Biology Final
Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants?
Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period.
What is stratified cuboidal epithelium composed of?
a. several layers of boxlike cells
The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to
antigens
The body's reaction to PTH (parathyroid hormone), a reduction in plasma levels of calcium, can be opposed by
calcitonin.
At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo?
cleavage
The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is
ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm.
urea is produced in the
liver from NH3 and CO2
CD4 and CD8 are
molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with MHC molecules
Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees? A) mutualism B) parasitism C) commensalism D) facilitation E) competition
parasitism
When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breath
rising CO2
Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism? A) lion - substrate feeder B) baleen whale - suspension feeder C) aphid - fluid feeder D) clam - suspension feeder E) snake - bulk feeder
snake - bulk feeder
At some time during their existence, bryophytes may feature
sporangia.
Ecdysone is a(n)
steroid hormone.
The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is least likely to be found associated with such appendages?
stomata
Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called
stomata.
In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains
two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus.
Sound waves arriving at a listener first strike the
tympanic membrane.
among human males both semen and urine normally travel along the
urethra
Hormones that promote homeostasis
usually operate as part of a negative feedback system.
An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with
vasodilation.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?
vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit
blood pressure is lowest in the
vena cavae
The fat-soluble vitamins include
vitamin A
A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of
5,000
Breathing is usually regulated by
CO2 and O2 concentration and pH level sensors.
Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? A) Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites. B) The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species. C) Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species. D) Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. E) Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species.
Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.
the hypothalamic hormone that stimulates hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland is
GnRH
The correct sequence of sensory processing is
Stimulus reception -> sensory transduction -> sensory perception -> sensory adaptation
Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have
a closed circulatory system.
Which of the following plant hormones would most likely be found in high concentrations in a mature, slightly overripe fruit?
abscisic acid and ethylene
The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates
absorption.
from earliest to latest the overall sequence of early development proceeds in what sequence
acrosomal - cortical - synthesis of embryos DNA begins - first cell division
Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange
across the membranes of their cells.
Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?
alternation of multicellular generations
In the human disease known as lupus there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells which categorizes lupus as
an autoimmune disease
In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X
an increase in A always produces an increase in X.
An increase from pH 7.2 to pH 7.4 around hemoglobin causes
an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules.
Abnormally reduced somatic growth (dwarfism) can be a consequence of decreased hormone secretion from the
anterior pituitary gland.
a patient complaining of watery itchy eyes and sneezing after given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with
antihistamines
all hormones
are carried to target cells in the blood
irculatory systems in molluscs
are open in species of small sized molluscs and are closed in species of large sized molluscs
Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to
be unaffected.
he diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the
blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic
from earliest to latest the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences
cleavage - gastrulation - organgenesis
which of the following correctly displays the sequence of developmental milestones
cleavage - morula - blastula - gastrula
Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system? A) root hairdermal tissue B) palisade parenchymaground tissue C) guard celldermal tissue D) companion cellground tissue E) tracheidvascular tissue
companion cell - ground tissue
which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system A) root hairdermal tissue B) palisade parenchymaground tissue C) guard celldermal tissue D) companion cellground tissue E) tracheidvascular tissue
companion cell - ground tissue
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is
converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells.
for the 10 dyas following ovulation in a non pregnant menstrual cycle the main source of progesterone is the
corpus luteum
Gas exchange in the gills of a bony fish is maximized by what
countercurrent exchange
Cells transplanted from the neural tube of a frog embryo to the ventral part of another embryo develop into nervous system tissues. This result indicates that the transplanted cells were
determined.
Countercurrent exchange in the gills of a fish maintains a gradient that:
enhances diffusion
sperm cells are stored within human males in the
epididymis
The production of red blood cells is stimulated by
erythropoietin.
A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor to a given recepient even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions because
even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's hedr MHC proteins may not be a match
The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the
fishes.
in correct chronological order the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are
follicular ovulation luteal
The following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure
giraffe
among the following choices which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure
giraffe
the molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at
grinding
What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates
have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not.
Pulse is a direct measure of
heart rate.
A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell mediated immune pathways
helper T cell
A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a
helper T cell
Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A) cells that have mitochondria B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin C) nervous conduction and muscular movement D) heterotrophy E) Two of these responses are correct.
heterotrophy
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in the
hypothalamus.
Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other
in their heavy chain structure
Alcohol consumption increases output because alcohol
inhibits ADH production
Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its action? A) oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth B) thyroxine - stimulates metabolic processes C) insulin - stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver D) ACTH - stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex E) melatonin - affects biological rhythms, seasonal reproduction
insulin - stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver
An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is
insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism
In a survivably cold environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm
invests little energy in temperature regulation.
innate immunity
is activated immediately upon infection
To prevent insect pests from maturing into reproducing adults, pest controllers use synthetic agonists of
juvenile hormone.
Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function? A) stomach - protein digestion B) oral cavity - starch digestion C) large intestine - bile production D) small intestine - nutrient absorption E) pancrease - enzyme production
large intestine - bile production
Microphylls are found in which plant group?
lycophytes
The plasma proteins in humans
maintain the blood's osmotic pressure.
The function of antibodies is to
mark pathogenic cells for destruction
in the life cycle of an angiosperm which of the following stages is diploid
microsporocyte
engulfing phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except A) neutrophils. B) macrophages. C) dendritic cells. D) natural killer cells.
natural killer cells
Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?
normal vision and vitamin A
for normal human fertilization to occur
only one sperm need penetrate one egg
fertilization of human eggs usually takes place in the
oviduct
the bohr shift on the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in
pH
This type of immunity is present oly when a newborn infant is being fed by actively nursing on its mother and ends when nursing ends
passive immunity
Adaptive immunity depends on
pathogen-specific recognition.
Suppose that substance X is secreted by one cell, travels via interstitial fluid to a neighboring cell, and produces an effect on that cell. All of the following terms could describe this substance except Suppose that substance X is secreted by one cell, travels via interstitial fluid to a neighboring cell, and produces an effect on that cell. All of the following terms could describe this substance except A) paracrine signal. B) neurotransmitter. C) prostaglandin. D) pheromone. E) growth factor
pheromone
The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart
prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
the semilunar valve of the mammalian heart
prevents backflow of flood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries
Sporophylls can be found in which of the following? Sporophylls can be found in which of the following? A) mosses B) liverworts C) hornworts D) pterophytes E) charophytes
pterophytes
increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2 degrees Celsius (ie near the normal body core temperature) and holding it there would
reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis
Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that
schizophrenia results in hallucinations.
heartwood and sapwood consist of
secondary xylem
Heartwood and sapwood consist of
secondary xylem.
Afferent neuronal systems include the
sensory systems
a systematic inflammatory response that is often life threatening is
septic shock
clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of
short lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies from antigen
Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the ________ nervous system.
sympathetic
Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?
systole of the left ventricle
muscles are joined to bones by
tendons
What will be the longterm effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed?
the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas
contact of a sperm with signal molecules in the coat of an egg causes the sperm to undergo
the acrosomal reaction
Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of
the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine.
Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity?
the pancreas
Melatonin is secreted by
the pineal gland during the night.
Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants?
the presence of chloroplasts
A transfusion of type A blood given to a person who has type O blood would result in
the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells
In active immunity, but not passive immunity, there is
the requirement for direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen.
Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of
the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells.
When a steroid hormone and a peptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then
the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas peptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell.
For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen it is necessary that
the surface antigens of the pathogen not change
Velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because
the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system
an oocyte release from a human ovary enters the oviduct as a result of
the wavelike beating of cilia lining the oviduct
Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty
understanding language
Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because
water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume.