Biology Final Study Guide: Chapter 48

A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm and swollen. What response is occurring? A) Inflammatory response B) Lytic response C) Adaptive immune response D) Autoimmune response

A) Inflammatory response

Which description is correctly matched with its term? A) Innate defenses—able to defend against any pathogen B) Adaptive immunity—able to defend against any pathogen C) Innate defenses—unable to fight cancerous cells D) Adaptive immunity—unable to fight cancerous cells E) All answers are correct.

A) Innate defenses—able to defend against any pathogen

What major advantage is conveyed by having a system of adaptive immunity? A) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered. B) It enables an animal to counter most pathogens almost instantly the first time they are encountered. C) It results in effector cells, each of which has specificity for a large number of antigens. D) It allows for the destruction of antibodies.

A) It enables a rapid defense against an antigen that has been previously encountered.

Adaptive immune defenses provide a defense against a specific infectious agent, while innate immunity is more broadly directed in its action. A) True B) False

A) True

A phagocyte is a cell that A) engulfs other cells and debris. B) primarily is used to produce antibodies. C) produces white blood cells. D) produces platelets. E) transports oxygen to tissues

A) engulfs other cells and debris

Innate immunity..... A) is activated immediately upon infection B) depends on an infected animals previous exposure to the same pathogen C) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens D) is found only in vertebrate animals E) utilizes highly specific antigen receptors on B cells

A) is activated immediately upon infection

Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of ________. A) memory cells B) macrophages C) stem cells D) B cells E) T cells

A) memory cells

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that ________. A) the surface antigens of the pathogen stay the same B) a rearrangement of the B-cell receptor antibodies takes place C) all of the surface antigens on the pathogen be identified D) the pathogen have only one epitope E) the major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules are heterozygous

A) the surface antigens of the pathogen stay the same

In an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the body's self antigens. A) true B) false

A) true

You and a friend were in line for a movie when you noticed the woman in front of you sneezing and coughing. Both of you were equally exposed to the woman's virus, but over the next few days, only your friend acquired flu-like symptoms and was ill for almost a week before recovering. Which one of the following is a logical explanation for this? A) Your friend had antibodies to that virus. B) You had an adaptive immunity to that virus. C) Your friend had an autoimmune disorder. D) Your friend had allergies.

B) You had an adaptive immunity to that virus.

A Y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n) A) interferon. B) antibody. C) complement protein. D) phagocyte. E) B cell.

B) antibody.

Adaptive immunity is based upon..... A) traits common to groups of pathogens B) antigen-specific recognition C) maternal provision of antibodies to offspring D) plants being exposed to new pathogens E) having exhausted all options for innate immunity responses

B) antigen-specific recognition

A molecule that stimulates an immune-system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n) A) antibody. B) antigen. C) substrate. D) phagocyte. E) complement protein.

B) antigen.

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to ________. A) antibodies B) antigens C) natural killer cells D) double-stranded RNA E) immunoglobulins

B) antigens

Inflammatory responses typically include.... A) clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area C) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma D) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area E) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow

B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area

Vaccination increases the number of ________. A) different receptors that recognize a pathogen B) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen C) epitopes that the immune system can recognize D) macrophages specific for a pathogen E) major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules that can present an antigen

B) lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen

A key part of the humoral immune response is ________. A) the cytotoxic T-cell attack of infected host cells B) the production of antibodies by plasma cells C) perforation of infected host cells by perforin D) phagocytosis of pathogens E) the initiation of programmed cell death in infected host cells

B) the production of antibodies by plasma cells

Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease? A) A condition in which B cells and T cells respond independently to antigens and do not interact correctly B) A condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen C) A condition in which self molecules are treated as non self D) A condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by an antigen

C) A condition in which self molecules are treated as non self

Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrowtransplant. What would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow? A) They would be paralyzed. B) They could not filter their blood and would require dialysis. C) They would be immunocompromised. D) They could not produce bile. E) Their bones would degenerate.

C) They would be immunocompromised.

In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells; this categorizes lupus as ________. A) an allergy B) an immunodeficiency C) an autoimmune disease D) an antigenic variation E) a cancer

C) an autoimmune disease

What is not part of the innate defense response? A) cilia that sweep bacteria out of the respiratory tract B) the process of inflammation C) antibody production D) fever production

C) antibody production

Among the last line of defenses against prolonged exposure to an extracellular pathogen is________. A) lysozyme production B) phagocytosis by neutrophils C) antibody production by plasma cells D) histamine release by basophils E) mast cell activation

C) antibody production by plasma cells

Antigens are.... A) immunoglobulins B) used by the immune system go neutralize foreign objects C) foreign molecules that can initiate an immune response D) produced by white blood cells

C) foreign molecules that can initiate an immune response

B cells and T cells are A) basophils B) invaders C) lymphocytes D) allergies E) vaccines

C) lymphocytes

The role of B cells in adaptive immunity is _____, while the role of T cells in adaptive immunity is _____. A) to recognize any antigen; to recognize a specific antigen B)to recognize a specific antigen; to recognize any antigen C)to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; to attack marked cells in cell-mediated immunity D)to attack marked cells in cell-mediated immunity; to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity E)to create antigens; to destroy antibodies

C)to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; to attack marked cells in cell-mediated immunity

White blood cells are produced A) by mitotic division of other white blood cells. B) from platelets. C) from chondrocytes. D) from bone marrow stem cells. E) from plasma proteins.

D) from bone marrow stem cells.

The immune response that is rapid but generic is called..... A) acquired immune response B) adaptive immune response C) individual immune response D) innate immune response

D) innate immune response

Which is not a major part of the immune system? A) thymus B) bone marrow C) spleen D) pancreas E) lymph node

D) pancreas

A fruit fly, internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus, is protected by its...... A) plasma cells B) immunoglobulins C) antibodies D) toll proteins E) b cells

D) toll proteins

Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include A) the acidity of the stomach. B) tear fluid from the eye. C) an un-punctured skin. D) mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract. E) All answers are correct.

E) All answers are correct.

A function of antibodies is to ________. A) inject toxins into living pathogens B) secrete cytokines that attract macrophages to infection sites C) release major histocompatibility proteins to disrupt infected cells D) act as Toll-like receptors E) mark pathogenic cells for destruction

E) mark pathogenic cells for destruction

The most inclusive set of symptoms of inflammation is...... A) heat, pain, and redness B) pain and whitening of the surrounding tissue C) swelling and pain D) antibody-producing cells E) swelling, heat, redness, and pain

E) swelling, heat, redness, and pain