Chapter 18

Coniferous Forest (Taiga)

A biome with mountainside forests and tall, narrow trees that grow close together, have thick bark and pine needles

Biome

A group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms, A major terrestrial or aquatic life song characterized by vegetation type in terrestrial biomes and the physical environment in aquatic biomes

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Population

A group of interacting individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area at the same time

What is a population?

A group of organisms of the same species living in a particular geographic area

Estuary

A habitat in which the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean.

biotic factors

A living component of a biological community, any organism that is part of an individual's environment

habitat

A place where an organism lives, a specific environment in which an organism lives

Which of the following is an example of evolutionary adaptation

A portion of a forest burns in a forest fire. As a species of beetle start to recolonize the area, the light colored individuals in the population are much more visible against the burned park compared to darker individuals. These lighter individuals are eaten by bird predators at a high rate. After two generations, most Beatles are darker in color. This is an example of changes in a population over generations, which is an example of evolution

tropics

A region between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, latitudes between 23.5° north and south

Chaparral

A scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at midlatitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore; characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers. Also called the terrestrial biomes limited to coastal regions were cold ocean currents circulate offshore Kriti mild, rainy winters and long, hot and dry summers. Also known as the Mediterranean biome. Of note it is adapted to fire

tropical forest

A terrestrial biome characterized by high levels of precipitation and warm temperatures year-round.

polar ice

A terrestrial biome that includes regions of extremely cold temperature and low precipitation located at high latitudes north of the arctic tundra and in Antarctica.

desert

A terrestrial biomes characterized by low and unpredictable rainfall, less than 30 cm per year

Savanna

A terrestrial biomes dominated by grasses and scattered trees. The temperature is warm year-round. Frequent fires and seasonal drought are significant abiotic factors

temperate grassland

A terrestrial biomes located in a temperate zone and characterized by low rainfall and non-woody vegetation. Tree growth is hindered by occasional fires and periodic severe drought

polar ice

A terrestrial biomes that includes regions of extremely cold temperature and low precipitation located at high altitudes north of the arctic tundra and in Antarctica

coral reef

A tropical marine biome characterized by hard skeletal structures secreted primarily Buy the resident cnidarians

benthic realm

AC floor or bottom of a freshwater lake, pond, river, or stream. This realm is occupy communities of organisms known as benthos

Which term applies to the physical and physiological change experienced by astronauts who spend months in space

Acclamation

A student decides to take up jogging to improve her aerobic activity. During the first few weeks of exercise, she is only able to jog for about 1 1/2 miles before tiring. However after three months, she is able to jog for miles with ease. This physiological change is an example of

Acclamation. This is a long-term, physiological response that likely include increased muscle mass and increased aerobic capacity

Why is there so much rainfall in the tropics

Air at the equator rises as it is warmed by direct sunlight. As the air rises, it cools. This causes cloud formation in rainfall because cool air holds less moisture than warmer

Which of the following is a population

All of the redwood trees that live in a particular forest. Population includes the individuals of one species in one place that presumably interact, use the same resources, and live under the same environmental conditions

What is the ecosystem level of classification have in common with the community level of classification

All the biotic factors of the area

Ecosystem

All the organisms in a given area along with the nonliving factors which they interact, a biological community and its physical environment

Community

All the organisms inhabiting and potentially interacting in a particular area, and assemblage of populations of different species

Savanna

An area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes

wetland

An ecosystem intermediate between the aquatic ecosystem and a terrestrial ecosystem. Wetland soil is saturated with water but water permanently or periodically

Organism

An individual living things such as a bacterium, fungus, protest, plant or animal

Desert owls are in active during the day and active at night. They also all have small bodies. This describes——— Adaptation to the hot and dry desert

Anatomical and behavioral. The small body size of the desert owl promotes heat loss, and being an active during the day allows the desert towel to avoid the worst of the desert heat

Horned lizard are desert animals that are active during the day. Their skin and kidneys are efficient at conserving water; when they get hot, they move to the shade so they can cool off. This describes

Anatomical behavioral and physiological adaption to the hot and dry desert. The skin and kidneys of horned lizard's exhibit anatomical and physiological adaptations to the hot and dry desert environment. Moving to the shade when they get too hot it's a behavioral adaptation

Precipitation

Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface.

greenhouse gases

Any of the gases in the atmosphere that absorb heat radiation including carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and synthetic chlorofluorocarbons

Light levels in the ———- Or too low to support photosynthesis.

Aphotic zone

Nutrients

Are elements required for growth and can affect the ability of an ecosystem to sustain life

Which of the following statements about tropical atmospheric circulation is true

As warm air rises, air at the top of the atmosphere is pushed poleward and cools.

Which of these is a biotic component of an environment?

Bacteria on the surface of your skin. Biotic refers to the bacteria and other living components of an environment

Cacti are desert plants with C4 metabolism. In addition cacti bloom at night. This describes

Behavioral and physiological. Blooming at night is a behavioral adaptation that allows cacti to exploit pollinators that are active only at night. C4 metabolism is a physiological adaptation related to carbon dioxide uptake and water conservation

The sea floor is called the

Benthic realm

The Sahara Desert and the Negev Desert belong to the same ______.

Biome

The recent increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is mainly a result of an increase in

Burning of fossil fuels and wood

What is one way that homeowners in chaparral areas can protect their neighborhoods from fire

By keeping the area clear of that brush, which is flammable

How does the loss of leaves function as an adaptation of deciduous trees too cold winters?

By reducing lots of water from the trees when that water cannot be replaced because of frozen soil

wind

Can be important in shipping terrestrial ecosystems by allowing animals too cool and even influencing the way plants grow

We are on the coastal hillside on a hot dry summer day among evergreen shrubs that are adapted to fire. We are most likely standing in a

Chaparral biome

Why are climbing plants common in tropical rainforest

Climbing is a plant adaptation for reaching sunlight in a closed canopy, why are you so like reaches the forest floor

tropical rainforest

Closed forest canopy; many plants grow a top other plants; woody vines

If you study how to species of finches compete for food, you are trying to answer a question about

Community ecology

And ecologist is studying the diet of a group of desert dwelling scorpions, which have many types of potential prey insects small mammals. She tracks the scorpions to see how much they eat of each pray species. What level of ecological organization is this study

Community. A Community consist of all organisms that live in the same area at the same time. Community ecology includes investigating food chains.

temperate rainforest

Coniferous forest of coastal North America from Alaska to Oregon support by warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean

Which of these is the largest terrestrial biomes on earth

Coniferous forest. Coniferous forest are the largest terrestrial biomes on earth. However, as a result of logging, they are disappearing at a very rapid rate

What type of trees are characteristic of taiga

Conifers such as pine, spruce, fir, and hemlock

Ecosystem

Consist of all the Abiotic and biotic factors in an area

Community

Consist of all the organisms that live in the same area at the same time

Biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere. Also called the global ecosystem, the entire portion of earth inhabited by life

Permafrost

Continuously frozen subsoil found in the arctic tundra

Temperate Broad leaf forest

Deciduous trees

Desert

Deep rooted shrubs; water storing succulents

Which of the following sea creatures might be described as a pelagic animal of the phonics zone

Deep sea squid

Identify the following biomes on the graph: tundra, northern coniferous forest, desert, temperate grassland, temperate Broad leaf forest, tropical forest

Desert; temperate grassland; tropical forest; temperate Bradley forest; northern coniferous forest; tundra

How have bark beetles benefited from global warming?

Drought stress trees are less resistant to the Beatles; with a longer warm season Beatles can reproduce twice in a year rather than once

Tundra

Dwarf shrubs; herbaceous plants; Mosses and Lichens

Which location on earth received the most solar radiation per unit area

Equator. The equator received the most solar radiation per unit area because I'm like arrives perpendicular to the earths surface there

A distinctive biome called a ——— Just found where a fresh water stream or river merges with the ocean

Estuary

coniferous forest

Evergreen trees with needles and cones

Biotic

Factors are living factors that make up an environment

Abiotic

Factors are nonliving factors that make up an environment

True or false. Rain shadows are wet regions on the Windward side of the mountain ranges

False. Rain shadows are dry regions on the Leeward side of the mountain ranges that result when an air mass releases its moisture on the Windward side of the range and then his carried by wins to the Leeward side

In Prairie Grasslands, periodic ——— Is an important disturbance, allowing for certain plants to be triggered to grow

Fire

How do people now use most of the north American land that was once temperate grassland

For farming

coniferous forest

Forest populated by cone-bearing evergreen trees; mostly found in northern latitudes

Condensation

Gas to liquid

What is acclimation?

Gradual reversible change in anatomy or physiology in response to an environmental change

temperate grassland

Grass and no trees

Zooplankton

In aquatic environments, free floating animals including many microscope pick ones

Organism

Is an individual living thing such as a plant an animal or a bacterium

Water

Is essential to life because it makes up the majority of all cells

temperate zone

Latitudes between the tropics and the Arctic Circle in the north and Antarctic circle in the south, regions with milder climate in the tropics or polar regions

The photos zone is the shallow water nearshore in the upper layer of water away from shore where

Light is available for photosynthesis

Temperature

Limits the distribution of organisms that can survive in a given habitat based on how hot or cold it gets

greenhouse effect

Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

How does the vegetation found in polar ice regions compare with tundra vegetation?

Neither biome is hospitable to plants because of the cold temperatures. However, tundra supports the growth of small shrubs, while polar ice vegetation is limited to mosses and lichens.

On land, plants depend on the availability of two in organic nutrients, which they obtain from the soil

Nitrogen and phosphorus. Low levels of these two elements limit the growth of algae and photosynthetic bacteria

What level of ecology is concerned with the adaptations of individuals

Organismal

Please these levels of ecological study in order from the least to the most comprehensive

Organismal ecology, population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology

Fish is in marine mammal swim in open water known as the

Pelagic realm

In the ocean, communities of plans, algae plants and animals are distributed according to the depth of the water and distance from the shore. Light reaches organisms in the——— Where microscopic———-And multicellular algae provide food for the animals community.

Photic zone; Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton

Photo synthetic organisms mostly microscopic that drift near the surfaces of ponds, lakes, and oceans

Acclamation

Physiological adjustment that occurs gradually, those still reversibly, in response to an environmental change

The formation of goosebumps on your skin in cold water is an example of ———- response, while seasonal migration is an example of ———-

Physiological; behavioral

What are phtoplankton

Phytoplankton are photosynthetic algae and bacteria. They are found for animals in the photic zone; those animals intern may become food for animals in the aphotic zone

What is the main way that living organisms contribute to the water cycle

Plants move water from the ground to the atmosphere via transpiration.

A group of snails lives in a garden that also includes Beatles and tomato plants. What levels of ecological organization does the group of snails belong to

Population community ecosystem. Well an individual snail is an organism, all of the snails are a population, which are also a part of their community and their ecosystem

What populations of organisms are most likely to survive climate change by it evolutionary adoption

Populations of organisms that have high genetic variability in short lifespan's

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Why does sewage cause heavy algal growth in lakes?

Sewage adds mineral nutrients that stimulate growth of algae.

photic zone

Shallow water near the shore or the upper layer of water away from the shore, region of an aquatic ecosystem more sufficient light is available for photosynthesis

intertidal zone

Shallow zone where waters of an estuary or Ocean meat land

Why is decreased snowfall in the Rocky Mountains a concern for people who live in Las Vegas

Snow melt from the Rockies flows into the Colorado river, which supplies water for Las Vegas residence

Most ecosystems on earth are powered by ———- Which drives photosynthesis in plants and algae

Solar

Why solar energy such an important factor of most ecosystems

Solar energy captured by the process of photosynthesis provides most of the organic fuel and building material for the organisms in those ecosystems

Chaparral

Spiny, evergreen shrubs; adapted to frequent fires

Global warming is melting permafrost in some areas of the arctic tundra. What Biome would you expect to replace tundra in these regions?

Taiga

How does the savanna climate very seasonally

Temperature stays about the same year round but rainfall varies dramatically

What does the ecosystem level include that the community level does not

The Abiotic factors of area

Sustainability

The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystem is one that can be maintained

What is a persons carbon footprint

The amount of greenhouse gas that a person is responsible for emitting

water cycle

The continual movement of water among Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

Sustainablility

The goal of developing, managing and conserving earths resources in ways that meet the needs of people today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

Taiga

The northern coniferous forest, characterized by long snowy winters and short wet summers. Tiger extends across North America and Eurasia to the southern border of the arctic tundra, it also found just below Alpine tundra on mountain side in temperate zones

pelagic realm

The open water region of an ocean

aphotic zone

The region of an aquatic ecosystem beneath the photic zone where light levels are too low for photosynthesis to take place

Ecology

The scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments

ecosystem ecology

The study of energy flow in the cycling of chemicals among the various biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem

organismal ecology

The study of evolution airy adaptations that enable individual organisms to meet the challenges posed by their abiotic environment

community ecology

The study of how interactions between species affect community structure and organization

population ecology

The study of how members of a population interact with their environment focusing on factors that influence population density and growth

Tundra

The terrestrial biomes characterized by bitterly cold temperatures. Plant life is limited to dwarf woody shrubs and grasses mosses and lichens. Arctic tundra has permanently frozen subsoil called permafrost. Alpine tundra found on high elevations lax permafrost

Why are gases such as CO2 and methane called greenhouse gases

They allow solar radiation to pass through the atmosphere but prevent the heat from reflecting back, much as the glass of a greenhouse retains the suns heat inside the building

tundra biome

Very low temperatures, very little rainfall, mostly as snow. Very small trees, a few herbs, mosses and lichens.

greenhouse effect

Warming of the atmosphere caused by carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases that absorb heat radiation and slow it's escape from earths surface

Carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere absorb heat energy radiating from earth and reflect it back toward earth. This is called the greenhouse effect. As the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere increases, more heat is retained, causing global warming

What is the greenhouse effect, how is the greenhouse effect related to global warming?

temperate broadleaf forest

a biome located throughout mid-latitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees

temperate broadleaf forest

a biome located throughout midlatitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large, broadleaf deciduous trees

Savanna

a grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees.

Hadley Cell

a system of vertical and horizontal air circulation predominating in tropical and subtropical regions and creating major weather patterns.

What human activity is responsible for the greatest amount of deforestation

agriculture

Which of these is a community

all organisms living in your house

Temperate grasslands

biome characterized by deep, nutrient-rich soil that supports many grass species

The most inclusive level of organization in nature is the

biosphere The sum of all the planets ecosystems or all of life and where it lives

What is the major source of CO2 released by human activities

burning fossil fuels

terrestrial biomes

characterized by distribution, precipitation, temperature, plants, animals

Deserts

covers about one fifth of the Earth's surface and occur where rainfall is less than 50 cm/year. Most deserts occur at low latitudes, have a considerable amount of specialized vegetation, as well as specialized animals. Soils have abundant nutrients, need only water to become productive, and have little or no organic matter. Common disturbances include occasional fires or cold weather, and sudden, infrequent, but intense rains that cause flooding.

Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall?

desert Deserts are characterized by levels of rainfall less than 30 cm per year

Water storing plants and deeply rooted shrubs are plants that characterize

deserts

What level of ecology is concerned with both the biotic and Abiotic aspects of the environment

ecosystem

Green house gases

gases in the atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation within the thermal infrared range: Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Chlorofluorocarbons,Nitrous oxide

Name several abiotic factors that might affect the community of organisms living inside a home fish tank.

light, water temperature, chemicals added

temperate forest biome

made of a mix of deciduous and evergreen trees. fertile soils with rich humus layers. 4 seasons with warm summers and cold winters

carbon footprint

measure of the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide

Which of the following is a behavioral response to environmental variability

migrating to a different location

Temperature zone

moderate climate zone between the polar zones and the tropics

Which of the following can moderate climate by absorbing heat when the air is warm and releasing heat when the air is cold

oceans

Rain shadows

one side of a mountain receives all the rain while another does not due to moisture falling on the windward side of the mountain

pelagic zone

open water above the ocean floor

Which of the following correctly ranks the levels of ecological hierarchy from least inclusive to most inclusive

organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere; Organisms, the least inclusive level of ecological organization, make up populations, which make up communities. Communities plus abiotic factors make up ecosystems, which make up biomes, which make up the biosphere, the most inclusive level of ecological organization

What name is given to the open ocean

pelagic realm

What three abiotic factors account for the rarity of trees in arctic tundra?

permafrost, very cold winters, high winds

Permafrost

permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground

interdial zone

portion of the shoreline that lies between high tide and low tide zones

What abiotic factor characterizes deserts

rainfall is low and unpredictable

Which of the following is abiotic

rock

What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes

temperature and rainfall

Transpiration

the emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants

Globally, the largest amount of water moves from

the oceans to the atmosphere by evaporation

How are the fields of ecology and evolution linked

the process of evolutionary adaptation via natural selection results from the interactions of organisms with their environments

carbon footprint

the total carbon dioxide emissions produced by an individual, group, or location

Water moves from land to the atmosphere through

transpiration and evaporation

Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes?

tropical rainforest -Two of the characteristics of a tropical rain forest are the presence of epiphytes and an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground.

Which biome is characterized by the presence of a permafrost

tundra (permafrost, permanently frozen subsoil, is a characteristic of tundra)

Chaparral

vegetation consisting chiefly of tangled shrubs and thorny bushes.

Terrestrial ecosystems are grouped into biomes primarily On the basis of

vegetative type. The vegetation type provides the foundation for communities of organisms typical of each terrestrial biomes