Biology Final Exam
What has to be reintroduced to correct a lack of genetic diversity due to genetic drift?
gene flow
Animal behavior is a product of both____ and the environment
genetics
Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of _____.
homology due to divergent evolution
reduced hybrid fertility
hybrid are vigrous but cannot produce viable offspring
Hybrid breakdown
hybrids are viable and fertile, but their offspring are feeble or sterile
In learning, there is a sensitive period for
imprinting
reduced hybrid viability
interaction of parental genes impairs the hybrid's development or survival
Allopatric speciation is?
is an interruption of gene flow between population of the same species where the population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of ________
polyploidy
What are the main factors of climate, and subsequently the amount of diversity in a region?
precipation, and temperature
Prezygotic barriers are?
prevent mating or fertizlation between species
what groups is (are) absolutely essential to the functioning of an ecosystem?
producers, and decomposers
The production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses (mares) and male donkeys (jacks) is an example of ___________
reduced hybrid fertility
Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the embryos stop developing after a day and then die. These two frog species separate by _______.
reduced hybrid viability
RNA molecules that perform enzyme-like functions and act as catalysts for the formation of RNA chains and RNA replication are called ________.
ribozymes
What is a homologous structure?
similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor.
observation and imitation is an example of?
social learning
Landmarks are used for?
spatial learning
A type of reproductive isolation mechanism in which the differences in the timing of critical reproductive events prevent members of closely related species from mating and producing hybrid offspring.
temporal isolation
Which extinction killed 96% of marine life and at least 70% of terrestrial life?
the Permian Extinction
What are the key features of the Tundra?
treeless, permafrost, cold dark winters
Which biome, because of its climate, has the largest number of species of plants and animals?
tropical rainforest
Which of the following evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? All organisms _____
use essentially the same genetic code
What is a vestigal structure?
A structure that has lost it's function and has no use.
_________ is an interruption of gene flow between populations of the same species where the population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
Allopatric speciation
How are two different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral species?
Allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations
Which species concept defines a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring?
Biological Species Concept
The system that contains all living things on Earth.
Biosphere
what is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?
Bones in the flipper of a whale
A forest fire wipes out 96% of a population of aardvarks, leaving only 6 individuals as survivors. What type of genetic drift is this?
Bottleneck effect
Light clams (that resemble stones) and dark clams (that resemble shadows) are both less likely to be spotted and eaten by predators than their gray (intermediate) counterparts. What type of selection does this display?
Disruptive Selection
A community of organisms and their abiotic environment.
Ecosystem
__________ is the chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata.
Fossil Record
What must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?
Genetic variation among individuals
What are the components of the binomial naming system created by Linnaeus?
Genus and species
Geologists have established a _________ based on the sequence of the fossil record and the ages of rocks and fossils
Geological record
Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms?
Habitat Isolation
Individuals that are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele, and are resistant to malaria are an example of______
Heterozygote advantage
________determine such basic features as where a pair of wings or legs will develop on a fruit fly.
Homeotic genes
_____ is where hybrids are viable and fertile but their offspring are feeble or sterile
Hybrid Breakdown
_____________ are regions in which members of a different species meet and mate, producing at least some hybrid offspring.
Hybrid zones
Male ducks have a uniquely corkscrew-shaped reproductive organ. This prevents them from undergoing sexual reproduction with other organisms. What form of reproductive isolation is represented by this?
Mechanical Isolation
A systematist uses modern technology to compare the relation of two organisms by observing differences in their genetic sequences and molecular data of fossils. What field of science is this?
Molecular Biology
What theory was Darwin the first to propose?
Natural Selection is the mechanism for evolution
What is the specific area where an organism inhabits, the role or function of an organism or species in an ecosystem, or the interrelationship of a species with all the biotic and abiotic factors affecting it?
Niche
________ is the process by which one species splits into two or more species.
Speciation
Human child birth weight being optimal in the intermediate range is an example of ______.
Stabilizing Selection
In _____________, a new species arises within the same geographic area as its parent species
Sympatric Speciation
_________ was published by Charles Darwin and included his theories of adaptations and descent with modification.
The Origin of Species
gametic isolation
When sperm can't fertilize the eggs.
All of the non-living things in an environment
abiotic factors
Sharks and dolphins both have a dorsal fin, a tail fin, and two pectoral fins. This is an example of _______________.
analogy due to convergent evolution
trial and error is an example of?
associative learning
What is temporal isolation?
breeding at different times
Speciation _________
can involve changes to a single gene
What is polyploidy?
cells have more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
The role that humans play in artificial selection is to _____
choose which organisms reproduce
A______ consists of an ancestral species and all its evolutionary descendants
clade
This biome is also known as the "taiga".
coniferous forest
To ensure adequate nitrogen for a crop, a farmer would want to decrease _____ by soil bacteria
denitrifcation
Which biome is characterized by extreme temperatures and low precipitation?
desert
The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment.
ecology
Macroevolution is ___________
evolution above the species level
The first is most important in innate behavior and they both influence learning. An example of innate behavior is___
fixed action pattern
What is behavioral isolation?
Isolation caused by differences in courtship or mating behaviors
What must be true of any organ described as vestigial?
It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor
Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?
Lack of a nuclear envelope (nucleus) and presence of plasma membrane
How can an individual organism increase its relative fitness?
Living to reproductive maturity and producing many offspring
What is the lowest level of organization for ecological study?
Organisim
The _________ defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and thus form one branch on the tree of life.
Phylogenetic Species Concept
What is the difference between prezygotic barriers and postzygotic barriers
Prezygotic barriers happen before the gamete is formed and postzygotic barriers occur after.
What is habitat isolation?
lack of oppurtunties to encounter eachother
The desert and tundra are alike because they both have
low precipitation
What is mechanical isolation?
male/female genitalia are not compatible.
Postzygotic barries are?
operate after hybrid zygotes are formed