Biology Final

Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants?

Whole forests were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period.

What is stratified cuboidal epithelium composed of?

a. several layers of boxlike cells

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

antigens

The body's reaction to PTH (parathyroid hormone), a reduction in plasma levels of calcium, can be opposed by

calcitonin.

At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a protostome embryo from a deuterostome embryo?

cleavage

The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is

ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm.

urea is produced in the

liver from NH3 and CO2

CD4 and CD8 are

molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with MHC molecules

Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees? A) mutualism B) parasitism C) commensalism D) facilitation E) competition

parasitism

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breath

rising CO2

Which of the following animals is incorrectly paired with its feeding mechanism? A) lion - substrate feeder B) baleen whale - suspension feeder C) aphid - fluid feeder D) clam - suspension feeder E) snake - bulk feeder

snake - bulk feeder

At some time during their existence, bryophytes may feature

sporangia.

Ecdysone is a(n)

steroid hormone.

The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is least likely to be found associated with such appendages?

stomata

Pores on the leaf surface that function in gas exchange are called

stomata.

In flowering plants, a mature male gametophyte contains

two sperm nuclei and one tube cell nucleus.

Sound waves arriving at a listener first strike the

tympanic membrane.

among human males both semen and urine normally travel along the

urethra

Hormones that promote homeostasis

usually operate as part of a negative feedback system.

An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with

vasodilation.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?

vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit

blood pressure is lowest in the

vena cavae

The fat-soluble vitamins include

vitamin A

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of

5,000

Breathing is usually regulated by

CO2 and O2 concentration and pH level sensors.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion? A) Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites. B) The random distribution of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species. C) Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species. D) Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. E) Natural selection tends to increase competition between related species.

Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.

the hypothalamic hormone that stimulates hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland is

GnRH

The correct sequence of sensory processing is

Stimulus reception -> sensory transduction -> sensory perception -> sensory adaptation

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have

a closed circulatory system.

Which of the following plant hormones would most likely be found in high concentrations in a mature, slightly overripe fruit?

abscisic acid and ethylene

The large surface area in the gut directly facilitates

absorption.

from earliest to latest the overall sequence of early development proceeds in what sequence

acrosomal - cortical - synthesis of embryos DNA begins - first cell division

Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange

across the membranes of their cells.

Which of the following characteristics of plants is absent in their closest relatives, the charophyte algae?

alternation of multicellular generations

In the human disease known as lupus there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells which categorizes lupus as

an autoimmune disease

In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X

an increase in A always produces an increase in X.

An increase from pH 7.2 to pH 7.4 around hemoglobin causes

an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules.

Abnormally reduced somatic growth (dwarfism) can be a consequence of decreased hormone secretion from the

anterior pituitary gland.

a patient complaining of watery itchy eyes and sneezing after given a flower bouquet as a birthday gift should first be treated with

antihistamines

all hormones

are carried to target cells in the blood

irculatory systems in molluscs

are open in species of small sized molluscs and are closed in species of large sized molluscs

Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to

be unaffected.

he diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the

blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic

from earliest to latest the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences

cleavage - gastrulation - organgenesis

which of the following correctly displays the sequence of developmental milestones

cleavage - morula - blastula - gastrula

Which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system? A) root hairdermal tissue B) palisade parenchymaground tissue C) guard celldermal tissue D) companion cellground tissue E) tracheidvascular tissue

companion cell - ground tissue

which structure is incorrectly paired with its tissue system A) root hairdermal tissue B) palisade parenchymaground tissue C) guard celldermal tissue D) companion cellground tissue E) tracheidvascular tissue

companion cell - ground tissue

Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is

converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells.

for the 10 dyas following ovulation in a non pregnant menstrual cycle the main source of progesterone is the

corpus luteum

Gas exchange in the gills of a bony fish is maximized by what

countercurrent exchange

Cells transplanted from the neural tube of a frog embryo to the ventral part of another embryo develop into nervous system tissues. This result indicates that the transplanted cells were

determined.

Countercurrent exchange in the gills of a fish maintains a gradient that:

enhances diffusion

sperm cells are stored within human males in the

epididymis

The production of red blood cells is stimulated by

erythropoietin.

A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor to a given recepient even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions because

even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's hedr MHC proteins may not be a match

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the

fishes.

in correct chronological order the three phases of the human ovarian cycle are

follicular ovulation luteal

The following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure

giraffe

among the following choices which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure

giraffe

the molar teeth of herbivorous mammals are especially effective at

grinding

What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates

have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not.

Pulse is a direct measure of

heart rate.

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell mediated immune pathways

helper T cell

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a

helper T cell

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A) cells that have mitochondria B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin C) nervous conduction and muscular movement D) heterotrophy E) Two of these responses are correct.

heterotrophy

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in the

hypothalamus.

Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other

in their heavy chain structure

Alcohol consumption increases output because alcohol

inhibits ADH production

Which hormone is incorrectly paired with its action? A) oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth B) thyroxine - stimulates metabolic processes C) insulin - stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver D) ACTH - stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex E) melatonin - affects biological rhythms, seasonal reproduction

insulin - stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver

An example of antagonistic hormones controlling homeostasis is

insulin and glucagon in glucose metabolism

In a survivably cold environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm

invests little energy in temperature regulation.

innate immunity

is activated immediately upon infection

To prevent insect pests from maturing into reproducing adults, pest controllers use synthetic agonists of

juvenile hormone.

Which of the following organs is incorrectly paired with its function? A) stomach - protein digestion B) oral cavity - starch digestion C) large intestine - bile production D) small intestine - nutrient absorption E) pancrease - enzyme production

large intestine - bile production

Microphylls are found in which plant group?

lycophytes

The plasma proteins in humans

maintain the blood's osmotic pressure.

The function of antibodies is to

mark pathogenic cells for destruction

in the life cycle of an angiosperm which of the following stages is diploid

microsporocyte

engulfing phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except A) neutrophils. B) macrophages. C) dendritic cells. D) natural killer cells.

natural killer cells

Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?

normal vision and vitamin A

for normal human fertilization to occur

only one sperm need penetrate one egg

fertilization of human eggs usually takes place in the

oviduct

the bohr shift on the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

pH

This type of immunity is present oly when a newborn infant is being fed by actively nursing on its mother and ends when nursing ends

passive immunity

Adaptive immunity depends on

pathogen-specific recognition.

Suppose that substance X is secreted by one cell, travels via interstitial fluid to a neighboring cell, and produces an effect on that cell. All of the following terms could describe this substance except Suppose that substance X is secreted by one cell, travels via interstitial fluid to a neighboring cell, and produces an effect on that cell. All of the following terms could describe this substance except A) paracrine signal. B) neurotransmitter. C) prostaglandin. D) pheromone. E) growth factor

pheromone

The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart

prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

the semilunar valve of the mammalian heart

prevents backflow of flood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries

Sporophylls can be found in which of the following? Sporophylls can be found in which of the following? A) mosses B) liverworts C) hornworts D) pterophytes E) charophytes

pterophytes

increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2 degrees Celsius (ie near the normal body core temperature) and holding it there would

reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis

Bipolar disorder differs from schizophrenia in that

schizophrenia results in hallucinations.

heartwood and sapwood consist of

secondary xylem

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

secondary xylem.

Afferent neuronal systems include the

sensory systems

a systematic inflammatory response that is often life threatening is

septic shock

clonal selection of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to production of

short lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies from antigen

Preparation for the fight-or-flight response includes activation of the ________ nervous system.

sympathetic

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

systole of the left ventricle

muscles are joined to bones by

tendons

What will be the longterm effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed?

the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas

contact of a sperm with signal molecules in the coat of an egg causes the sperm to undergo

the acrosomal reaction

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of

the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine.

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity?

the pancreas

Melatonin is secreted by

the pineal gland during the night.

Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants?

the presence of chloroplasts

A transfusion of type A blood given to a person who has type O blood would result in

the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells

In active immunity, but not passive immunity, there is

the requirement for direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen.

Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of

the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells.

When a steroid hormone and a peptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then

the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas peptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell.

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen it is necessary that

the surface antigens of the pathogen not change

Velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because

the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system

an oocyte release from a human ovary enters the oviduct as a result of

the wavelike beating of cilia lining the oviduct

Patients with damage to Wernicke's area have difficulty

understanding language

Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because

water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume.