Chapter 18
Coniferous Forest (Taiga)
A biome with mountainside forests and tall, narrow trees that grow close together, have thick bark and pine needles
Biome
A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms, A major terrestrial or aquatic life song characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes and the physical environment in aquatic biomes
Population
A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area
Population
A group of interacting individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area at the same time
What is a population?
A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic area
Estuary
A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean.
biotic factors
A living component of a biological community, any organism that is part of an individual's environment
habitat
A place where an organism lives, a specific environment in which an organism lives
Which of the following is an example of evolutionary adaptation
A portion of a forest burns in a forest fire. As a species of beetle start to recolonize the area, the light colored individuals in the population are much more visible against the burned park compared to darker individuals. These lighter individuals are eaten by bird predators at a high rate. After two generations, most Beatles are darker in color. This is an example of changes in a population over generations, which is an example of evolution
tropics
A region between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, latitudes between 23.5° north and south
Chaparral
A scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at midlatitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore; characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers. Also called the terrestrial biomes limited to coastal regions were cold ocean currents circulate offshore Kriti mild, rainy winters and long, hot and dry summers. Also known as the Mediterranean biome. Of note it is adapted to fire
tropical forest
A terrestrial biome characterized by high levels of precipitation and warm temperatures year-round.
polar ice
A terrestrial biome that includes regions of extremely cold temperature and low precipitation located at high latitudes north of the arctic tundra and in Antarctica.
desert
A terrestrial biomes characterized by low and unpredictable rainfall, less than 30 cm per year
Savanna
A terrestrial biomes dominated by grasses and scattered trees. The temperature is warm year-round. Frequent fires and seasonal drought are significant abiotic factors
temperate grassland
A terrestrial biomes located in a temperate zone and characterized by low rainfall and non-woody vegetation. Tree growth is hindered by occasional fires and periodic severe drought
polar ice
A terrestrial biomes that includes regions of extremely cold temperature and low precipitation located at high altitudes north of the arctic tundra and in Antarctica
coral reef
A tropical marine biome characterized by hard skeletal structures secreted primarily Buy the resident cnidarians
benthic realm
AC floor or bottom of a freshwater lake, pond, river, or stream. This realm is occupy communities of organisms known as benthos
Which term applies to the physical and physiological change experienced by astronauts who spend months in space
Acclamation
A student decides to take up jogging to improve her aerobic activity. During the first few weeks of exercise, she is only able to jog for about 1 1/2 miles before tiring. However after three months, she is able to jog for miles with ease. This physiological change is an example of
Acclamation. This is a long-term, physiological response that likely include increased muscle mass and increased aerobic capacity
Why is there so much rainfall in the tropics
Air at the equator rises as it is warmed by direct sunlight. As the air rises, it cools. This causes cloud formation in rainfall because cool air holds less moisture than warmer
Which of the following is a population
All of the redwood trees that live in a particular forest. Population includes the individuals of one species in one place that presumably interact, use the same resources, and live under the same environmental conditions
What is the ecosystem level of classification have in common with the community level of classification
All the biotic factors of the area
Ecosystem
All the organisms in a given area along with the nonliving factors which they interact, a biological community and its physical environment
Community
All the organisms inhabiting and potentially interacting in a particular area, and assemblage of populations of different species
Savanna
An area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes
wetland
An ecosystem intermediate between the aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial ecosystem. Wetland soil is saturated with water but water permanently or periodically
Organism
An individual living things such as a bacterium, fungus, protest, plant or animal
Desert owls are in active during the day and active at night. They also all have small bodies. This describes——— Adaptation to the hot and dry desert
Anatomical and behavioral. The small body size of the desert owl promotes heat loss, and being an active during the day allows the desert towel to avoid the worst of the desert heat
Horned lizard are desert animals that are active during the day. Their skin and kidneys are efficient at conserving water; when they get hot, they move to the shade so they can cool off. This describes
Anatomical behavioral and physiological adaption to the hot and dry desert. The skin and kidneys of horned lizard's exhibit anatomical and physiological adaptations to the hot and dry desert environment. Moving to the shade when they get too hot it's a behavioral adaptation
Precipitation
Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface.
greenhouse gases
Any of the gases in the atmosphere that absorb heat radiation including carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and synthetic chlorofluorocarbons
Light levels in the ———- Or too low to support photosynthesis.
Aphotic zone
Nutrients
Are elements required for growth and can affect the ability of an ecosystem to sustain life
Which of the following statements about tropical atmospheric circulation is true
As warm air rises, air at the top of the atmosphere is pushed poleward and cools.
Which of these is a biotic component of an environment?
Bacteria on the surface of your skin. Biotic refers to the bacteria and other living components of an environment
Cacti are desert plants with C4 metabolism. In addition cacti bloom at night. This describes
Behavioral and physiological. Blooming at night is a behavioral adaptation that allows cacti to exploit pollinators that are active only at night. C4 metabolism is a physiological adaptation related to carbon dioxide uptake and water conservation
The sea floor is called the
Benthic realm
The Sahara Desert and the Negev Desert belong to the same ______.
Biome
The recent increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is mainly a result of an increase in
Burning of fossil fuels and wood
What is one way that homeowners in chaparral areas can protect their neighborhoods from fire
By keeping the area clear of that brush, which is flammable
How does the loss of leaves function as an adaptation of deciduous trees too cold winters?
By reducing lots of water from the trees when that water cannot be replaced because of frozen soil
wind
Can be important in shipping terrestrial ecosystems by allowing animals too cool and even influencing the way plants grow
We are on the coastal hillside on a hot dry summer day among evergreen shrubs that are adapted to fire. We are most likely standing in a
Chaparral biome
Why are climbing plants common in tropical rainforest
Climbing is a plant adaptation for reaching sunlight in a closed canopy, why are you so like reaches the forest floor
tropical rainforest
Closed forest canopy; many plants grow a top other plants; woody vines
If you study how to species of finches compete for food, you are trying to answer a question about
Community ecology
And ecologist is studying the diet of a group of desert dwelling scorpions, which have many types of potential prey insects small mammals. She tracks the scorpions to see how much they eat of each pray species. What level of ecological organization is this study
Community. A Community consist of all organisms that live in the same area at the same time. Community ecology includes investigating food chains.
temperate rainforest
Coniferous forest of coastal North America from Alaska to Oregon support by warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean
Which of these is the largest terrestrial biomes on earth
Coniferous forest. Coniferous forest are the largest terrestrial biomes on earth. However, as a result of logging, they are disappearing at a very rapid rate
What type of trees are characteristic of taiga
Conifers such as pine, spruce, fir, and hemlock
Ecosystem
Consist of all the Abiotic and biotic factors in an area
Community
Consist of all the organisms that live in the same area at the same time
Biosphere
Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere. Also called the global ecosystem, the entire portion of earth inhabited by life
Permafrost
Continuously frozen subsoil found in the arctic tundra
Temperate Broad leaf forest
Deciduous trees
Desert
Deep rooted shrubs; water storing succulents
Which of the following sea creatures might be described as a pelagic animal of the phonics zone
Deep sea squid
Identify the following biomes on the graph: tundra, northern coniferous forest, desert, temperate grassland, temperate Broad leaf forest, tropical forest
Desert; temperate grassland; tropical forest; temperate Bradley forest; northern coniferous forest; tundra
How have bark beetles benefited from global warming?
Drought stress trees are less resistant to the Beatles; with a longer warm season Beatles can reproduce twice in a year rather than once
Tundra
Dwarf shrubs; herbaceous plants; Mosses and Lichens
Which location on earth received the most solar radiation per unit area
Equator. The equator received the most solar radiation per unit area because I'm like arrives perpendicular to the earths surface there
A distinctive biome called a ——— Just found where a fresh water stream or river merges with the ocean
Estuary
coniferous forest
Evergreen trees with needles and cones
Biotic
Factors are living factors that make up an environment
Abiotic
Factors are nonliving factors that make up an environment
True or false. Rain shadows are wet regions on the Windward side of the mountain ranges
False. Rain shadows are dry regions on the Leeward side of the mountain ranges that result when an air mass releases its moisture on the Windward side of the range and then his carried by wins to the Leeward side
In Prairie Grasslands, periodic ——— Is an important disturbance, allowing for certain plants to be triggered to grow
Fire
How do people now use most of the north American land that was once temperate grassland
For farming
coniferous forest
Forest populated by cone-bearing evergreen trees; mostly found in northern latitudes
Condensation
Gas to liquid
What is acclimation?
Gradual reversible change in anatomy or physiology in response to an environmental change
temperate grassland
Grass and no trees
Zooplankton
In aquatic environments, free floating animals including many microscope pick ones
Organism
Is an individual living thing such as a plant an animal or a bacterium
Water
Is essential to life because it makes up the majority of all cells
temperate zone
Latitudes between the tropics and the Arctic Circle in the north and Antarctic circle in the south, regions with milder climate in the tropics or polar regions
The photos zone is the shallow water nearshore in the upper layer of water away from shore where
Light is available for photosynthesis
Temperature
Limits the distribution of organisms that can survive in a given habitat based on how hot or cold it gets
greenhouse effect
Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases
How does the vegetation found in polar ice regions compare with tundra vegetation?
Neither biome is hospitable to plants because of the cold temperatures. However, tundra supports the growth of small shrubs, while polar ice vegetation is limited to mosses and lichens.
On land, plants depend on the availability of two in organic nutrients, which they obtain from the soil
Nitrogen and phosphorus. Low levels of these two elements limit the growth of algae and photosynthetic bacteria
What level of ecology is concerned with the adaptations of individuals
Organismal
Please these levels of ecological study in order from the least to the most comprehensive
Organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology
Fish is in marine mammal swim in open water known as the
Pelagic realm
In the ocean, communities of plans, algae plants and animals are distributed according to the depth of the water and distance from the shore. Light reaches organisms in the——— Where microscopic———-And multicellular algae provide food for the animals community.
Photic zone; Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton
Photo synthetic organisms mostly microscopic that drift near the surfaces of ponds, lakes, and oceans
Acclamation
Physiological adjustment that occurs gradually, those still reversibly, in response to an environmental change
The formation of goosebumps on your skin in cold water is an example of ———- response, while seasonal migration is an example of ———-
Physiological; behavioral
What are phtoplankton
Phytoplankton are photosynthetic algae and bacteria. They are found for animals in the photic zone; those animals intern may become food for animals in the aphotic zone
What is the main way that living organisms contribute to the water cycle
Plants move water from the ground to the atmosphere via transpiration.
A group of snails lives in a garden that also includes Beatles and tomato plants. What levels of ecological organization does the group of snails belong to
Population community ecosystem. Well an individual snail is an organism, all of the snails are a population, which are also a part of their community and their ecosystem
What populations of organisms are most likely to survive climate change by it evolutionary adoption
Populations of organisms that have high genetic variability in short lifespan's
Ecology
Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment
Why does sewage cause heavy algal growth in lakes?
Sewage adds mineral nutrients that stimulate growth of algae.
photic zone
Shallow water near the shore or the upper layer of water away from the shore, region of an aquatic ecosystem more sufficient light is available for photosynthesis
intertidal zone
Shallow zone where waters of an estuary or Ocean meat land
Why is decreased snowfall in the Rocky Mountains a concern for people who live in Las Vegas
Snow melt from the Rockies flows into the Colorado river, which supplies water for Las Vegas residence
Most ecosystems on earth are powered by ———- Which drives photosynthesis in plants and algae
Solar
Why solar energy such an important factor of most ecosystems
Solar energy captured by the process of photosynthesis provides most of the organic fuel and building material for the organisms in those ecosystems
Chaparral
Spiny, evergreen shrubs; adapted to frequent fires
Global warming is melting permafrost in some areas of the arctic tundra. What Biome would you expect to replace tundra in these regions?
Taiga
How does the savanna climate very seasonally
Temperature stays about the same year round but rainfall varies dramatically
What does the ecosystem level include that the community level does not
The Abiotic factors of area
Sustainability
The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained
What is a persons carbon footprint
The amount of greenhouse gas that a person is responsible for emitting
water cycle
The continual movement of water among Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation
Sustainablility
The goal of developing, managing and conserving earths resources in ways that meet the needs of people today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
Taiga
The northern coniferous forest, characterized by long snowy winters and short wet summers. Tiger extends across North America and Eurasia to the southern border of the arctic tundra, it also found just below Alpine tundra on mountain side in temperate zones
pelagic realm
The open water region of an ocean
aphotic zone
The region of an aquatic ecosystem beneath the photic zone where light levels are too low for photosynthesis to take place
Ecology
The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments
ecosystem ecology
The study of energy flow in the cycling of chemicals among the various biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem
organismal ecology
The study of evolution airy adaptations that enable individual organisms to meet the challenges posed by their abiotic environment
community ecology
The study of how interactions between species affect community structure and organization
population ecology
The study of how members of a population interact with their environment focusing on factors that influence population density and growth
Tundra
The terrestrial biomes characterized by bitterly cold temperatures. Plant life is limited to dwarf woody shrubs and grasses mosses and lichens. Arctic tundra has permanently frozen subsoil called permafrost. Alpine tundra found on high elevations lax permafrost
Why are gases such as CO2 and methane called greenhouse gases
They allow solar radiation to pass through the atmosphere but prevent the heat from reflecting back, much as the glass of a greenhouse retains the suns heat inside the building
tundra biome
Very low temperatures, very little rainfall, mostly as snow. Very small trees, a few herbs, mosses and lichens.
greenhouse effect
Warming of the atmosphere caused by carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases that absorb heat radiation and slow it's escape from earths surface
Carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere absorb heat energy radiating from earth and reflect it back toward earth. This is called the greenhouse effect. As the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere increases, more heat is retained, causing global warming
What is the greenhouse effect, how is the greenhouse effect related to global warming?
temperate broadleaf forest
a biome located throughout mid-latitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees
temperate broadleaf forest
a biome located throughout midlatitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees
Savanna
a grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees.
Hadley Cell
a system of vertical and horizontal air circulation predominating in tropical and subtropical regions and creating major weather patterns.
What human activity is responsible for the greatest amount of deforestation
agriculture
Which of these is a community
all organisms living in your house
Temperate grasslands
biome characterized by deep, nutrient-rich soil that supports many grass species
The most inclusive level of organization in nature is the
biosphere The sum of all the planets ecosystems or all of life and where it lives
What is the major source of CO2 released by human activities
burning fossil fuels
terrestrial biomes
characterized by distribution, precipitation, temperature, plants, animals
Deserts
covers about one fifth of the Earth's surface and occur where rainfall is less than 50 cm/year. Most deserts occur at low latitudes, have a considerable amount of specialized vegetation, as well as specialized animals. Soils have abundant nutrients, need only water to become productive, and have little or no organic matter. Common disturbances include occasional fires or cold weather, and sudden, infrequent, but intense rains that cause flooding.
Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall?
desert Deserts are characterized by levels of rainfall less than 30 cm per year
Water storing plants and deeply rooted shrubs are plants that characterize
deserts
What level of ecology is concerned with both the biotic and Abiotic aspects of the environment
ecosystem
Green house gases
gases in the atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation within the thermal infrared range: Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Chlorofluorocarbons,Nitrous oxide
Name several abiotic factors that might affect the community of organisms living inside a home fish tank.
light, water temperature, chemicals added
temperate forest biome
made of a mix of deciduous and evergreen trees. fertile soils with rich humus layers. 4 seasons with warm summers and cold winters
carbon footprint
measure of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide
Which of the following is a behavioral response to environmental variability
migrating to a different location
Temperature zone
moderate climate zone between the polar zones and the tropics
Which of the following can moderate climate by absorbing heat when the air is warm and releasing heat when the air is cold
oceans
Rain shadows
one side of a mountain receives all the rain while another does not due to moisture falling on the windward side of the mountain
pelagic zone
open water above the ocean floor
Which of the following correctly ranks the levels of ecological hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive
organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere; Organisms, the least inclusive level of ecological organization, make up populations, which make up communities. Communities plus abiotic factors make up ecosystems, which make up biomes, which make up the biosphere, the most inclusive level of ecological organization
What name is given to the open ocean
pelagic realm
What three abiotic factors account for the rarity of trees in arctic tundra?
permafrost, very cold winters, high winds
Permafrost
permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground
interdial zone
portion of the shoreline that lies between high tide and low tide zones
What abiotic factor characterizes deserts
rainfall is low and unpredictable
Which of the following is abiotic
rock
What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes
temperature and rainfall
Transpiration
the emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants
Globally, the largest amount of water moves from
the oceans to the atmosphere by evaporation
How are the fields of ecology and evolution linked
the process of evolutionary adaptation via natural selection results from the interactions of organisms with their environments
carbon footprint
the total carbon dioxide emissions produced by an individual, group, or location
Water moves from land to the atmosphere through
transpiration and evaporation
Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes?
tropical rainforest -Two of the characteristics of a tropical rain forest are the presence of epiphytes and an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground.
Which biome is characterized by the presence of a permafrost
tundra (permafrost, permanently frozen subsoil, is a characteristic of tundra)
Chaparral
vegetation consisting chiefly of tangled shrubs and thorny bushes.
Terrestrial ecosystems are grouped into biomes primarily On the basis of
vegetative type. The vegetation type provides the foundation for communities of organisms typical of each terrestrial biomes