Biology Final Exam

Greenhouse gases

Nitrous oxide, ozone, CFCs, carbon dioxide,water vapor, and methane

Esophagus

Passageway where peristalsis pushes food to the stomach

Osmosis

Passive movement of water

Gogli Apparatus

Processes and packages proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

Liver

Processes and store nutrients

Chloroplasts are organelles that capture_______________ and use it to convert water and carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

Solar energy

Gall bladder

Stores bile from liver

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesizes proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

Mechanical Energy

The energy of position or the position of an object before it moves, includes kinetic energy, and includes potential energy

Both starch and cellulose are made by stringing together many glucose molecules. However, while starch is easily digested by humans, cellulose is indigestible. The starch polysaccharide has bonds occurring below the sugar rings, while the bonds in cellulose alternate above the ring and below the next ring. How can you explain humans' inability to digest cellulose?

The enzyme that breaks down starch can only fit the specific bond configuration of bonds below the ring.

Proteins are composed of amino acids that contain a nitrogen-containing _____________ group, a(n) _____________, and a variable R group.

amino group, carboxyl

Energy drinks ____________ regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

are not

This area ranges from the depths of the oceans to the upper limits of the ____________, or the layers of gases that surround and protect the earth.

atmosphere

The sum of all locations on earth where life exists is called its

biosphere

These groups are arranged around a central __________ atom.

carbon

Carbon dioxide dissolves easily in water, forming

carbonic acid

The ___________ of a given area refers to its patterns of temperature and rainfall.

climate

Mitochondria have a double membrane. The inner membrane is folded into __________, which increase the surface area for metabolic reactions.

cristae

Notice that the by-products of one process are used as the reactants for the other process. This is referred to as the _______________ of molecules.

cycling

It is actually the _____________ of molecules between chloroplasts and mitochondria that allows a ________ of energy from the sun through all living things.

cycling, flow

This causes the acidity, or pH of oceans to ______________. This is called ocean acidification.

decrease

Sea levels increase as sea ice levels and glacier coverage _______________

decreases

When enzymes link monomers together, the reaction is called a _______________ reaction and water is made as a byproduct.

dehydration synthesis

A _____________ reaction joins the amino acids together, forming a(n) covalent bond called a __________ bond.

dehydration, peptide

Because of this, energy drinks are classified as _________________, not as ________.

dietary supplements, foods

Groups of two monomers are called __________________ and include ______________.

disaccharides, maltose

Genes are portions of _____ that code for instructions for proteins or RNA molecules.

dna

Energy drinks _________ provide energy in the form of carbohydrates. They ____ provide energy by interacting with the metabolic pathways that provide energy.

do not, do

Factors other than genes that control our traits include _____________________ influences.

environmental

Once synthesized, proteins can be used for a variety of functions within the cell, including as ____________ for digestion or as signalling molecules within the nervous system.

enzymes

Inheritable traits

eye color, natural hair color/texture, height, skin color, sickle-cell disease, and cystic fibrosis

It is important to note that because the biosphere is dependent on climate, changes in the climate of one region may have ____________ on the climates of other regions.

great impacts

When enzymes break polymers, the reaction is called a _______________ reaction and water is broken and used in the reaction.

hydrolysis

This process requires __________ and carbohydrates, and produces ___________ and water.

oxygen, carbon dixoide

Mitochondria use ___________ gas and __________ from the food we eat to produce the energy of the cell.

oxygen, glucose

Cholorplasts appear to have been derived from

photosynthetic bacteria

Genes control our ________ traits, including eye color, hair color, and finger length.

physical

Carbohydrates exist as either individual units called monomers or _____________, long chains of monomers bonded together.

polymers

Groups of three or more monomers are called ____________________ and include ____________.

polysaccharides, starch

Mitochondria appear to have been derived from

purple bacteria

Nitrous oxides

released from agricultural practices like fertilizers and burning of fossil fuels

water vapor

released from natural geological processes within the water cycle

methane

released from the decomposition of organic matter and from livestock and landfills

Ways the climate change is impacting the biosphere

sea levels rise, air and land temperatures increase, extreme weather events increase in frequency, snow covers and glaciers decrease, and sea surface temperature increases.

Nucleus

Contains the genetics information of the cell

Mitochondria

Converts energy found in nutrients to energy that is usable by the cell

Organic molecules

1.) Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen 2.) Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids 3.) Make up all living organisms 4.) Over 5000 examples exists in a single bacterial cell

Inorganic Molecules

1.) Molecules that do not contain carbon and hydrogen 2.) Water and table salt

Diffusion

1.) Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. 2.) No energy required 3.) The way oxygen moves across a membrane

Processes that allow materials to enter or exit and require energy to do so

1.) Phagocytosis 2.) Endocytosis 3.) The sodium-potassium pump 4.) exocytosis 5.) pinocytosis 6.) receptor-mediated endocytosis

Benign tumors

1.) an abnormal growth that usually does not grow larger 2.) cells closely resemble those in surrounding tissues

Characteristics of cancer cells

1.) appear irregular in shape 2.) have large dark nuclei 3.) loses function compared to surrounding tissue 4.) have a fixed life span and eventually undergo apoptosis 5.) become immortal 6.) lack specialization

Ways cancer may disrupt homeostasis

1.) as angiogenesis occurs blood and nutrients are rerouted from healthy organs to the tumor, causing the organs to lose function. 2.) when cancer causes organs to not function, it may change blood chemistry 3.) as tumors grow, they may block ducts or vessels, preventing their ability to transport materials necessary for homeostasis 4.) as tumors impact organs, their lack of function disrupts homeostasis

Ways that caffine impacts the body and its metabolic pathways

1.) blocks the brain's ability to recongnize adenosine receptors 2.) causes the brain to produce hormones that release fatty acid chains and adipose tissue 3.) increases metabolic rate

carbon dioxide

1.) considered a mjor contributing gas to the greenhouse effect 2.) produced through natural events like fires and volcanoes, but also through the burning of fossil fuels 3.) trap infrared heat and release it slowly back to the earth

ways climate change has impacted our environment

1.) habitat loss has increased 2.) reptiles, amphibians, and plants are going extinct at increased rates 3.) serverity of drought and heat waves has increased 4.) frequency of drought and heat waves has increased

ways climate change is influencing the rate of extinction

1.) it is common for organisms to go extinct gradually as environments change 2.) as oceans acidification occurs, members of coral reed communities are at risk of extinction 3.) as forests are bulldozed for livestock, the risk of extinction of the forest community members increases.

Facts that supports endosymbiotic theory

1.) mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA 2.) Mitochondria and chloroplasts often leave cells, surviving well on their own 3.) mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by two membranes 4.) mitochondria are about the same size as most bacteria

facilitated diffusion

1.) movement of molcules from higher concentration to lower concentration 2.) require protein carries 3.) no energy is required 4.) the way glucose moves across a membrane

Cancer progression

1.) new mutations arise. A single cell has the ability to start a tumor 2.) cancer in situ. The tumor is at its place of origin. One cell in the tumor mutates further. 3.) cancer cells now have the ability to invade both lympathic vessels, and blood vessels, allowing them to travel throughout the body. 4.) new metastatic tumors are found some distance from the primary tumor.

Malignant tumors

1.) possesses the ability to spread 2.) unspecialized and do not remseble cells of the tissues 3.) multiple layers of abnormal cells

Pancreas

Contains digestive enzymes; produces insulin

Mitochondria are organelles that complete the breakdown of carbohydrates to produce energy that is used to build _____ molecules.

ATP

Large Intestine

Absorbs water and salt to form feces

After eating some yogurt from a container you store it overnight in the refrigerator. A day later you return and find the surface of the yogurt is no longer smooth but has broken into several liquefied products. You correctly guess that enzymes from your saliva, via the spoon, have continued digesting the yogurt in your absence. What will happen over time?

As long as the enzyme is not denatured by environmental conditions, the reaction will continue until all of the substrate is used up.

Mouth

Breaks up food by mechanical digestion and startes chemical digestion

Stage 0 and 1

Cancer cells are restricted to very small areas, the tumor is less than 2 cm and has not spread to any lymph nodes

Lysosome

Digests incoming nutrients and worn out cell parts

Chemical Energy

Energy from the bonds in carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Solar Energy

Energy from the sun, the source of energy for nearly all life

Four stages of cellular respiration

Gylocolysis preparatory reaction citric acid cycle Electron Transport Chain

Simple carbohydrate Lipid (saturated fat) Protein Lipid (unsaturated fat) Complex carbohydrate

HIgh fructose corn syrup butter egg whites canola oil whole grain oats

Small Intestine

Major organ of digestion and absorption

Ribosomes

Manufactures proteins

Stomach

Mixes chyme with digestive enzymes for final breakdown; absorbs nutrients

Stage 2

The tumor is between 2-5cm but has not spread to any lymph nodes, the cancer is considered invasive, has grown in size, but is still located completely within the organ of origination.

What is an endosymbiont?

a microorganism that lives within another cell, performing specific functions for its host

These types of molecules are typically used for ___________________ or, in the case of RNA and DNA, for storage of genetic information.

immediate energy

As levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases rise in the atmosphere, global temperatures

increase

Energy drinks are beverages that claim to ____________ energy levels and mental awareness.

increase

Genes rarely act ________________ but instead act ____________ to control these traits.

individually, in groups

These types of molecules are typically used for ______________________ and for structural support.

long-term storage

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by

lowering the energy of activation required

The surrounding open spaces within this folded inner membrane is called the__________.

matrix

Which of the following is taken into account when classifying a biome?

mean annual temperature mean annual rainfall vegetation animal species present

Genes also control ___________ traits, including how the cells in our body should function.

metabolic

Most organic molecules are composed of smaller subunits called ________________.

monomers

These _____________ join together to form long____________.

monomers, polymers

Single monomers are called _________________________ and include _____________.

monosaccharides, glucose

Starch digestion begins in the _____ and protein digestion begins in the _____.

mouth; stomach

smallest to largest

species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Biomes can best be described as

terrestrial ecosystems that are classified based on climate and plant and animal species present

Homeostasis

the body's ability to maintain constant internal conditions

Energy of activation is best described as

the energy threshold that must be reached before a reaction can proceed and products may be formed

stage 3

the tumor has been found in at least 4 lymph nodes but has not spead to distant organs

stage 4

the tumor has fully metastasized and spead to distant organs

Photosynthetic bacteria use pigments embedded in their membranes

to derive energy from the sun

The mitochondria of cells today were once a type of bacteria that was able

to produce energy in the form of ATP.

Other factors that impact climate include the amount of the sun's energy that strikes that area and its ________________, or physical features.

topography

Enzymes have no effect on the energy levels of the reactants or products of reactions, only the energy of activation

true