Biology Final Exam

What has to be reintroduced to correct a lack of genetic diversity due to genetic drift?

gene flow

Animal behavior is a product of both____ and the environment

genetics

Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of _____.

homology due to divergent evolution

reduced hybrid fertility

hybrid are vigrous but cannot produce viable offspring

Hybrid breakdown

hybrids are viable and fertile, but their offspring are feeble or sterile

In learning, there is a sensitive period for

imprinting

reduced hybrid viability

interaction of parental genes impairs the hybrid's development or survival

Allopatric speciation is?

is an interruption of gene flow between population of the same species where the population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of ________

polyploidy

What are the main factors of climate, and subsequently the amount of diversity in a region?

precipation, and temperature

Prezygotic barriers are?

prevent mating or fertizlation between species

what groups is (are) absolutely essential to the functioning of an ecosystem?

producers, and decomposers

The production of sterile mules by interbreeding between female horses (mares) and male donkeys (jacks) is an example of ___________

reduced hybrid fertility

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the embryos stop developing after a day and then die. These two frog species separate by _______.

reduced hybrid viability

RNA molecules that perform enzyme-like functions and act as catalysts for the formation of RNA chains and RNA replication are called ________.

ribozymes

What is a homologous structure?

similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor.

observation and imitation is an example of?

social learning

Landmarks are used for?

spatial learning

A type of reproductive isolation mechanism in which the differences in the timing of critical reproductive events prevent members of closely related species from mating and producing hybrid offspring.

temporal isolation

Which extinction killed 96% of marine life and at least 70% of terrestrial life?

the Permian Extinction

What are the key features of the Tundra?

treeless, permafrost, cold dark winters

Which biome, because of its climate, has the largest number of species of plants and animals?

tropical rainforest

Which of the following evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth? All organisms _____

use essentially the same genetic code

What is a vestigal structure?

A structure that has lost it's function and has no use.

_________ is an interruption of gene flow between populations of the same species where the population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

Allopatric speciation

How are two different species most likely to evolve from one ancestral species?

Allopatrically, after the ancestral species has split into two populations

Which species concept defines a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring?

Biological Species Concept

The system that contains all living things on Earth.

Biosphere

what is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?

Bones in the flipper of a whale

A forest fire wipes out 96% of a population of aardvarks, leaving only 6 individuals as survivors. What type of genetic drift is this?

Bottleneck effect

Light clams (that resemble stones) and dark clams (that resemble shadows) are both less likely to be spotted and eaten by predators than their gray (intermediate) counterparts. What type of selection does this display?

Disruptive Selection

A community of organisms and their abiotic environment.

Ecosystem

__________ is the chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata.

Fossil Record

What must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?

Genetic variation among individuals

What are the components of the binomial naming system created by Linnaeus?

Genus and species

Geologists have established a _________ based on the sequence of the fossil record and the ages of rocks and fossils

Geological record

Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms?

Habitat Isolation

Individuals that are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele, and are resistant to malaria are an example of______

Heterozygote advantage

________determine such basic features as where a pair of wings or legs will develop on a fruit fly.

Homeotic genes

_____ is where hybrids are viable and fertile but their offspring are feeble or sterile

Hybrid Breakdown

_____________ are regions in which members of a different species meet and mate, producing at least some hybrid offspring.

Hybrid zones

Male ducks have a uniquely corkscrew-shaped reproductive organ. This prevents them from undergoing sexual reproduction with other organisms. What form of reproductive isolation is represented by this?

Mechanical Isolation

A systematist uses modern technology to compare the relation of two organisms by observing differences in their genetic sequences and molecular data of fossils. What field of science is this?

Molecular Biology

What theory was Darwin the first to propose?

Natural Selection is the mechanism for evolution

What is the specific area where an organism inhabits, the role or function of an organism or species in an ecosystem, or the interrelationship of a species with all the biotic and abiotic factors affecting it?

Niche

________ is the process by which one species splits into two or more species.

Speciation

Human child birth weight being optimal in the intermediate range is an example of ______.

Stabilizing Selection

In _____________, a new species arises within the same geographic area as its parent species

Sympatric Speciation

_________ was published by Charles Darwin and included his theories of adaptations and descent with modification.

The Origin of Species

gametic isolation

When sperm can't fertilize the eggs.

All of the non-living things in an environment

abiotic factors

Sharks and dolphins both have a dorsal fin, a tail fin, and two pectoral fins. This is an example of _______________.

analogy due to convergent evolution

trial and error is an example of?

associative learning

What is temporal isolation?

breeding at different times

Speciation _________

can involve changes to a single gene

What is polyploidy?

cells have more than two complete sets of chromosomes.

The role that humans play in artificial selection is to _____

choose which organisms reproduce

A______ consists of an ancestral species and all its evolutionary descendants

clade

This biome is also known as the "taiga".

coniferous forest

To ensure adequate nitrogen for a crop, a farmer would want to decrease _____ by soil bacteria

denitrifcation

Which biome is characterized by extreme temperatures and low precipitation?

desert

The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment.

ecology

Macroevolution is ___________

evolution above the species level

The first is most important in innate behavior and they both influence learning. An example of innate behavior is___

fixed action pattern

What is behavioral isolation?

Isolation caused by differences in courtship or mating behaviors

What must be true of any organ described as vestigial?

It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor

Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share?

Lack of a nuclear envelope (nucleus) and presence of plasma membrane

How can an individual organism increase its relative fitness?

Living to reproductive maturity and producing many offspring

What is the lowest level of organization for ecological study?

Organisim

The _________ defines a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor and thus form one branch on the tree of life.

Phylogenetic Species Concept

What is the difference between prezygotic barriers and postzygotic barriers

Prezygotic barriers happen before the gamete is formed and postzygotic barriers occur after.

What is habitat isolation?

lack of oppurtunties to encounter eachother

The desert and tundra are alike because they both have

low precipitation

What is mechanical isolation?

male/female genitalia are not compatible.

Postzygotic barries are?

operate after hybrid zygotes are formed