Biology Final Review 2

At the breakfast table, your roommate says, "Oops! I forgot to take my melatonin last night. I'd better take it now." How do you respond?

"Don't take it now — it regulates biological rhythms, and is normally high at night and low during the day."

Which group includes mammals, birds, and reptiles but excludes all other chordates?

Amniotes

Select the following phylum that includes protostome animals that are segmented, bilaterally symmetric, and have a chitinous exoskeleton.

Arthropoda

Segmentation is the subdivision of the body into segments. True segmentation is found in which of the following phyla?

Arthropoda, Annelida, Chordata

Four-year-old Sammy is having a temper-tantrum. In a final attempt to get his way, he yells to his mom, "I'm gonna hold my breath 'til I die!" What is the primary reason that Sammy's mom is unconcerned by this statement?

As Sammy holds his breath, the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in his blood will lead to stimulation of the respiratory control center in his brain.

A species colonizes an island, goes through a phase of exponential growth, and reaches the carrying capacity (K) of the island. At what stage is the growth rate slowest?

After reaching K

What are population pyramids used to show?

Age composition of a population

What are the source of antibody-producing cells?

B cells

Which of the following evidence obtained from fossil studies is generally accepted as marking the beginning of the hominids?

Bipedalism

The most efficient lungs with respect to oxygen uptake are found in this group of vertebrates.

Birds

Which connective tissue has a fluid matrix?

Blood

A snail in your garden and an oyster are quite different in appearance. What would be evidence to justify grouping them together?

Both have a mantle capable of secreting a calcium carbonate shell.

Predict why a box jelly can eat fish while a sponge can only consume bacteria and other microscopic organic matter?

Box jellies start digestion in their gastrovascular cavity.

In 2012, Lance Armstrong was stripped of his record-setting, seven Tour de France titles and banned for life from competitive cycling because of his alleged use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs). One of the PEDs Armstrong was accused of taking is erythropoietin (EPO). Why would systematic use of this PED give Armstrong an unfair advantage in a bike race?

EPO stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow.

What do echinoderms and chordates have in common?

Endoskeletons

Pseudocoelomate nematodes lack a body cavity.

Incorrect, although not fully enclosed by mesoderm, the pseudocoel is a body cavity.

What is true about the lymphatic system?

It collects fluid that seeps into the tissues and returns it to the blood.

What would be the best approach to curbing excessive human population growth?

Lowering birth rates through education and family planning

Elephantiasis is an infectious disease in which blockage of the circulatory system by microscopic, parasitic roundworms results in a dramatic swelling of the tissues in the lower half of the body. What region of the circulatory system is most likely blocked by these small, thread-like worms?

Lymphatic vessels and/or lymph nodes

Dibenzoylhydrazines are a category of molecules that have been used as insecticides. They work by blocking ecdysteroid receptors. How does this kill an insect?

The insect cannot molt.

Which part of a hemoglobin molecule binds to a molecule of O2?

The iron atom in the center of a heme group

Pinworm is a nematode parasite that lives in the human rectum and causes itching in the anal area. What best explains the itching symptom?

The itching induces the person to scratch, helping to spread the parasite to another person.

Why doesn't the stomach acid just digest right through the wall of the stomach?

The lining of the stomach is protected by mucus.

You witness a demonstration of a martial arts master breaking a large concrete block with his hand. Besides mastering the technique, what is another benefit of the repetitive practice of breaking concrete?

The repetitive stress will lead to remodeling and strengthening of the long bones.

Manta rays, sting rays, and eagle rays are similar to lampreys in that they have cartilaginous skeletons. How are they different from lampreys?

They have jaws.

Sharks have a number of fleshy gill slits instead of a bony gill cover. How does this affect their behavior?

They keep swimming to move water across their gills.

The single ventricle in an amphibian heart means the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix. How do amphibians manage to survive despite this inefficiency?

They transport oxygen across the skin.

In the old days, milkmaids were exposed to cowpox from milking the cows, and this fortuitously gave them some protection from smallpox. What was happening in the milkmaids?

They were effectively receiving a vaccination from a related virus.

Damage to its flagellum would prevent a choanocyte from

circulating water through the sponge.

All organisms living together in a place are called a(n)

community.

Birds, like mammals, can regulate their body temperatures within close limits. Therefore birds and mammals are called

endothermic.

Features that have been retained by reptiles from the time they replaced the amphibians as the dominant terrestrial vertebrates include all of the following, except

endothermy.

It's the ninth inning, and the bases are loaded. As the pitcher winds up to throw the ball, how does each tissue in his arm contribute to this critical pitch? The ________ of his fingers grips the ball. His ________ sends instructions that trigger his ________ to contract. His ________ provides stability and transmits the force produced.

epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue

All of the following statements about exoskeletons are correct except

exoskeletons do not limit growth because they can stretch.

Water and small solutes are filtered under pressure out of the blood plasma into nephrons through the porous walls of the________, tufts of capillaries in the renal cortex.

glomerulus

Mammals are the only vertebrates to possess

hair.

Parazoa

have no true tissues.

In the countercurrent exchange in a fish's gills, the oxygen concentration is always ________ in the water than the blood along the entire pathway of each lamella.

higher

The North American pronghorn antelope can run almost as fast as a cheetah, but unlike the cheetah, can also sustain speeds of 30-40 mph for miles. The pronghorn is about the size of a large, domestic goat. You would predict the antelope to have a ________ than the goat which has speeds of 10 mph for miles.

higher concentration of hemoglobin

Apes and humans together make up a group called

hominoids.

A(n) ________ is a regulatory molecule that is secreted into the blood by an endocrine gland.

hormone

A chimpanzee's closest extant relative is a(n)

human.

The large number of alveoli in lungs improve gas exchange by ________.

increasing the surface area for diffusion

To diagnose and treat a disease, a doctor must evaluate the patient's body at multiple levels of organization. Identify the level of organization relevant to each stage of the process described below.

organ system, tissue, organ, cell

In birds and mammals, a vestige of the sinus venosus of the fish heart remains as the sinoatrial node, which serves as a(n)

pacemaker.

The islets of Langerhans cells located in the ________ secrete both insulin and glucagon.

pancreas

Bicarbonate that neutralizes stomach acid is produced by the

pancreas.

As compared to the circulatory system of most fishes, the circulatory system of adult amphibians has the advantage of

partially separate circuits for gas exchange and systemic delivery of blood.

James has been having trouble digesting lean steaks and other protein-rich foods, and these foods seem to stay in his stomach longer than usual. James is likely lacking the enzyme ________.

pepsin

Dorothy suffered a serious stroke that destroyed neurons in the swallowing center of her brain. This damage to her brain would prevent ________.

peristalsis

In a vertebrate with a four-chambered heart, the structure(s) containing blood with the highest O2 concentration is/are the ________.

pulmonary veins

During exhalation, the diaphragm ________.

relaxes and moves up

The general term that describes the uptake of oxygen from the environment and the disposal of carbon dioxide at the body system level is

respiration.

The left ventricle in mammals is more muscular than the right ventricle because

the left ventricle has to pump blood throughout the body at high pressure.

Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers. This means that

the osmolarity of their body fluids is the same as their seawater environment.

Amphibians are not completely free to live on dry land because

their reproduction depends on water.

The gas exchange surfaces in a mammalian lung are organized into structures that look like clusters of hollow grapes. The hollow, grape-like structures are the________.

alveoli

One of the most critical adaptations of the reptiles in relation to their life on land is the evolution of the

amniotic egg.

The characteristic that makes the muscle cells unique is the relative abundance and organization of

actin and myosin fibers.

The exchange of gases across a respiratory surface always occurs by

diffusion.

The organ that performs filtration of blood, reabsorption, and secretion in vertebrates is the ________.

kidney

Monotremes differ from the other mammals in their

laying of shelled eggs.

Amphibians are thought to have evolved from

lobe-finned fish.

Excess fluid in the tissues drains into

lymphatic capillaries

Each human kidney contains about a million ________, which are the tubular functional units of the kidney.

nephrons

Which is an example of a clumped distribution of a population?

Antelope travel in herds.

A patient with advanced colon cancer just had most of his large intestine removed. What process will be most reduced in this patient as compared to a healthy person?

Absorption of water into the blood

Which of the following living reptiles care for their young and have a four-chambered heart, as birds do?

Crocodiles

Select the phylum that includes deuterostome animals that are exclusively marine and have radial symmetry as adults.

Echinodermata

A couple visits a fertility clinic to determine the basis of their difficulty in conceiving a child. They are surprised to hear they will both be tested for levels of two of the same hormones, which play roles in the ovarian cycle and sperm production. Which hormones are they?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

What hormone raises blood glucose levels?

Glucagon

There is a molecule in black licorice that inhibits an enzyme which normally limits activation of mineralocorticoid receptors. Thus, overconsumption of licorice can mimic the effect of excess aldosterone. What would be the result?

Hypertension (high blood pressure) due to insufficient potassium in the blood

You wish to determine which organs function to remove waste products from the hemolymph (blood) of an insect. You do so by injecting a suspension of particulate dye particles into the abdominal cavity of an anesthetized cricket. Where will you find these dye particles 45 minutes later, after you euthanize and dissect the cricket?

In the Malpighian tubules

Demographic studies include all of the following except what?

Measurements of interspecific competition

Which of the following are the fundamental embryonic tissues called the "germ layers"?

Mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm

Patches of populations that undergo local periodic extinction and recolonization are called what?

Metapopulations

What are the three animal phyla that dominate animal life on land?

Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chordata

Low body temperature triggers adaptive responses to conserve heat. Once the integrating center detects that body temperature has risen, it will decrease these responses. What is this an example of?

Negative feedback

What are the cells that are specialized to produce and conduct electrochemical impulses called?

Neurons

If an adult human suffered a traumatic injury, could their notochord be damaged?

No, adult humans do not have a notochord but vertebrae instead.

Of the following combination of statements about protostomes and deuterostomes, which choice is correct?

Protostomes are animals in which the mouth develops from the blastopore, and the anus or anal pore develops from the second opening. Deuterostomes are animals in which the anus develops from the blastopore, and the mouth develops secondarily later in their development.

Which one of the following terms applies to the phylum Cnidaria?

Radial symmetry

A scientist is trying to coax stem cells to differentiate into muscle to use as a therapy for muscular dystrophy. He looks at his Petri dish and is excited to see the cells contracting! The cells appear striated and multinucleate. What type of muscle are they?

Skeletal muscle

What are epithelial cells with a flat shape and tapered edges called?

Squamous

Your professor asks you to explain the difference between a tendon and a ligament. How do you answer?

Tendons secure muscles to bones, and ligaments secure bones to other bones.

You are taking a lab practical exam. One station has a microscope slide of a cross section through an artery and vein. Which vessel is the artery?

The vessel with more muscle tissue and elastic fibers in its wall

What is the most fundamental difference between the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system?

The way in which pathogens are recognized

Scuba divers use a BCD to control buoyancy. It is essentially a bag that can be inflated or deflated to prevent excessive sinking or floating. How do bony fish accomplish this?

They adjust the level of gasses in their swim bladder.

Mammalian, bird, and crocodile hearts have four chambers with two separate atria and ventricles to ensure ________ different circuits for blood flow.

two

Claire lost the ability to completely empty her bladder following a stroke, and a nurse inserts a catheter into the open end of her urinary tract each day to remove the urine. Into what structure does the nurse insert the catheter?

Urethra

Which is an example of a density-independent factor on a population?

Weather

Many animals have a mutually-beneficial, symbiotic relationship with bacteria that reside in their guts. To study the effects of these relationships in more detail, research organisms such as fish and mice have been raised under germ-free conditions. What important process do you predict is compromised in germ-free mice?

Vitamin K synthesis

The liver produces ________ that functions in emulsification of fats.

bile

Birds are different from reptiles in all of the following features except

bipedalism.

Exchange of gases and metabolites between the blood and tissues occurs in the

capillaries.

The range of a population

changes over time due to external events.

A Tyrannosaurus rex's closest relative is a

chicken.

Effects that are dependent on the size of the population and regulate the growth of populations are called ________ effects.

density-dependent

The kidneys are important homeostatic organs, contributing to maintenance of all of the following except

destruction of worn-out red blood cells.

The evolutionary innovation that first appeared in arthropods and is characteristic of the most successful of all animal groups is that of

jointed appendages.