Biology Final Exam

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

3

Which of the following statements best describes ATP?

ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and three phosphate groups.

Which of the following is only true of RNA, but not DNA?

Adenine pairs with uracil.

Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied?

All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied.

Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things?

All living things maintain a constant internal environment.

Which of the following structures are associated with the immune system? Select all that may apply.

All of the above

Which of the following statements best describes the benefits of radiation therapy?

All of the choices are correct.

Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks?

All the answer choices are correct.

Where within the lungs does gas exchange occur?

Alveoli

................................Is any substance that produces a specific immune response by the body. Antigens are usually proteins or large carbohydrates that are specific to pathogens such as bacteria and viruses

Antigen

..... all of the environments on Earth that support life. These include most regions of land, bodies of water, and the lower atmosphere.

Biosphere

Which of the following is an organic molecule?

C6H1206

Because fossil fuels are the remains of once-living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ____that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned.

Carbon

Which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells?

Cells with abnormal nuclei.

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules and mitochondria convert this chemical energy into ATP molecules used for work

The ......... group is identical to all other items or subjects that you are examining with the exception that it does not receive the treatment or the experimental manipulation that the treatment group receives.

Control

...act as an alarm to the organ systems of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present.

Cytokines

Which statement represents the biological characteristics that kittens, oak trees, swans, earth worms, elephants and crickets have in common?

DNA nucleotides form the basis of all inherited life, with cells that are formed from other cells.

What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides into the new strand?

DNA polymerase

The method of determining the exact nucleotide order of a sequence of DNA is called_____and automated machines.

DNA sequencing

In most organisms, the flow of information is from

DNA, RNA, then protein.

Which of the following statements is true concerning enzymatic activity?

Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.

Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?

Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body.

As the mRNA passes through the ribosome, each codon interacts with the anticodon of a specific ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule

False

Decomposers: Photosynthesizing organisms: are any kind of green plant. Green plants make their food by taking sunlight and using the energy to make sugar. The plant uses this sugar, also called glucose to make many things, such as wood, leaves, roots, and bark.

False

Getting a flu vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu.

False

Influenza viruses are typically named by the U.S. Department of Health

False

Once the virus has entered the target cell, there are two pathways or cycles, it can follow: It can either immediately begin using the resources of the host cell to manufacture new viruses (the lysogenic cycle) or it can integrate directly into the host cell genome and delay its own reproduction until a later time (the lytic cycle)

False

The defenses that act as general defenses, meaning they are not targeting a specific pathogen, are collectively called Adaptive defenses.

False

Tissue is the basic unit around which an organism is organized

False

autotrophs an organism that is unable to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

False

climate a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of X carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

False

mRNA: A protein coat that surrounds the viral genetic material

False

If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?

GGU, proline

Which of the following is the most effective means of treating or even curing sickle-cell disease?

Gene therapy

Phil is conducting a seed germination experiment. He places 3 groups of lettuce seeds in a 34° Celsius incubator with adequate moisture. One set of seeds is placed in a dark area with no light source. A second set is placed under artificial light and third set of seeds is placed in direct sunlight. This experiment is intended to test Phil's hypothesis that lignt is necessary for lettuce seed germination. Based on the experimental design, which variable was the dependent variable?

Germination rate

As global temperatures increase, which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen?

Glaciers and snow coverage decrease.

A product of photosynthesis,____ is a carbon-based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms.

Glucose

How do greenhouse gases cause climate warming?

Greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the earth's surface and causing the climate to warm.

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?

Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?

Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen

Dr. Ratard was trying to determine the cause of a mysterious epidemic affecting fish in the gulf of New Mexico. His proposal that the deaths were caused by an organism called a protist is considered a(n)

Hypothesis

Sickle-cell disease results in misshapen red blood cells. What impact does this have on their ability to carry gases in the bloodstream?

It reduces their ability to carry oxygen, resulting in anemia.

In the ...... cycle, following penetration into the cell, the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA. the virus remains inactive (or latent).

Lysogenic

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the ___ cycle.

Lytic

Which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes.

Which of the following is true concerning the checkpoints in the cell cycle?

Mitosis stops if chromosomes are not properly aligned.

.....is a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds

Molecule

Which of the following is true about mutations?

Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Which of the following is/are true about natural selection?

On average, it favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics.

Describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange

Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells and into the lungs.

The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with

Proteins

Which of the following is a true statement about proteins?

Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together.

Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?

Red blood cells

Sickle-cell disease causes hemoglobin proteins to become altered. What direct effect does this have on red blood cells?

Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, clumping up and blocking blood flow in capillaries.

Which of the following most accurately describes how sickle-cell disease impacts the body?

Red blood cells clump up, blocking capillaries within the alveoli, resulting in acute chest syndrome, marked by pain, fever, and shortness of breath.

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the cell cycle?

S-G2-M-G1

Phil is conducting a seed germination experiment. He places 3 groups of lettuce seeds in a 34° Celsius incubator with adequate moisture. One set of seeds is placed in a dark area with no light source. A second set is placed under artificial light and third set of seeds is placed in direct sunlight. This experiment is intended to test Phil's hypothesis that light is necessary for lettuce seed germination. Based on the experimental design, which variable was the control?

Seeds in the dark

DNA replication is considered to be _______ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Semiconservative

Which of the following statements best describes the way molecules move across a plasma membrane?

Small, uncharged molecules pass through the plasma membrane easily.

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

How does climate change affect the earth's oceans?

The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals.

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.

What do all greenhouse gases have in common?

They have complex structures that allow them to contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat energy.

Giant viruses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are nonliving things. What characteristic do giant viruses possess that make scientists think twice about their classification?

They have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell.

Which of the following best describes the overall goal of transcription?

To create a mRNA copy of a segment of DNA to take outside the nucleus.

Adaptive immunity targets specific antigens associated with a pathogen and also has the ability to remember past responses.

True

Cell-mediated immunity targets cells of our bodies that have become infected with pathogens and are presenting the antigen.

True

Cytokines act as an alarm to the organ systems of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present.

True

The photosynthetic organisms (autotrophs such as plants) convert CO2 into carbohydrates, and then this food is used by both heterotrophs (those that eat others) to power cellular activities.

True

Which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions?

True

Humans have two sex chromosomes that are named based on their shape. Males have (an)_____ and females have (an)_____.

X and Y chromosome: two X chromosomes

A scientific theory is:

a concept that is supported by experimental evidence that explains the facts in an area of study.

During the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in

a diploid zygote.

All viruses are made up of two components. What are they?

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA

A gene is:

a segment of DNA that codes for a protein

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that is caused by

a single mutation on a single gene.

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

absorb nutrients

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

absorption of water

Variations in genes are called_____. Examples of these variations include eye color. There are blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes, and several combinations.

alleles

In which of the following is the correct monomer matched with its polymer?

amino acid-protein

If we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes?

amvlase and maltase

Plants are raised under artificial lights turned off and on by an electric clock. Some are given long periods of light, others short periods. This is an example of:

an experiment

You explain to your study group that a hypothesis is:

an explanation that accounts for careful observations.

occurs when there are small changes in the surface spikes of the influenza virus. This is an example of____

antigenic drift

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called

antigenic shift

The activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils.

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

Select the correct association

carbohydrates-provide the body with an immediate source of energy

Angiogenesis contributes to carcinogenesis because it

causes blood vessels to grow into the tumor.

Cells are

characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

Which of these is the best description of a virus?

chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell

Which of the following statements best describes how alkylating agents work as chemotherapy?

chemicals that integrate into the DNA, causing it to break at specific points; general and so can cause long-term side effects including other cancers.

Experiments are carried out to test a hypothesis by changing one variable at a time and including an unchanged variable termed a(n)____

control

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on

core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different

The principal role for sugars in living organisms is to

create cellular energy.

During metaphase I of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is called____.

crossing-over

The sugar found in DNA is:

deoxyribose

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

electron transport chain

Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins?

enzymatic activity

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

The proposal that one type of organism can change gradually into another type over a long period of time is known as

evolution

Which process best describes how viruses may originate in animals and eventually be transmitted to humans, causing outbreaks?

evolution

Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable?

eye color

Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of the cell?

facilitated diffusion

Antigens are

foreign molecules that bind to white blood cells through specialized receptors, leading to the proliferation of lymphocytes.

Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?

genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes

have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.

The steps involved in a single PCR cycle, in the correct order, are

heat to denature DNA strands, cool to allow primer to anneal, heat slightly to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.

If blood sugar levels drop below normal, the digestive system is primarily responsible for returning levels to normal. This is an example of

homeostasis

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the sudden sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation

Over the past several decades. the overall trend for earth's temperatures has been

increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming

A scientist is testing the effect of light and dark on the behavior of moths by turning a light on and off. The____ is the amount of light and the moth's reaction is the ____.

independent Variable / Dependent Variable

During which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes duplicate?

interphase

The greenhouse effect

is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere.

There are three major parts within each DNA nucleotide. Of these three, which is responsible for the storage of genetic information?

its four nitrogen bases

Transcription is the____.

manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA

Which of the following are greenhouse gases?

methane and carbon dioxide

Environmental air temperature can fluctuate many degrees during the course of a day. A human's body temperature

must be maintained within a range of a few degrees.

Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

nucleotides forming DNA

At what level of biological organization does evolution take place?

population

cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their

rate of cell division.

Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in____ cells and carries____ to all cells or the body.

red blood; oxygen

Which of the following acts as a carbon source within the carbon cycle?

respiration from humans and animals

Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis

results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events for an altered protein that is secreted from the cell?

rough endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - plasma membrane

If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n)

single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG

Which of the following is a correct association?

sister chromatids - two identical chromosome strands still attached at the centromere

In humans, male gametes are called_____, while female gametes are called ____.

sperm; eggs

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using an RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

tRNA

Climate can best be described as

the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time.

Erwin Chargaffs research determined the composition of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA. His work determined that

the percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine.

Cancer occurs when

the regulation of the cell cycle is lost and uncontrolled cell division occurs

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the ___of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the____of the chloroplast.

thylakoid; stroma

Adenine always pairs with:

thymine

The process by which RNA is made from DNA:

transcription

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means

two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed

Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in

two monomers.