? A U G C G G A A U C

3 (with one nitrogen base left over)

transpiration

loss of water from a plant through its leaves

but

4 carbon

meiosis

4 haploid cells are formed (mitosis/meiosis)

A DNA molecule contains 44% C. The percentage of G in the same molecule is

44%

Direction of DNA Synthesis

5' to 3'

How many carbons are in glucose?

6

The Monacans were separated into the Archaebacteria and the Eubacteria. How many kingdoms are there?

6

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

6C02 + 6H20 + Light = C6H12O6 + O2

photosynthesis equation(very important)

6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Products of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

6CO2 +6H2O + Energy (ATP)

oct

8 carbon

non

9 carbon

Ion pump

A Protein moves ions across a membrane (hydrogen, sodium or potassium); requires ATP

science

A body of evidence‐based knowledge gained through observation and experimentation related to the natural world and technology.

Peptide bond

A bond that links amino acids together in a protein.

carbohydrate

macromolecule for ENERGY; foods like bread and pasta are carbs.

nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Mother cell

A cell ready to begin reproduction, containing duplicated DNA and centrioles.

eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotic cell

A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.

Haploid cell

A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair.

Diploid cell

A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs.

Eukaryotic cell

A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.

genetic drift

A change in the allele frequency within a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

Physical change

A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance.

Chemical change

A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance.

Molecular compound

A chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water.

Antibiotic

A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms.

purine

A class of nucleotides that includes adenine and guanine.

pyrimidine

A class of nucleotides that includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Organ

A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

Ecosystem

A community of organisms and their abiotic environment

Adenine

A component that is involved in making the ATP molecule found on the opposite end of the phosphate groups.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

A compound used by cells to store and release energy; consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

principle (scientific)

A concept based on scientific laws and axioms (rules assumed to be present,true, and valid) where general agreement is present.

Polar covalent

A covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons

Polar-covalent bond

A covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons

Nonpolar-covalent bond

A covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge

founder effect

A decrease in genetic variation caused by the formation of a new population by a small number of individuals - (i.e. - a few people living on an island have descendants that begin to develop genetic defects)

pedigree

A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family.

Zygote

A fertilized egg

Thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Recombinant DNA

A form of DNA produced by combining two genetic material from two or more different sources by means of genetic engineering

Trisomy

A genetic condition of having three chromosomes instead of two. The conidtion causes various birth defects

Heterozygous

A genotype consisting of two different alleles for a trait. (E.g. Tt) Also referred to as hybrid.

Homozygous

A genotype consisting of two identical alleles of a gene for a particular trait. (E.g. TT or tt) Also referred to as purebred.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts, specifically embedded in the thylakoid membranes, of plants, algae, and some bacteria

Biome

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

Population

A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area.

Community

A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other

Organ System

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.

Placebo

A harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect.

What is a theory?

A heavily supported hypothesis

Nuclear membrane

A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

lipid

macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

Theory

A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.

Central vacuole

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.

Phospholipid

A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group.

Unsaturated fat

A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

Saturated fat

A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms.

solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Inference

A logical interpretation based on observations

Flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.

meiosis

A male produces sperm (mitosis/meiosis)

tumor

A mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably.

temperature

A measure of the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) of particles in a sample of matter. This physical property can determine the rate and extent to which chemical reactions can occur within living systems. It is commonly measured in degrees Celsius(°C) or Fahrenheit(°F).

concentration

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

Concentration

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent.

aquaporin

A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.

Semipermeable membrane

A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.

Vacuole

A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell.

Organic Molecule

A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous.

Chemical bond

A mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that bind the atoms together

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement.

Molecule

A neutral group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds

Virus

A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics: (1) It has genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat. (2) It cannot reproduce on its own.

recessive inheritance

A pattern of inheritance in which the phenotypic effect of one allele is only expressed within a homozygous genotype. In a heterozygous condition with a dominant allele, it is not expressed in the phenotype.

Incomplete Dominance

A pattern of inheritance in which two alleles, inherited from the parents, are neither dominant nor recessive. The resulting offspring have a phenotype that is a blending of the parental traits.

homologous structure

A physical characteristic in different organisms that is similar because it was inherited from a common ancestor (ANALOGOUS structures are similar, but not due to inheritance)

missense

A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies a different amino acid.

nonsense

A point mutation in which a codon that specifies an amino acid is mutated into a codon that specifies the termination of translation

What is a hypothesis?

A possible explanation or an educated guess

Mitosis

A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells.

RNA editing

A process that takes place before the mRNA is sent to the ribosome; some RNA bases are removed in order to create a final draft of the mRNA

hypothesis

A proposed explanation for an observed phenomenon or PREDICTED OUTCOME of an experiment

Hypothesis

A proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon

Mutualism

A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.

Commonesalism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.

Spore

A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.

Asexual

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent

Sexual

A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents

Experiment

A research study conducted to determine the effect that one variable has upon another variable

Cell Wall

A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells.

Gene

A section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein of a portion of protein, thereby causing a trait.

gene

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait

Gene

A sequence of DNA that controls a trait. The smallest chemical parts that form segments of chromosomes.

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that refers to a specific amino acid.

Hypotheses

A set of claims that are falsifiable

system

A set of interacting or interdependent components,real or abstract, that form an integrated whole. An open system is able to interact with its environment. A closed system is isolated from its environment.

chromosomes

A single piece of coiled DNA; contains genes that determine traits. Each species has a certain number of chromosomes.

Plasmid

A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code.

Isotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in a solution.

Hypertonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution.

Hypotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution.

Scientific Law

A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions

Prediction

A statement that forecasts what would happen in a test situation if the hypothesis were true

Hydrogen bond

A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules.

chloroplasts

A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. main function of chloroplasts is to produce food (glucose) Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow - because these colors are reflected into our eyes.

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.

Catalyst

A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process.

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Conclusion

A summary that states if your hypothesis was supported or refuted and what the investigation showed, based on observations and data

Membrane

A thin covering of tissue.

Protein

A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.

Anticodon

A three-nucleotide base sequence on tRNA.

Organelle

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Virus

A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.

Punnett Square

A tool used to predict the results of a genetic cross. Graphical method of showing all of the potential combinations of offspring genotypes that can occur and their probability given the parent genotypes.

sex-linked trait

A trait, associated with a gene that is carried by either the male or female parent(e.g., color blindness and sickle‐cell anemia). - most of these are carried by the mother, called "X-linked"

mRNA

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein.

gene splicing

A type of gene recombination in which the DNA is INTENTIONALLY broken and recombined

prokaryote

A unicellular organism that LACKS a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

DNA fingerprint

A unique pattern of bands formed by the fragments from an organism's DNA.

Vaccine

A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen.

protein

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes

Chromosomes

made up of DNA and proteins

ATP releases energy and becomes....

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

When ATP releases energy, what does it become?

ADP as a phosphate

The nitrogen containing bases and RNA are

AGCU

What is unique about retroviruses and what is an example?

AIDS is a retroviruses which injects RNA that must be made into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase

Most enzymes name end in the letters

ASE

What is the storage form of energy called?

ATP

start codon

AUG (methionine)

The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy.

Active Transport

Exocytosis

Active transport process of exporting substances (e.g. proteins) from a cell by a vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing its contents outside the cell.

Is the evolutionary process whereby an organism becomes better able to live in its habitat or habitats

Adaptation

What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine

In which environment does a cell produce more ATP?

Aerobic

What is the difference between the energy produced by anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

Aerobic produces 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule Anaerobic only produces 2 ATP

What are two parts of the cell theory?

All living things are made of cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells

population

All of the SAME SPECIES in the SAME GENERAL LOCATION (i.e. - all the squirrels in Dark Hollow Woods, all the carp in the Allegheny River - all the bacteria in my stomach???-- all the fish in my aquarium???)

ecosystem

All the living AND NON-LIVING things in an environment - the COMMUNITY plus the ABIOTIC (dirt, water etc)

sunlight

main source of energy

homeostasis

maintaining equilibrium - can't get too hot or too cold

Of what molecules is protein made of?

Amino Acids

The building blocks of proteins are

Amino acids

Are amino acids linked together to form polypeptides, or do you break amino acids to form polypeptides

Amino acids linked together form polypeptides

tRNA

An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA

Benign tumor

An abnormal mass of cells that remains at its original site in the body.

Mutation

An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents

7

An adult organism has 14 chromosomes in their body cells, how many will they have in their sex cells?

Surrogacy

An arrangement whereby a woman bears a child on behalf of another woman

Hypothesis

An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question.

Valence electrons

An electron that is found in the outermost shell of atom and that determines the atoms chemical properties

Electron-dot notation/ Lewis Structure

An electron-configuration notation in which only the valence electrons of an atom of a particular element are shown, indicated by dots placed around the element's symbol

crossing over

An exchange of genetic material during ANAPHASE I of MEIOSIS; contributes to genetic variability

Theory

An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence

metaphase plate

An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.

Organism

An individual living thing

What is and atom or a group of atoms with an unbalanced charge?

An ion

Endoplasmic reticulum

An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell.

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations. (E.g. Tt, TT or tt) The gene may or may not be expressed when you observe a living thing.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible trait.

catalyst

makes chemical reactions go much faster; doesn't get used up in the reaction; can be used again and again.

producer (ecological)

makes its own food - photosynthesis - plants and green algae

food web

many interconnected food chains

Somatic Cell

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell.

somatic cell

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell.

symbiotic relationship

Any close interaction of two organisms - mutualism - both benefit (bees and flowers); commensalism - one is unaffected(whale and barnacles); parasitism - one benefits one is harmed (tapeworms in people);

pumps (ion or molecular)

Any of several molecular mechanismsin which ions or molecules are transported across a cellular membrane requiring the use of an energy source (e.g., glucose,sodium[Na+], calcium[Ca+], and potassium[K+]).

What are the smallest particles of elements?

Atom

What is the universal energy, "currency", of the cell?

Atp

Bacteria

Bacteria are living cells and can multiply rapidly. Once inside the body, they release poisons or toxins that make us feel ill. BACTERIA GET IN BETWEEN CELLS

Atoms

Basic unit of matter

Cell

Basic unit of structure and function in living things

natural resource

materials found in nature that are used by living things

Which is the process of reducing the chromosome number from diploid to haploid?

meiosis

Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Both processes include glycolysis. In aerobic respiration oxygen (O2) is needed and in anaerobic respiration no oxygen needed. Aerobic produces 36 ATP; Anaerobic produces 2 ATP. *There are many ways to compare and contrast these!!!

catabolism

Breakdown of large molecules; catabolic metabolism

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water.

What is the function of the Lysosomes?

Breaks down molecules using enzymes and cellular digestion

Amino Acid

Building blocks of protein

How do slight variations occur among organisms of the same species?

meiosis, crossing over and mutations can shuffle and change genes

When RNA is made from DNA in the nucleus is it called messenger RNA, Transfer RNA or ribosomal RNA

messenger RNA

mRNA

messenger RNA, brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

Reactants of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 +6O2

Yes and so can DNA with sticky ends.

Can DNA with blunt ends be used in DNA fingerprinting?

No, there must be sticky ends so the different pieces of DNA can stick together.

Can DNA with blunt ends be used in genetic transformation?

Yes, he could be the donor of the diploid body cell.

Can a male be cloned?

A molecule which has the general formula CH2O would be a...

Carbohydrate

What macromolecule is made of 3 to 6 Carbons in a ring, and what is an example of it in DNA

Carbohydrate, Deoxyribose

Cell wall in plants is made from which macromolecule?

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides.

Starch glycogen and cellulose are all classified as

Carbohydrates, polysaccharides, complex carbohydrates

Biochemicals are molecules found in living organisms which contains the element

Carbon

The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

Carbon Cycle

What is carbon fixation and where does it occur?

Carbon fixation is the process of incorporating carbon in inorganic CO2 into organic chemicals;this occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast as part of the Calvin cycle

Compounds that contain _____ are called organic acids

Carboxyl groups

NADPH

Carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Carrying capacity

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Cell Membrane

meiosis

Cell division that makes SEX cells -- has TWO divisions Produces GAMETES; cells with HALF the normal number of chromosomes (HAPLOID).

meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

chromosome

Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells.

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell.

Cell wall

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

Cellular respiration and convert chemical energy for cellular use

What do spindle fibers and centrioles do during mitosis?

Centrioles organize the spindle fibers and spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart when they separate

Evolution

Change in the inherited traits of species over generations

Ionic bonding

Chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between cations and anions

Octet

Chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom, by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons, has an octet of electrons in its highest occupied energy level

Molecules

Chemicals that result from atoms linking together.

What organelle and pigment are required for photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll and chloroplasts

A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.

Chloroplast

When DNA in a cell is uncoiled and spread throughout the nucleus it is called...

Chromatin

Monosomy

Chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number

What is condensed genetic material called?

Chromosome

What is a major event of metaphase?

Chromosomes align along middle of cell

What is a major event of prophase?

Chromosomes begin to condense and spindle fibers start to form

homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content

Chromatin

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell.

What are two examples of sex-linked traits?

Color blindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy

The simultaneous demand by two or more organisms for limited environmental resources, such as nutrients, living space, or light.

Competition

What is the process of joining organic molecules?

Condensation or dehydration synthesis

Chromosome

Condensed fibers of DNA

Biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

Anabolism

Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

anabolism

Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

In an experiment, the standard that is used for comparison

Control

Respiration

Conversion of energy stored in glucose molecules into energy that cells can use

Photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy that is able to be used by organisms

photosynthesis

Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen

What chemical bond involves sharing of electrons, transferring?

Covalent and ionic

Sticky ends

Created when DNA is cut by the same restriction enzymes. They are single stranded pieces of DNA that can stick to a complementary single stranded piece of DNA.

What is the final step of the cell cycle or M phase?

Cytokenisis

Responsible for giving a cell its shape. Helps materials easily pass from one organelle to another.

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

DNA

In which of the four groups of organic molecules is DNA?

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids

Chromosome

DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell.

Besides your actual fingerprint, what can scientists use to determine you identity?

DNA fingerprinting

proteins

DNA holds the code for the making of these molecules

What are the building blocks of DNA and what does each building block contain?

DNA is made of nucleotides consisting of a sugar, phosphate and a base

Transformation

DNA taken up directly from environment by competent prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Any DNA can be used

As atoms bond with each other, they

Decrease their potential energy, thus creating more-stable arrangements of matter

What does an enzyme do to begin the chemical reaction

Decreases activation energy

The destruction of enzymes cause by extremes of environmental is called

Denaturation

DNA

Deoxyriboneucleic acid found mainly in the nucleus

What do the letters DNA stand for

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

The experimental factor that is being measured; the variable that may change.

Dependent Variable

Name one reason why mitosis is important

Development and growth Cell replacement Regeneration

Diffusion refers to the movement of any chemical from one place to another. Diffusion is the movement of molecules (solute or particles)., whereas osmosis exclusively refers to the movement of water across a membrane.

Differences of osmosis and diffusion

Allele

Different forms of a gene for one trait. For example, brown and blue eyes are two different _____ for eye color.

Is mitosis haploid or diploid?

Diploid

mitosis

Diploid cells are formed (mitosis/meiosis)

What types of bonds are used in the tertiary level of organizational polypeptides

Disulfide

The genetic characteristics that distinguishes us from others.

Diversity

yes; yes

Does cellular respiration take place in animal cells? Plant cells?

Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes.

Phosphate

Either two or three of these are found in ATP or ADP. Energy is stored in the bonds between these groups.

What is device is required to see detailed structures of organelles?

Electron microscope

What does active transport require?

Energy and transport protein

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Energy for the cell

Activation energy

Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going.

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Entropy is constantly increasing

Restriction enzymes

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

Restriction enzymes

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.

What are two examples of proteins?

Enzymes( dna polymerase), hemoglobin, kerotin, antibodies

Photosynthesis- carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen Respiration- glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + carbon dioxide + energy

Equations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Is the proof used to reveal a theory.

Evidence

A gradual process in which something changes into a different and usually more complex or better form.

Evolution

Evolution happens at the _______ level _________ ___________

Evolution happens at the population level over time.

The large fragments move more slowly and don't travel as far as the smaller fragments.

Explain how DNA separates by size in a gel.

How do you determine the total magnification of a microscope image?

Eyepiece magnification X Objective Magnification

True or false the end of the triglyceride lipids repelled by water is called a hydrophilic end

False it's hydrophobic

True or false: Cell growth occurs during the process of mitosis.

False. It happens during interphase.

What are the 4 main categories of lipids?

Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

egg

Female sex cell

What is meiosis?

Formation of haploid gametes required for sexual reproduction

polymer

molecules composed of many monomers; makes up a biomolecule

Denaturizing is likely to be caused by all of the following except: temperature, pH, functioning as a catalyst during a chemical reaction, a decrease in H +

Functioning as a catalyst during a chemical reaction

Atoms form compounds by ______

Gaining, losing, or sharing electrons

What was the significance of the Galapagos islands?

Galapogos islands were important because most of the species that live there live no where else, but most of them resembled mainland south american species, Seemed like the species strayed, then diversified. Darwin collected numerous specimens of different species mostly they were finches, each finch species had a different beak

the gain or loss of alleles from a population by the movement of individuals (immigration or emigration).

Gene flow

The collective genetic information contained within a population of sexually reproducing organisms.

Gene pool

What is the genotype of an organism?

Genotype is the combination of letters used to represent genes

the scientific name of a species always goes

Genus (capitalized usually underlined or italicized) species (not capitalized) in short G. species (E. coli)

nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

-Acts as a solvent for chemical reactions -Transports dissolved compounds in and out of cells -Helps break down waste and nutrients in the cell

Give at least 3 reasons why water is important to a cell. Example for each.

fires, floods, and hurricanes

Give examples of density Independent limiting factors.

food supply, habitat for living and breeding

Give examples of density dependent limiting factors.

What are two examples of monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose, galactose, maltose

What are the components of a triglyceride?

Glycerol and three fatty acids

What is the first step of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

Steps of Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis, Fermentation

Steps of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, Electron Chain Transport

What are the three major steps of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, electron transport

During transcription cytosine bonds with _____ to make RNA?

Guanine

What is the nitrogen base that bonds with Cytosine?

Guanine

Darwins Voyage

HMS beagle, 1831, was most important influence, darwin was the naturalist on the ship and they were trying to find new trade routes (but darwin found otherwise)

the area or natural environment where an organism or community live

Habitat

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.

Gametes

Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction.

Why is helium different in its number of electrons in its outermost energy level than the rest of the noble gases?

Helium and it's two electrons have a completely filled out shell ???

What molecule consists of four interacting polypeptide chains plus an iron coating group

Hemoglobin

Causes of Cancer

Heredity, radiation, certain chemicals, and some viruses

What is the law of segregation?

Homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis

Mitochondria are found in both plant and animals cells where chloroplast is only found in plant cells. Mitochondria produce energy (ATP), chloroplast converts light energy into sugars that is used for photosynthesis.

How are mitochondria and chloroplasts different? In what types of cells are they found? What is their main function?

A person may sway towards one particular side of the outcome.

How can an observation be biased?

by cell division; making more cells.

How do organisms grow? (Which cellular processes increase the number of body cells)?

a niche is an organisms role in the environment where a habitat is where an organism lives.

How is a niche different than habitat?

What type of bonding is important for water's unique properties?

Hydrogen

amino acid

monomer of protein

What occurs in the Calvin Cycle?

Hydrogen from water and molecules from carbon dioxide are combined using the energy stored in ATP from absorbing sunlight

A molecule water added to a disaccharide at the oxygen bridge will split it by a _____ reaction

Hydrolysis

What's the process of taking molecules apart?

Hydrolysis

3:4 or 75%

If a green body is dominant to a yellow body and mom is heterozygous green and dad is yellow, what is the probability that the offspring will be green?

50% or 1:2

If a green body is dominant to a yellow body and mom is heterozygous green and dad is yellow, what is the probability that the offspring will be green?

outcome increase-> more glucose

If the reactants increase....

Molecules start to move a little faster and the reactions go faster also.

If the temperature decreases.....

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

If two genes are the same they are homozygous different ones are heterozygous

Thymine is found

In DNA

Which bases pair together in DNA and RNA?

In DNA A-T G-C;in RNA A-U C-G

Cell Plate

In a plant cell, midline of dividing cells. Becomes the cell wall eventually.

Experimental Group

In an experiment, the participants who are exposed to the independent variable under investigation

Producers; 10%

In food pyramid, where is most of the energy found? How much energy is lost at each level?

Embryonic stem cells

In theory, can give rise to all cell types in the body.

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Independent Variable

Structural formula

Indicates the kind, number, arrangement, and bonds but not the unshared pairs of the atoms in a molecule

Chemical formula

Indicates the relative numbers of atoms of each kind in a chemical compound by using atomic symbols and numerical subscripts

to receive (a characteristic) from one's parents by genetic transmission

Inherit

Trait

Inherited characteristic of an organism

Interdependence

Interactions among organisms within a community

In what stage does a cell spend most of its' life?

Interphase

List the Phases of the Cell Cycle in order...

Interphase(G1, S, G2), Prophase (P), Metaphase, Anaphase (A), Telophase (T)

Negative end. Since DNA is negative, it will be attraced to the positive side of the gel.

Is DNA placed at the positive or negative end of the electrophoresis chamber?

Negatively

Is DNA positively or negatively charged?

Dominant

Is a trait that always shows when it is present. Represented by a capitol letter. Masks the recessive trait.

Recessive

Is a trait that is hidden (masked) when the dominant gene is present. Must have two recessive alleles to be expressed (shown). Represented by a lower case letter.

Metastasis

Is the spread of cancer from its primary site to other places in the body

Why is ATP and nucleic acid

It's monomer is a nucleotide

proteins

monomers of amino acid chains

eukaryote

more complex kind of organism; cells HAVE A NUCLEUS; EVERYTHING but bacteria IS A EUKARYOTE.

What is the mnemonic for the 7 levels of classification?

King Philip came over from Germany swimming

Hydrophobic

Lacking any affinity to water.

What is an example of a disaccharide?

Lactose-or- sucrose

Should the surface area to volume ratio for a cell be small or large?

Large- If the volume is too large the cell won't be able to get nutrients quickly enough

In drawing a Lewis structure, the central atom is generally the _____

Least electronegative atom

Bigger number of electronegativity =

Less negative

Pigment

Light-absorbing molecules used by plants to gather the sun's energy

Who invented the modern system of taxonomy?

Linnaeus

Biochemical type that usually insoluble in water is

Lipids

what macromolecule is used for long-term energy storage, insulated the body and cushions organs?

Lipids

What is the theory about how enzymes work?

Lock and key theory

What is the structure of the ER?

Long, interconnected tubes of membrane that snake through the cytoplasm

Unicellular

Made of a single cell

Multicellular

Made up of more than one cell.

multicelluar

Made up of more than one cell.

What is homeostasis? Give an example

Maintaining internal balance: buffers to maintain pH, dilation of pupil, sweating, shivering

Homeostasis

Maintaining the status quo.

What does the ribosome do?

Makes proteins or assembles amino acids into proteins

nucleolus

Makes ribosomes

What is the combination of chromosomes for male and for female?

Male is XY female is XX

Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell.

Mitochondria

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modified and packages molecules and preparation of cell products

What is the smallest piece of a compound?

Molecule

release factor

Molecule that enters the A site at the terminating step of translation where tRNA would normally bind

What is a polar covalent molecule?

Molecule that shares electorns unequally ( water )

How is amino acid like monosaccharide

Monomers of larger polymers

Amino Acids

Monomers that make up polypeptide chains (proteins)

What are ethics?

Moral questions of right or wrong

Smaller number of electronegativity =

More negative

Atoms gain share or lose electrons to become

More stable

A change of the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type.

Mutation

Binomial nomenclature

Naming an organism with its genus and species name.

a driving force in the evolution of a species that favors changes according to environmental conditions

Natural Selection

Anions

Negative ions, non metals tend to gain electrons to form anions

Non-metals tend to gain electrons to form ____ ions called _____

Negative, anions

What element is found in proteins but no carbohydrates or lipids?

Nitrogen

The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere.

Nitrogen Cycle

What type of molecules are ATCG

Nitrogenous bases

Are enzymes used up in chemical reactions?

No

Which group of elements satisfied the octet rule without forming compounds?

Noble gases

Ribosomes

Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible fore protein synthesis.

If two covalently bonded atoms are identical, the bond is

Nonpolar covalent

This macromolecule contains the instructions for making proteins and the genetic information.

Nucleic Acids

A cell structure that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct all the cell's activities.

Nucleus

What are are two organelles that you should be able to see with a light microscope?

Nucleus, chloroplast, cell wall, cell membrane

In and uncharged atom, the number of what equals the number of what?

Number of protons equals number of electrons

What determines the atomic number of an electron?

Number of protons in the nucleus

mitochondrion

ORGANELLE; where RESPIRATION occurs; the POWERPLANT of the cell, how cells produce energy.

Electron Transport Chain

Occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. All of the electrons (H) from glucose travel to the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Atoms tend to form bonds to follow the _____

Octet rule

New organisms produced by a living thing, the product of the reproductive processes of an animal or plant

Offspring

Triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature are known as

Oil, unsaturated

Clone

Organism produced by asexual reproduction that looks identical to the parent.

What is an autotroph?

Organism used inorganic molecules or uses photosynthesis

Autotrophs

Organisms that are able to make their own food.

Decomposers

Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.

Heterotrophs

Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.

Omnivores

Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms.

Consumers

Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.

Carnivores

Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants.

Herbivores

Organisms that eat only plants.

Producers

Organisms that produce their own food.

What is needed for aerobic respiration?

Oxygen

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Oxygen and carbohydrate

Parental Generation

P generation

Homologous Chromosome

Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.

homologous chromosome

Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.

guard cell

Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing.

What is the function of the ER?

Passageway through cell, intercellular transport

Heredity

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

The transportation of materials across a plasma membrane without using energy.

Passive Transport

What are two variables that effect the function of a particular protein?

Ph and temperature

What are the two molecules found in the sides of the DNA latter

Phosphate and deoxyribose

What are the three components of DNA / nucleotide

Phosphate, deoxyribose (sugar) and a nitrogen base

What are the two main components of the cell membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer with protein

What are the main components of a cell membrane?

Phospholipids

Blunt ends

Pieces of DNA that have been cut with a restriction enzyme, however there are no single-stranded pieces.

Logistic growth

Population growth that is controlled by limited resources.

Exponential growth

Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population.

Cations

Positive ions, main group metals tend to lose electrons to form cations

Main-group elements tend to lose electrons to form ____ ions called _____

Positive, cations

What is the charge of a proton, a neutron, an electron?

Positive, neutral, negative

Bond length is the average distance between two bonded atoms at which _______

Potential energy is at a minimum

SSBP

Prevents hydrogen bonds from forming between complementary DNA strands.

Homeostasis

Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Internal fertilization

Process in which eggs are fertilized inside the female's body

Genetic transformation

Process of inserting DNA from one species into another species to create a transgenic organism.

Gel electrophoresis

Process that separates DNA into bands by inserting the DNA into a gel and running an electrical current through it.

Photosynthesis

Process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

During which phase do chromosome first become visible?

Prophase

During which phase of mitosis do spindle fibers first form?

Prophase

What do chromosomes do during Prophase, Metaphase and Telophase?

Prophase: appear Metaphase: line up Anaphase: split

DNA determines the synthesis of these bio macromolecules

Protein

What is the function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis and translation

Insulin, hormones and enzymes are all examples of

Proteins

enzymes are made from which macromolecule?

Proteins

What to structural features of nitrogenous bases distinguish them from sugar molecules in DNA

Purines and Pyrimidines

An observation that describes using your 5 senses. It also uses NO numbers.

Qualitative Observation

An observation that deals with a number or amount.

Quantitative Observation

Ribosomes are made up of

RNA & Protein

What enzymes helps to split DNA apart and make RNA?

RNA polymerase

How can you determine if a strand of a nucleic acid is DNA or RNA? What is the following, DNA or RNA? A U C A G C C A A U U C

RNA, because it contains Uracil (U)

ecological isolation

mountain, river, canyon.....SQUIRRELS'

pollution

Release of harmful materials into the environment

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.

Sexual reproduction

Reproduction that requires two organisms

germ cell

Reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum

What does aerobic mean?

Requires oxygen

gene flow

movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population

Double Blind Study

Research method in which both the subjects and the experimenter are unaware or 'blind' to the anticipated results.

RFLP

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

Covalent bonding

Results from the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms

What do the letters RNA stand for?

Ribonucleic Acid

The molecule which uracil replaces thymine is

Ribose

Gene flow

movement of either individual organisms or their gametes -allows favorable mutation to spread -makes local adaptation more difficult

active transport

movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy to be expended by the cell

active transport

movement of particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration -- uses energy .

facilitated diffusion

movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels; passive transport

What are three methods of fossilization?

mummification, petrification, amber, freezing,tar pits, molds/impressions

point mutation

mutation involving change in one nucleotide; example is a substitution

silent mutation

mutation that does not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein; also called neutral

frame-shift mutation

mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message; includes insertions and deletions

A natural or artificial process that favors or induces survival and perpetuation of one kind of organism over others that die or fail to produce offspring.

Selection

Triplet

Sequence of three DNA nucleotides used to make one mRNA codon, and ultimately one amino acid.

Light Reactions

Set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH2; water is a reactant and oxygen gas is a product; takes place on the thylakoid membrane.

What are sex-linked traits?

Sex linked traits are on the X chromosome

Covalent bonds form from _____

Shared electrons

Molecular formula

Shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound

kind of amino acid differs from others by the composition of the

Side group/R

Monosaccharides

Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms.

In a chromosome pair connected by a centromere, what is each individual chromosome half called?

Sister chromatid

mitosis

Skin cells dividing (mitosis/meiosis)

What two features must a molecule have to diffuse through a cell membrane?

Small and uncharged( nonionic )

Plasmid

Small circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria.

base insertion

mutation which results in the addition of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein

Random Fertilization

Source of genetic variation caused by the unlimited number of possible sperm & egg combinations.

Antibodies

Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents.

The process through which a new species is born.

Speciation

organisms belonging to a group of organisms that having common characteristics and are capable of mating with each other

Species

What do enzymes do?

Speed up a reaction

What structure guides the movement of chromosomes?

Spindle fiber

Grana

Stacks of thylakoids

Potential Energy

Stored Energy

homologous structures

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

population dynamics

Study of changes in population - affected by birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration.

Control Group

Subjects in an experiment who do not receive application of the independent variable but are measured nonetheless for the dependent variable

Ions

Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons.

What does an enzyme work on to produce a product

Substrate

DNA is made up of a phosphate group and organic base and

Sugar

Backbone of DNA

Sugar & Phosphate

Ribose

Sugar in RNA

cancer treatments

Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and combinations of these.

What are the complimentary bases in DNA given the following DNA strand. A T C C G C A A T

T A G G C G T T

freezing point

TEMPERATURE at which liquid goes to solid

Cytokinesis begins during which phase of cell division?

Telophase

During which stage of mitosis do nucleus reappear?

Telophase

diploid

The #14 is referred to as a: diploid/haploid

Which portion of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?

The Electron Transport Chain (32 ATP per glucose)

In what organelle would you find Kreb's cycle and the electron transport chain?

The Mitochondria

Messenger RNA

The RNA that performs transcription.

Fermentation

The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules.

cleavage furrow

The area of the cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell

In chemical bonds, what is accomplished when the valence electrons are redistributed?

The atoms become more stable.

Uracil (U)

The base found only in RNA (replaces thymine in DNA)

Atoms

The basic building blocks of matter.

Digestion

The breakdown of absorbed substances.

Respiration

The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy.

If the chromosomes were not able to reproduce during the S phase of interphase, what would occur?

The cell could not divide and the G0 phase would start

base deletion

mutation which results in the loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein

How can mutations be inherited?

mutations can only be inherited if they occur in the gamete of the tissues which produce gametes

biochemical conversion

The changing of organic matter into other chemical forms such as fuels

ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)

The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy

What are 2 examples microevolution?

natural selection, migration, mate choice, mutation, genetic drift

nucleotides

neuclic acid base pairs

genetic recombination

new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over during prophase I of meiosis

What is it called when atmospheric nitrogen is converted into nitrates?

nitrogen fixation

Can an individual evolve?

no

3' - 5'

The direction mRNA is made off of a DNA strand

Bond energy

The energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms

Independent Variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Teleology

The explanation of a phenomenon by purpose rather than cause

Karyotype

The figure produced when the chomosomes of species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous pairs.

Ribose

The five-carbon sugar found in ATP that connects the phosphate groups with adenine.

Stroma

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

The form of RNA found in the ribosome

tRNA (transfer RNA)

The form of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribsome to form the polypeptide chain (protein)

mRNA (messenger RNA)

The form of RNA which is created as a blueprint from DNA; carries instructions for making a protein

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

The image seen represents...it explains how genes flow into protein.

recessive

The inherited characteristic often masked by the dominant characteristic and not seen in an organism.

gene therapy

The intentional insertion, alteration, or deletion of genes into a person's cells to treat a disease.

Independent Assortment

The law stating that pairs of genes separate independently of one another in meiosis

Calvin Cycle

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH2 is used to build high-energy compounds such as glucose, ADP, and NADP+. Takes place in the stroma.

Probability

The likelihood that a specific event will occur. Usually expressed as the ratio of the number of actual occurrences to the number of possible occurrences.

cell membrane

The lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell

Nucleus

The location where DNA replication takes place

Cytoplasm

The location where mRNA goes after transcription

Nucleus

The location where transcription takes place

RNA polymerase

The main enzyme that transcribes DNA into mRNA

Where does the Kreb Cycle occur?

The matrix of the mitochondria.

Electronegativity

The measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a compound

osmosis

The movement of WATER from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration ; (water moves from fresh water to saltier areas until the two are of equal salinity) - DIFFUSION OF WATER

passive transport

The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy

diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; happens AUTOMATICALLY; NO ENERGY REQUIRED.

abiotic

nonliving

Fossil records

not complete. oldest fossils, lower strata. for a fossil to be created, you need the right conditions right after it dies.

gene recombination

nucleic acid molecule is broken and then joined to a different molecule; a result of crossing‐over.

Where is DNA found in a Eukaryote cells?

nucleus

Empirical data

observations that are collected, measured, sorted, counted, compared, and described

What determines whether the two chemicals will react?

The number and arrangment of electrons in the outer orbital

What is the difference between two isotopes of the same element?

The number of neutrons

Purebred

The offspring of generations that have the same traits. TT or tt

Lysosome

The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids.

Mitochondria

The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.

Golgi bodies

The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell.

Dependent Variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

Visible Light

The part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum viewable by humans; includes wavelengths of 400 - 700 nanometers

Heredity

The passing of physical characteristis from parent to offspring.

migration (genetics)

The permanent movement of genes into or out of a population

Interphase

The portion of the cell cycle where the cell spends the majority of it's time.

fossils

The preserved remains or traces of organisms that once lived on Earth

Meiosis

The process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms gametes (n).

Biosynthesis

The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones.

Reproduction

The process by which living things produce new individuals of the same type

Inheritance

The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.

External fertilization

The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female

Transcription

The process by which the message from DNA is written down into RNA

inheritance

The process in which genetic material is passed from parents to their offspring.

What is translation?

The process of assembling proteins

Diffusion

The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

substrate

The reactant on which an enzyme works.

Nucleus

The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA.

Centromere

The region that joins two sister chromatids.

Secretion

The release of biosynthesized substances.

Zygote

The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring.

forensics

The science of tests and techniques used during the investigation of crimes.

Genetics

The science that studies how characteristics get passed from parent to offspring.

Genetics

The scientific study of how physical characteristics are passed from parent to offspring through DNA.

Introns

The sections of RNA removed from the final draft of mRNA that remain in the nucleus

Exons

The sections of RNA that make up the final draft of mRNA which is sent out of the nucleus to the ribosome

Plasma membrane

The semipermeable membrane between the contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings.

What determines a protein's primary structure?

The sequence of amino acids

molecule

The smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance - i.e. - a water molecule

atom

The smallest unit of an element. Contains protons, neutrons, and electrons. Examples include hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.

Facilitated Diffusion

The spontaneous passage (simple diffusion - no E) of large, polar molecules and ions, bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients

Frame Shift Mutation

occurs when a nucleotide (or nitrogen base) is added or removed which causes a change in the codon which causes a change in the amino acid (s).

bioenergetics

The study of energy flow (energy transformations) into and within living systems.

biology

The study of life

ecology

The study ofthe relationships between organisms and their interactions with the environment

What is the name of the molecules to which enzyme binds to and where does this occur?

The substrate and active site

ribose

The sugar found in the RNA nucleotide

Metabolism

The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

Catabolism

The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.

Metabolism

The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.

Anabolism

The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.

Corroboration

The support of inference by empirical data from various sources

Osmosis

The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration.

Interphase

The time interval between cellular reproduction.

Diploid number (2n)

The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell.

dominant inheritance

The trait that is expressed (SEEN) - i.e. - Brown eyes are dominant. - What if both genes are seen???

Absorption

The transport of dissolved substances into cells.

passive transport

The transportation of materials across a plasma membrane without using energy. - (osmosis, diffusion, filtration, facilitated diffusion)

biosphere

The zone of life on Earth ; everywhere you can find life on Earth from the bottom of the ocean to high in the atmosphere.

A hypothesis that fails to be falsified through repeated experimental attempts over time

Theory

A theory that describes how organisms change over many generations.

Theory of Evolution

Adult stem cells

These cells are tissue-specific, meaning they are found in a given tissue in our bodies and generate the mature cell types within that particular tissue or organ.

Vector

These deliver new genes to existing cells (viruses are oftened used).

What are centrioles and spindle fibers made of?

They are made of microtubules( so are cilia and flagella)

What are the main characteristics of lipids?

They are nonpolar of hydrophobic whoch means they dont mix well with water

Chromatid

one half of a duplicated chromosome

What is a nucleotide?

one monomer of DNA

P site

one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation. It holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain.

Which kingdoms are prokaryotic and which are eukaryotic?

only bacteria in the Kingdom Archaea and Eubacteria are prokaryotic

golgi apparatus

organelle -- makes proteins that leave the cell .

chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

ribosome

organelle that makes PROTEINS - "protein synthesis"

nucleus

organelle where DNA is found in a eukaryotc cell

Many animals to cellulose for food energy however these animals cannot produce the digestive enzymes needed for digesting cellulose. What do they do to use this complex carbohydrate

They have microorganisms in their guts that produce the proper enzymes

What are the functions of the carbohydrates( glycoproteins) on the cell membrane?

They serve as receptor molecules for molecular signals( ex:hormones) and they are used for cell recognition in the immune system (ex: antigen for determining blood type)

How is electronegativity used to determine the degree to which binding is ionic or covalent?

This can be estimated by calculation the difference in the elements electronegativities.

plastids

organelles in plants - makes and stores food, can do photosynthesis - choroplasts are the most common plastid

carbohydrate

organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

decomposer

organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter

autotroph

organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer

omnivore

organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals

evolution

organisms change over MILLIONS of years through MUTATIONS

natural selection

organisms possessing better traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, therefore the better trait becomes more common; (faster antelopes are more likely to escape and eventually have babies, therefore baby antelopes are more likely to be faster)

species

organisms that can reproduce and have VIABLE offspring - (horses and donkeys are different species because although they can have babies, the babies are STERILE)

consumer

organisms that need to EAT (animals, people)

Purpose of cell division

organisms' growth, damage repair, and reproduction

centriole

organize the spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during animal cell mitosis

Vestigial organs

organs that ancestors had but were eventually proved non useful and have slowly shrunk (snake hips and human coccyx)

extracellular

outside the cell.

virus

package of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat that must use a host cell's machinery to reproduce itself

What lines up during Metaphase 1?

pairs of homologous chromosomes

mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

vestigial structure

parts of an organism that are no longer functioning and do not affect survival

Explain the Kreb Cycle. What happens?

This part of respiration occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. It releases enough energy to make 2 ATP and 6 CO2.

What is the main event that occurs in glycolysis?

This process breaks glucose into pyruvate molecules. It produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

punctuated equilibrium

pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

What bond holds amino acids together?

peptide

channel protein

This protein acts as a tunnel for larger molecules in facilitated diffusion

Environmental factors

Those "nonbiological" factors that are involved in a person's surroundings such as the nature of the person's parents, the person's friends, and the person's behavioral choices.

How many fatty acid molecules are found in triglyceride limpid

Three

What is the nitrogen base that bonds with Adenine in DNA?

Thymine

Zooplankton

Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa.

Phytoplankton

Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.

Plankton

Tiny organisms that float in the water.

What does the suffix -"lysis" mean?

To Break or Burst

What is the purpose of cytokinesis?

To separate the cytoplasm and cell membrane

Sexual Conflict

Trait may evolve that increases reproduction of one sex at a cost to the member of the other sex

Hamilton's Rule

Traits can spread when rb>c -r is the coefficient of relatedness -bis benefit to the recipient -c is the cost to the donor

Polygenic

Traits controlled by two or more genes

3' AUG CGU UAG 5'

Transcribe the following triplet: 5' TAC GCA ATC 3'

What is the name from monosaccharide that has three carbon atoms

Triose

The sides of the double helix structure of DNA are held together with hydrogen bonds. True or False

True

True or False, organisms form various types of small organic molecules called monomers which may then linked together to form polymers.

True

True or false, the active site of enzyme is the place where it takes its chemical action on substrate

True

Dipeptide consists of

Two Amino Acids

Isomers

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula.

Compound Molecule

Two or more Macromolecules joined together

What are the complimentary bases in RNA given the following DNA strand? A T C C G C A A T

U A G G C G U U A

During transcription Adenine bonds with _____ to make RNA?

Uracil

Aerobic Respiration

Uses oxygen

Control Variable

VARIABLES THAT REMAIN CONSTANT OR UNCHANGED

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Vacuole

Dots placed around an element's symbol can represent ______

Valence electrons

The electrons involved in the formation of a chemical bond are called

Valence electrons

VESPR

Valence shell electron repair repulsion; a theory that predicts some molecular shapes based on the idea that pairs of valence electrons surrounding an atom repel each other

Viruses

Viruses can only reproduce inside host cells, and they damage the cell when they do this VIRUSES GET INTO CELL

What substances are part of the diet and become cofactors are coenzymes of enzymes

Vitamins and minerals

Independent Variable

WHAT YOU CHOOSE VALUES FOR- ON Y AXIS

Dependent Variable

WHAT YOU MEASURE- ON Y AXIS

habitat

WHERE an organism lives (a forest, a sewer, a yard)

A disaccharide is formed by reaction in which two molecules are joined by the removal of

Water

hydrophobic

Water fearing

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

Water, Carbon dioxide, sunlight

Mitosis- 2 diploid cells - goal is cell division - 1 stage Meiosis- 4 haploid cells - goal is gamete production - 2 stages

What are 3 major differences in mitosis and meiosis?

1. Crime scene analysis 2. Paternity cases (identify parents) 3. Evolutionary relationships (how closely related two species are)

What are 3 ways DNA fingerprinting can be used?

Tobacco plant with a jellyfish gene. Strawberry plant with a cold water fish "antifreeze" gene. Plants with genes so they are resistant to weeds and pests.

What are some examples of plants that have been genetically modified?

Ultraviolet radiation from the sun, trauma

What are some possible external causes of mutations?

The gene does not always get incorporated into the cells' DNA. Cells die so the treatment has to be repeated.

What are some problems with gene therapy?

1. Bacteria - binary fission 2. Eukaryotic cells - mitosis, 3. Identical twins

What are some ways clones are produced in nature?

1. Insert a normal working gene into a virus. 2. The virus delivers the gene to a cell. 3. The gene is incorporated into the cell's own DNA.

What are the 3 main steps of gene therapy?

homologous structure

perform different functions in the species living in the different environment, or it may gave the same origin but different functions

1. Cut the DNA samples with the same restriction enzyme. 2. Load the DNA into separate wells at the negative side of the gel. 3. Turn on the electricty. DNA will separate by size as it moves to the positive end of the gel. 4. Stain the DNA with dye and look at the banding pattern.

What are the main steps to DNA fingerprinting?

1. Obtain a diploid body cell and haploid egg cell. 2. Remove the nucleus from the egg cell. 3. Insert the diploid body cell nucleus into the egg cell. 4. The egg cell divides and then is implanted into a surrogate. 5. The surrogate carries the baby until it is born. 6. The baby is identical to the animal who donated the diploid body cell nucleus.

What are the main steps to producing a clone in the lab?

Is found in our cellular membranes, where it is in charge of generating a gradient of ions. It continually pumps sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, powered by ATP.

What does the sodium potassium pump do for a cell?

human insulin gene

What gene is placed into bacteria so it can produce a hormone to help diabetic patients?

Messes up the gene sequence resulting in cancer or various kinds of disorders.

What happens if there is a mutation in DNA?

They can cross pollinate with another species (genetic pollution).

What is a problem with having genetically modified plants in the environment?

Fundamental niche is the entire set of conditions under which an animal (population, species) can survive and reproduce itself. Realized niche is the set of conditions actually used by given animal (pop, species), after interactions with other species (predation and especially competition) have been taken into account.

What is a species realized niche? Fundamental Niche?

The process in which individual cells make proteins.

What is protein synthesis?

phosphate

What is represented by the yellow circle?

Sexual reproduction just means combining genetic material from two parents. Asexual reproduction produces offspring genetically identical to the one parent.

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

Identify and treat disease/disorders

What is the ultimate goal of the human genome project (after they determined the base sequence in DNA)?

Is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA; takes place in the nucleus.

What is transcription; where does it take place?

The information contained in the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is read as three letter words (triplets), called codons. Each word stands for one amino acid; Occurs in the cytoplasm.

What is translation; where does it take place?

Fermentation occurs....?

When oxygen is NOT present in anaerobic cellular respiration.

equilibrium

When the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution

Complete Dominance

When the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.

What is an example of non-dominance?

When traits blend rather than one being dominant over the other ex: red and white make pink

DNA polymerase

Which enzyme adds new DNA nucleotides in the process of replication?

Prey will always be the larger number because the predator needs to eat a lot of the prey for energy and to have enough to reproduce after.

Why are there more produces than consumers in an energy pyramid?

to make sure results are accurate.

Why do scientists do multiple trials

So complementary sticky ends will form that will join together.

Why is it important to use the same restriction enzyme when cutting human DNA and a plasmid during transformation?

If a species cannot adapt to a change in the environment and it cannot move to a new environment. Food supply. Predators.

Why might a species become extinct?

What are two types of cells that use anaerobic respiration?

Yeast and muscle

3:1

phenotypic ratio for the F2 generation

geographic isolation= allopatric speciation

physical barrier. ex. darwins finches, squirrels. See page 19

phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism; like green eyes, bushy tail or sleek tail

mutagen

physical or chemical agent that causes mutations

What processes effect atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

plants use carbon dioxide,burning fuels increase carbon dioxide levels

Nonsense Mutation

point mutation that causes an early stop codon

silent mutation

point mutation that causes no phenotypic change in the organism

Biomes are grouped by latitude and predominantly defined by plant/animal communities and what?

precipitation

endocytosis

process by which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane; active transport

differentiation

process by which cells become specialized for specific functions.

natural selection

process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

regulation

process by which organisms maintain homeostasis, a stable internal environment.

reproduction

process by which organisms produce new organisms of their own kind

photosynthesis

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbohydrates

absorption

process by which substances are taken into the cell or an organism.

exocytosis

process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell; active transport

differentiation

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

natural selection

process in which organisms with favorable genes are more likely to survive to reproduce. Ex. the idea of ____ ______ was first presented by Charles Darwin.

Transcription

process of forming a neucleic acid using a template

cellular respiration

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

transcription

process where the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

translation is the same as

protein synthesis

enzyme

protein that speeds up a chemical reaction

Subatomic Particle

protons, neutrons, electrons

What is cloning achieved in mammals?

put DNA of adult nucleus into ago and implant it into a receptive uterus

equilibrium

random but equal distribution of molecules

eutrophication

rapid growth of algae in bodies of water, due to high levels of nitrogen and often phosphate

dehydration synthesis

reaction that links the Nucleotides together

RNA

receives instructions from DNA

symbiosis

relationship in which two species live closely together

respiration

release of chemical energy from certain nutrients.

excretion

removal of metabolic waste.

enzyme

a CATALYST in LIVING THINGS

theory (scientific)

a WELL SUPPORTED explanation of how and why things work

response

a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some stimulus or agent

mutation

a change in the genes; a genetic MISTAKE in the copying process.

phenotype

a characteristic of an organism that is determined by protein structure & function (ex. hitchhiker's thumb)

trait

a characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.

Punnett square

a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

taxonomy

a classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin etc

organ

a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body

Co-dominance

a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed

monohybrid cross

a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked

energy pyramid

a diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web

food web

a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem

Asexual reproduction

a form of reproduction from a single parent based on mitosis

Sexual reproduction

a form of reproduction in which offspring are produced from the union of gametes from two genetically different parents

oxygen

a gas that has no color or smell, is present in air, and is necessary for most animals and plants to live. Ex. the chemical symbol for _____ is O.

allele

a gene. The gene for BROWN EYES and the gene for BLUE EYES are two different ALLELES for the same trait.

tissue

a group of cells working together (muscle tissue contracts, bone tissue is hard and strong, nerve tissue sends signals)

organ system

a group of organs working work together (circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous system)

organ

a group of tissues working together (heart, liver, brain)

Cancer

a growth defect in cells , a breakdown of the mechanism that controls cell division.

mutation

a heritable change in DNA

cytoplasm

a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

organism

a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently

protein

a macromolecule - what ALL tissues are made of - the building block of living things (i.e. - bone, blood, muscle, are ALL MADE OF PROTEIN) - also makes other molecules. - made of AMINO ACIDS

seed

a mature fertilized plant ovule consisting of an embryo and its food source and having a protective coat

fitness

a measure of contribution to future generations

mutation

a mistake in genetic replication; an imperfect copy of the genes; often leads to genetic diseases, but also allows evolution.

gradualism

a model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity

Macromolecule

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.

ATP

a nucleotide that stores and transfers energy within cells

nucleus

a part of the cell containing DNA responsible for growth and reproduction

Simple Diffusion

a passive process( no E required) in which small, nonpolar molecules (O2,CO2) move freely down their concentration gradients (high to low concentration) and through a cell membrane without the help of transport proteins

What are the genes for blood type?

a person can have ant two of these A, B or O including two which are the same

structural adaptation

a physical feature of an organism's body having a specific function that contributes to the survival of the organism

toxin

a poison that can harm an organism

fertilization

a process that occurs when the sperm and egg combine to produce an embryo

selectively permeable

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

cell wall

a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell; made of carbohydrates

fever

a rise in the temperature of the body

codon

a series of 3 nucleotides - ATG, CGA, - usually makes a particular amino acid

food chain

a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

monomer

a single part of a polymer

gene

a small part of a chromosome that determines ONE trait (or ONE PROTEIN)

organelle

a specialized part within a cell, like a mini-organ (nucleus, golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole)

Gamete

a specialized sex cell produced by each parent for sexual reproduction

Meiosis

a specialized type of cell division which produces gamete cells for sexual reproduction

keystone species

a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem

golgi body

a structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and transports them out of the cell

conclusion

a summary of what you have learned from an experiment

theory

a system of ideas that explains many related observations and is supported by a large body of evidence acquired through scientific investigation

endoplasmic reticulum

a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids

organelle

a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

What is binomial nomenclature?

a two part naming system consisting of the genus and species in Latin and italicized

base-pair substitution

a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner are replaced by another pair of nucleotides

selection pressure

a unseeable force that makes a population of a species difficult to survive

algae

a very simple plant without stems or leaves that grows in or near water.

virus

a very small living thing that causes infectious illnesses. Ex. HIV is the _____ that causes AIDS.

bacteria

a very small living things. Ex. Although some cause illness or disease, many ______ are harmless.

Endocytosis

active transport process in which a cell engulfs materials with a portion of its cell membrane and releases those contents as vesicles into the cell.

What is the name for the acronym ATP

adenosine triphosphate

metabolism

all chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.

What is a community?

all living organisms in a an area

gene pool

all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population

community

all the LIVING things in an ecosystem -- group of populations (i.e.- all the fish, all the worms, all the bacteria, etc, that live together in a lake form the lake's "COMMUNITY") - NOT THE ABIOTIC STUFF

What is the purpose of stomates?

allow exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide from a lead to its environment

genetic engineering

altering the genes to cause desirable outcomes that would not occur naturally (i.e - putting watermelon genes into tomatoes to get monster tomatoes)

control

always left the same

meth

1 carbon

Bacteria converts animal and plant waste into what during the nitrogen cycle?

ammonia

Enthalpy of Vaporization

amount of energy as heat required to vaporize the metal at constant pressure; measure of the strength of the bonds holding the metal together

Inclusive fitness

an alleles effect on the reproductive success of the individual carrying along with the success of individuals with allele identical by descent

behavioral adaptation

an inherited behavior that helps an organism survive; like escaping from predators or find a mate

predation

an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism

chloroplast

an organelle in plants; where photosynthesis occurs.

embryo

an organism in its early stages of development, especially before it has reaches a distinctively recognizable form.

producer

an organism that can make its own food

consumer

an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

fetus

an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal

Structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function

analogous structure

convergent evolution

analogous structure of unrelated organisms from different ancestors develop similar function such as butterfly wings and bird wings.

mechanical isolation

anatomy parts don't fit together

glucose

another name for sugar C6H12O6 three things used for making glucose are sunlight water and carbon dioxide used for energy and growth

macromolecule

any large complex organic molecule

organism

any living thing

organism

any living thing; something that meets all criteria of life. Ex. so far, we have not found proof of any living ________ on another planet.

organic

anything containing carbon, or referring to something that is alive or was alive (plants are organic; dead leaves are organic)

biotic

anything that is alive, was alive, or is produced by living things.

centromere

area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

What three letters do enzymes end in?

ase

binary fission

asexual reproduction in prokaryotes by which one cell divides into two identical cells

cohesion

attraction between LIKE molecules. Surface tension in water is an example.

adhesion

attraction between molecules. Causes Capillary action; Sticking.

Which organisms make their own food?

autotrophs

prop

3 carbon

hex

6 carbon

What is a polymer?

A large molecule made up of repeating subunits

Species

A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.

Control Variable

A variable that is kept constant during a controlled experiment

Chloroplast

An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

ribosome

An organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins

endoplasmic reticulum (er)

An organelle, containing folded membranes and sacs,responsible for the production, processing, and transportation of materials for use inside and outside a eukaryotic cell. Rough ER -- has ribosomes to make proteins Smooth ER - no ribosomes , makes LIPIDS

Haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

Diploid

An organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

Autotroph

An organism that captures energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer; "self-feeder"

Pathogen

An organism that causes disease.

Transgenic organism

An organism that contains the DNA from a DIFFERENT species.

Anaerobic organism

An organism that does not require oxygen.

Parasite

An organism that feeds on a living host.

Hybrid

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait. Tt

Heterotroph

An organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer; "other-eater"

Aerobic organism

An organism that requires oxygen.

Malignant

Any tumor that is cancerous and has the potential of spreading to other parts of the body

cellular respiration

C6H1206->CO2 + H20+ ENERGY (released) goal is to create ATP occurs in all living things

Sucrose takes the chemical form of

Disaccharide

Smooth ER

ER that has no ribosomes.

codon

Group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein

A proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon.

Hypothesis

1:4 or 25%

If a green body is dominant to a yellow body and mom is heterozygous green and dad is heterozygous green, what is the probability that the offspring will be yellow?

outcome decreases-> less glucose

If the reactants decrease....

Independent assortment

Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes

Observation

Information obtained through the senses

RNA

ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins

rRNA

ribosomal rna, hold tightly to the mRNA and use its information to assemble amino acids

Law of Superposition

rocks on the bottom were deposited first in a succession of strata

geology

science dealing with the earth's history as recorded in rocks

metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Metaphase

second stage of mitosis, centrioles move to opposite ends of cell, spindle fibers attach to chromosomes, chromosomes line up in middle

gene

section of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

gene

sections of chromosomes made of DNA that code for traits. The basic unit of heredity.

genes

segment of dna that codes for a specific trait

directional selection

selection against is moving from one phonotype to the other (peppered moths) ref. to packet for drawing

Kin selection

selection in which certain alleles have greater representation in future generation because those with the allele have behavior that increase reproductive success of others with the same allele, relatives

During which phase does the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell?

Metaphase

Active transport

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy.

Passive transport

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion.

mitosis

Muscle cells dividing (mitosis/meiosis)

What is Amine's formula

NH^2

Reproduction

Producing more cells.

Enzymes work on substrates to produce

Products

Human genome project

Project that determined the exact sequence of all of the bases in human DNA.

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA

Makes proteins; Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

Ribosome

reproductive isolation

separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring

gene

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Promoter

sequence of DNA that initiates transcription

Cell Cycle

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

anitcodon

set of 3 nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon

genetic code

set of rules that specify to the codons in DNA or RNA that corresponds to the amino acids in proteins

sperm

shorter term for spermatozoon; male gamete

energy pyramid

shows TROPHIC levels; carnivores at the top, producers at the bottom. Biomass decreases as you go up the pyramid.

analogous structure

similar things in different species. EXAMPLE - wings in birds versus fins for fish.

small non-polar molecules

simple diffusion

fungi

simple type of plant that has no leaves or flowers and that grows on plants or other surfaces. Ex. mushrooms are a _____.

prokaryote

single celled organism - NO NUCLEUS - bacteria

plasma membrane

skin of the cell - phospholipid bilayer - hydrophilic outside (phosphate) - hydrophobic inside (lipid) - semipermeable - controls what goes in and out.

They both equalize the concentration of two solutions into a membrane. they both work together to move water molecules from a area of high concentration to a area of low concentration.

Similarities between osmosis and diffusion

Which of the four main lipid types consists of four joined carbon rings plus various groups

Steroids

Energy

The ability to do work

Genetic factors

The general guideline of traits determined by a person's DNA.

Codons

The language of mRNA instructions read by ribosomes in 3 letter sequences.

nonnative species

something not from the area --invasive, alien, nonindigenous, or exotic. (currently, zebra mussels are invading Lake Erie)

limiting factor

something that limits the GROWTH of a population. (not enough food, not enough space)

punctuated equilibrium

species are generally stable with periods of rapid changes quickly results in new species - opposite of GRADUALISM -- probably both true - (ex - a giant meteor caused extinction of the dinosaurs and many other species) - CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION - most living things appeared all at once.

What is punctuated equilibrium?

species may remain stable for long periods of time until environmental changes create new pressures and a new species suddenly occurs

divergent evolution

splitting of an ancestral population into two or more subpopulations that are geographically isolated from one another.

interphase

The normal life of a cell - when division is NOT happening.

Definition of Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking the chemical bonds of glucose into energy. Breaking chemical bonds releases electrons.

selective breeding

The process of breeding organisms that results on offspring with desired genetic traits.

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms.

Biology

The study of life

Cancer

Uncontrolled cellular division

uracil

Unlike DNA, RNA contains

regulates temperature.

Why is it important for cells to have a selectively permeable cell membrane?

nucleic acid

a long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides; DNA and RNA

What is a plasmid

a loop of DNA in a bacterium

antibody

a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a pathogen that has entered the body

independent variable

always going to be present in the experiment

mitochondria

cellular organelles where cellular respiration occurs

homeostasis

state reaches when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with other parts.

Theory of Evolution

states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.

homologous structures

structural features with a common evolutionary origin. Structures found in various organisms with a common ancestor but with decent modifications (page 16) Cladogenesis

analogous structures

structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in form or function

What is epidemiology?

study of disease

law (scientific)

defines, but does not explain phenomena- often is in the form of a Mathematical Equation. - Newton's laws - F = ma

A disacchride is formed by a

dehydration synthesis reaction

genetics

study of inheritance- traits

embryology

study of multicellular organisms as they develop from fertilized eggs to fully formed organisms

Blind Study

subject is unaware whether they received treatment

antigen

substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody

vaccine

substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity

hormone

substance produced in one part of an organism that affects another part of the same organism

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction; like an enzyme

Missense Mutation

substitution of a nucleotide that causes a subsequent change in amino acid

An area of land is wiped out by a fire. First weeds and small organisms colonize it and they gradually are replaced with other communities over time. What is this?

succession

What is the process by which one species progressively replaces another species?

succession

What makes up the sides of the DNA ladder, or what is the back bone of DNA

sugar and phosphate

Does reproduction help the individual or ensure the survival of the species?

survival of the species

mutualism

symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship

commensalism

symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

parasitism

symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it

ingestion

taking in food from the environment.

genus

taxonomic group containing one or more species

species

taxonomic group whose members can interbreed

Gel Electrophoresis

technique used to separate DNA according to size. DNA moves from - to +

What biome do we live in?

temperate deciduous forest

Delocalized Electron

electrons that are free to move in metals

Spindle fiber

emerge from centrioles, attach to chromosomes to pull them apart during mitosis

The amount of what is increasing the the universe?

entropy

kingdoms

eubactiria (bactiria), archeabactiria (Archea) , protista, fungi, plantae, animalia (eukarya)

the irreversible disaearance of a population or species

extintion

transgenic

term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms

analogous structure

have similar functions but different origin

heterozygous

having two different alleles for a trait

A site

holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain

What is the greenhouse effect?

the Earth's atmosphere absorbs the head from the sun and traps it-how much is trapped depends on the concentration of certain gases like carbon dioxide

What place seems to have most influenced Darwin's ideas?

the Galapagos islands with the 17 finch species and giant tortoises

fitness

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

experiment

the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation

What determines whether the two organisms are the same species?

if they breed in nature and produce fertile offspring

data

information gathered from observations

adaptation

inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival

aquatic

lives in the water

Biochemical comparisons

look to see how related different species are, look in the dan, amino acid sequences. see page 17

impermeable

nothing can get through - PLASTIC is impermeable, paper towels are not.

chromatid

one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome

generation

one step in the line of descent of a family

nitrogen bases

parts of nucleotides that make up "rungs" of the ladder

homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

What biochemical is Nitrogen an important component of?

proteins

carrier (transport) proteins

proteins that help things move in and out of the cell - in the plasma membrane; helps small molecules, and macromolecules move into the cell from the blood.

geotropism

response to the earth's gravity, as the growing of roots downward in the ground

genotype

the actual genes within a cell - includes recessive genes that might not be seen (i.e. - a person with brown eyes may have a genotype that includes a GENE for blue eyes)

What is mitosis?

separation of chromosomes and division of nucleus

What is a half-life?

the amount of time for half of the material to decay

An experiment fives one group a blood pressure pill and the other group a sugar pill. They then measure blood pressure. What is the dependent variable?

the blood pressure

genetics

the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms

ecology

the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and with nonliving parts of their environment

digestion

the breakdown of complex food materials into forms the organism can use. Ex. Going to sleep after eating can be bad for ____.

amino acid

the building blocks of proteins

monomer

small chemical unit that makes up polymers

anticodon

the complement of mRNA; triplet code on the tRNA

genome

the complete genetic material contained in an individual

genome

the complete genetic material contained in an individual.

speciation

the creation of a new species - often happens when a group of animals is separated from the rest of the population - (i..e - Kangaroos and other marsuplials in Australia - have weird adaptations like the pouch)

cell cycle

the cycle of growth and reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase (g1, s, g2) and mitosis (division of the nucleus-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)

resistance

the degree of unresponsiveness of a disease-causing microorganism to antibiotics or other drugs (as in penicillin-resistant bacteria)

allele

the different forms of a gene; could be dominant or recessive

Lattice Energy

the energy released when one mole of an ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions

Mitosis

stage of cell cycle where the cell divides

amino acids

the building blocks of protein

What is the principle of parsimony?

the simplest explanation is the best

initiation

the start of translation (the tRNA, rRNA, & mRNA have come together)

equilibrium

the state of both sides are balanced

niche

the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)

termination

the stop codon has been reached

Tetrad

the structure formed when two homologous chromosomes become linked during crossing over

competition

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources

What is probability?

the study of event that occur by chance

What is taxonomy?

the study of the classifying organisms

Bond Energy

the energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms

dominant

trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present

polygenic trait

traits controlled by more than one gene (height, weight, IQ, - NOT eye color, hair color, blood type)

Continous variation

traits influenced by many genes or the environment(human height)

During protein synthesis, which comes first, Transcription or translation

transcription

hydrogen bonds

what holds the two sides of the DNA molecule together?

double helix

what is the shape of the DNA molecule

What is non-disjunction?

the failure of two chromosomes to properly separate during meiosis

telophase

the final stage of meiosis when the chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle

F1

the first filial generation (first offspring)

Meiosis 1

the first of two divisions in meiosis, during which homologous chromosomes are separated

Prophase 1

the first step in meiosis I: chromatin condenses, centrosomes move to opposite poles, and a spindle fibers start to form

Prophase 2

the first step in meiosis II: chromatin condenses, centrosomes move to opposite poles and a spindle fibers start to form

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration occurs in ...

bacteria, yeast, or muscle cells.

speciation

the formation of new species as a result of evolution

protein synthesis

the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA

Telophase 1

the fourth and final step of meiosis I: nuclear membrane reforms and the chromosomes decondense. Followed by cytokinesis.

Telophase 2

the fourth and final step of meiosis II: nuclear membrane reforms and the chromosomes decondense

phenotype

the gene that is SEEN. (Bb are the genes for eye color - GENOtype. B is dominant Brown. b is recessive blue. - The actual eye color would be brown (PHENOtype)

evolution

the gradual change in a species over time

tropism

the growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus

Sexual Selection

based on characters that give certain individuals an advantage over others of the same sex

amino acid

basic building blocks of proteins

cell

basic unit of life

cell

basic unit of living things: contains DNA ,cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.

What is the theory of natural selection?

the idea that organisms with the best suited traits survive and reproduce

fertilization

the joining of a sperm cell and an egg cell

Formula Unit

the lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound

Critical Step of Translation

the matching of the codon with the anticodon on the tRNA carrying the correct amino acid

Gene flow

the movement of alleles from one population to another

What is the application of biological processes and systems to solve design and engineering problems?

biomimetics

behavioral isolation

bird mating calls ex. "like what are you doing other bird species? mating call or threatening me???"

Umbilical cord stem cells

blood-forming stem cells. These stem cells are used to treat diseases of the blood or to restore the blood system after treatment for specific cancers

analogous structurues

both adapted to have same trait, but with different common ancestor that has nothing to do with that triad (16) Morphological Convergence

Phenotype depends on

both genotype and environment

Speciation- cladogenesis

branching, populations become genetically isolated by mechanisms

hydrolysis reactions

break polymers into monomers

Artificial selection

breeders (humans artificially breed dogs to what they want

How does a virus infect a cell?

by injecting its genetic material into the cell and replicating

gene expression

the multi-step process of turning the code of a gene into its final product (most often a protein)

What makes up the rungs of the DNA ladder?

the nitrogen bases

Haploid number (n)

the number of homologous pairs in a diploid cell.

carbon cycle

the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

What happens during petrification?

the original hard tissue of the organism is slowly replaced by other minerals

capsid

the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus

heredity

the passing of traits from parent to offspring. Ex. scientists know that _____ can increase chances for certain diseases.

What is macroevolution?

the patterns in which new species evolve

habitat

the place where an organism lives

elongation

the polypeptide chain is growing

cell division

the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

diffusion

the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; passive

evolution

the process of change that has transformed life on Earth

What is transcription?

the process of making RNA from DNA

What is microevolution?

the processes by which inherited traits change overtime in a population

independent assortment

the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes

cytokinesis

cell DIVISION (splitting)

diploid number

cell condition in which two of each type of chromosome are present

Cyclin and CDK

cell cycle regulators

mitosis

cell division; CLONING of cells, makes an exact replica of the original.

lysosome

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

vacuole

cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

what is the process of converting glucose into energy called?

cellular respiration

Centromere

central part of chromosome, joining the two sister chromatids

mutation

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

mutation

change in the DNA

natural selection

changes in relative frequencies of alleles for a heritable trait in a population, outcome of differences in survival and reproduction among the individuals that vary in a trait.

chromosomal mutations

changes in the chromosomes where parts of the chromosomes are broken and lost during mitosis

semi-permeable

characteristic of a cell membrane which allows some molecules to pass through but not others

synthesis

chemical combination of simple substances to form complex substances.

Where are codons and anticodons?

codons are on DNA and mRNA; anticodons are on tRNA

antibiotic

compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria

Inference

conclusion that is made based on empirical data

chromosome

condensed threads of genetic material formed from chromatin as a cell prepares to divide

herbivore

consumer that eats only producers; also called a primary consumer

secondary consumer

consumer that eats primary consumers

primary consumer

consumer that feeds directly on producers

nucleus

contains the DNA; the control center of the cell.

nuclear membrane

controls what goes in and out of the nucleus

What are 2 examples of macroevolution?

convergent, divergent or adaptive radiation, extinction,gradualism, punctuated equilibrium

cloning

creation of an exact genetic copy of an organism; identical twins are clones; any organism that reproduces asexually (i.e. - bacteria just divide), produces clones.

Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

translation

decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

biogeochemical cycles

water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, and nitrogen cycle).

hydrophillic

water loving

theory

well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

dependent variable

what changes in the experiment

nitrogen base

what does the red hexagon represent?

deoxyribose

what is the sugar found in DNA

nucleotide

what nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) are made of - Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine -- AT, CG

When are stomates closed?

when a plant is NOT photosynthesizing or when it is dehydrated

extinction

when a species no longer exists

hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes

hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes

incomplete dominance

when neither is dominant - causes blending -- a red bunny and a white bunny have pink babies.

Point mutation

when one nitrogen base is switched with a different nitrogen base. This may or may not be a bad mutation since there are several codon possibilities for a given amino acid

Hypertonic Solution

when the concentration of solute particles inside the cell is lower than the concentration in the cytosol; this will cause H2O to flOw out of the cell .

Hypotonic Solution

when the concentration of solute particles outside the cell is lower than the concentration in the cytosol; this will cause H2O to flOw into the cell .

isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

competition

when two or more organisms need the same food, space, or water

endemic

where a species came from (i.e. - kangaroos are ENDEMIC to Australia)

cytosine

which base binds to guanine

adenine

which base binds to thymine?

helicase

which enzyme unzips DNA so it can make copies of itself?

Is the genetic code read the same way by all organisms?

yes

What is the technical term for the cell formed when an egg and a sperm combine?

zygote


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