Biology Final Test Thing

Tonotopic organization (cochlea & cortex):

Each area of the cortex represents a different part of the cochlea and thus a different pitch.

What happens at week 13 of fetal auditory development?

Ears moved up into place ossicles now bone hair cells differentiate.

What kind of energy goes with Photoreceptors:

Electromagnetic (light) energy.

Which structure of the ear leads to the mouth and why?

Eustachian tube because it equalizes air pressure.

What parts correspond to the correct parts of the ear?

Eustachian tube, middle ear.

Define evolution and what it can and can't explain.

Evolution is the change in inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It does not explain origins development of universe and how life first began and it does explain unity and diversity of life and match of organism to its environment.

Infant music preferences and discrimination:

Experiments to determine preference and discrimination were infant looking time habituation and to determine discrimination was conditioned head turning paradigm. Infant trained conditioned to turn head towards speaker when stimulus changes. Infants are linguistic & musical universalists. Infants discriminate all sounds. Infants can detect changes in pitch contour whether melody goes up or down and detect changes in pitch interval pitch distance between two tones. Infants are introduced to music socially. Infants show focused attention when they can both see and hear the singer. Infants show more focused attention to maternal singing compared to maternal speech.

What happens at week 27 of fetal auditory development?

External auditory input starts to reorganize the auditory cortex.

What kind of energy goes with Nociceptors:

Extreme thermal or noxious chemical energy.

Label Motor Function Area/Pre-motor cortex:

Eye movement and orientation

True or false sound waves traveling at a higher frequency make the tympanic membrane vibrate at a slower rate:

False.

What can fetuses not do?

Fetuses can't localize sound

Fetal auditory development:

Fetuses first start to hear at 18 weeks.

Round window:

Fluid waves dissipate when they get to this part which is at the end of the tympanic canal.

Musical fossil evidence:

Flute and paintings on cave walls.

Impacted ear wax:

Form of conductive hearing loss.

Sound:

Form of energy that's transmitted by pressure waves through a medium.

Which structure of the ear is damaged by loud sounds?

Hair Cells.

Hearing aids vs cochlear implants:

Hearing aids amplify sound microphone and speaker and cochlear implants converts sound to electrical energy that is used to stimulate the auditory nerve.

Briefly explain the difference between Sensation and Perception when referring to hearing?

Hearing sensation refers to the process of sensing our environment through sound. In other words, the stimulation of a sensory receptor (hair cell) which produces neural impulses that the brain interprets as sound. Perception is when the brain organizes the information and translates/interprets it into something meaningful. Perception is unique to an individual and is influenced by memories (past experiences), emotions, etc.

Auditory Area:

Hearing, and also known as the Primary auditory cortex and the Secondary auditory cortex.

What are the hypotheses for the function of music:

Hypothesis1: Sexually selected trait, Hypothesis 2: Maintain social ties on a large scale, Hypothesis 3: Maintain monogamous bonds, and Hypothesis 4: Maintain bonds with altricial infants.

Vocal cords:

In larynx.

Phylogenetic tree:

Inferred evolutionary relationships among species, genetic evidence, morphological evidence.

Encoding memories:

Information transformed into a memory representation prefrontal cortex and hippocampus analyze sensory input decide if worth remembering.

Label Motor Function Area:

Initiation of voluntary muscles, and also known as Motor cortex.

Hippocampus, prefrontal, limbic system:

Our memories are all related to the functions of these parts of the brain where the hippocampus is the center of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous center, the prefrontal cortex has to do with planning and contributes to personality development, and the limbic system has to do with instinct, mood, emotions, and drives.

Which kind of personal audio device (headphones) is thought best to reduce noise-induced hearing loss while still letting you jam to your favorite music?

Over-the-ears headphones.

Emotional Area:

Pain, hunger, fight or flight response, and found above the Cerebellum.

Label and define the Somatosensory cortex:

Part of the brain that has to do with the evaluation of weight, texture, temperature, for object recognition and is right next to the Parietal lobe.

Explain your answer to the first multiple choice question "through which medium does sound travel through fastest?" In other words, explain why does sound travel through this medium fastest using the terms "particles" and "vibrations" in your explanation:

Particles in a solid are more closely packed than in a liquid or gas. As one particle starts to vibrate, that particle will more quickly come into contact with the next particle causing the vibration to more quickly pass from one particle to the next.

Perilymph vs Endolymph:

Perilymph is a fluid that is in the cochlea and the inner ear, bony labyrinth contains this fluid, vibrations create pressure waves in this fluid, and pressure waves push down on cochlear duct. Endolymph is contained in membranous labyrinth.

During the hearing process, pressure waves in the _ push down on the cochlear duct causing the _ to vibrate causing the bending of stereocilia of inner hair cells when they come into contact with the _ :

Perilymph, basilar membrane, tectorial membrane.

Pinna:

Pinna helps to funnel sound into the auditory canal; due to its shape it also helps with localization of sound (not required, but interesting: the filtering effect of the shape of human pinna preferentially selects sounds in the frequency range of human speech.

Outer Ear:

Pinna, Tympanic membrane, and Ear drum.

Transnatal memory:

Postnatal retention of prenatally acquired information.

For primary or secondary areas or cortex which will have more complicated functions?

Secondary.

Which structure of the ear is involved in balance?

Semicircular Canals.

Which of the following structures in the ear is associated with balance?

Semicircular canals.

Sensory Area:

Sensation from muscles and skin, found in the Parietal lobe, and is also known as the Somatosensory Area.

What kind of hearing loss is ageing:

Sensorieneural hearing loss.

Exposure to loud noise leads to what kind of hearing loss:

Sensorineural hearing loss.

Melody:

Sequence of notes tune main theme of musical piece.

Association Area:

Short-term memory, equilibrium, emotion, and found in the Temporal lobe.

Visual Area:

Sight, Image recognition, Image perception, and found in the Occipital lobe.

What happens at week 9 of fetal auditory development?

Small indents appear on the sides of the neck ossicles form as cartilage.

Olfactory Area:

Smelling, and is found above the Frontal lobe.

Through which medium does sound travel fastest?

Solid.

What is the auditory sensory pathway?

Sound waves enter ear > Ossicles transmit waves to oval window > Waves pass through cochlea > Hair cells bend > Electrical signal travels to brain.

Mechanoreceptors can receive information related to?

Sound waves/vibrations, body motion and acceleration, and touch.

Amplification:

Strengthening of stimulus energy.

Temporary vs Permanent threshold shift:

Temprorary threshold shift is hearing loss recovered after a couple of days can be permanent if recovery time isn't allowed before sound exposure twisting of hair cells, bending of sterocilia, detachment of tectorial membrane from OHC sterocilia, and decreased energy sources in endolymph and Permanent threshold shift is hearing loss following trauma that can never be recovered and broke hair cells.

What other area of the brain exhibits stimulation during coordinated motor activity label it?

The Cerebellum.

Which structure of the ear is coiled like a snail?

The Cochlea.

Why are differences in the shape and position of the hyoid bone considered fossil evidence of vocal ability?

The Hyoid bone aids in tongue movement the foundation of speech found just above the larynx so the shape of the Hyoid bone changed when the larynx moved down our throat to take up a position that allows us to talk and sing.

Hearing dysfunction can be associated with problems in the mechanical structures of the outer and middle ear. How would conduction of a sound wave be affected by (i) deformity of the pinna, (ii) excess ear wax, (iii) infection and fluid build up in the Eustachian tubes?

The Pinna is meant to act as a funnel which directs the sound into the ear so there would be problems with sound getting into the ear. While some ear wax is not a bad thing but if there is too much it can block the ear which can muffle the kinds of sound that get sent to the rest of the ear. The Eustachian tubes are supposed to ventilate the middle ear space so if there is too much other stuff there it can stop the drainage from the ear.

Evolution:

The change in inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations, explains unity and diversity of life. It can't explain how life started but it can explain how we changed over time.

Semicircular canal:

There are three of them, they are part of the inner ear, they are lined with hairs, and are filled with endolymph.

What kind of energy goes with Thermoreceptors:

Thermal energy.

Homo sapiens vs Neanderthals:

These are the only two who can sing.

Primary and secondary visual cortex:

They are both parts of the brain that have to do with processing visual information, the primary visual cortex is in the very back of the brain, and the secondary visual cortex which is also called the Visual Association Area is just in front of it.

Long term memories:

They are stored throughout the brain as groups of neurons that are primed to fire together in the same pattern that initiated it.

Name three ways that professional instrumentalists' brains and/or professional vocalists' brains are different from non-musicians.

They both have increases in the Auditory cortex (130% more gray matter) because they are both listening to the music, the Visual cortex (used also for visual memory) because they are both reading music, and Motor related regions (Pre-motor cortex, Motor cortex, and Cerebellum) because they are both using some parts of their bodies to move.

Which of the following is true about cochlear implants?

They convert sound energy to electrical energy.

Hair cells in the cochlear duct are unique because:

They have more K+ ions outside of their membranes.

Where are long term memories stored in the brain?

They will be stored everywhere because it depends on what the memory is when it has to do with smell or touch it will activate those parts while if it has to do with sound or taste it might be activating a different part of the brain that place.

Round Window:

This helps to dissipate the energy of the pressure wave traveling through the tympanic canal of the cochlea. Without the round window, the stapes would not be able to push against the oval window because there would be no give.

Pre-frontal cortex:

This is a part of the brain that is in the frontal lobe that has to do with language processing.

Vestibulocochlear nerve:

This is a type of nerve that travels to the brain and has to do with decussation.

Sensory Association Area:

This is found above the Cerebellum.

Rehearsal:

This is part of short term memory where there is maintenance and elaborative and it makes sure that it stays a part of your brain.

Ear tubes:

This is put in the tympanic membrane.

Retrieval cues:

This is used to trigger that pattern of neural firing associated with a memory information brought back into short term memory.

Storing memories in the brain:

This is where rehearsed information is stored in long term memories information remains dormant waiting for cue to retrieve.

Mozart effect:

This turned out to be a false study by a French researcher from the 1990s that claimed that listening to classical music induces short term improvements of spatial reasoning.

Elaborative rehearsal:

This will help in long term based on past memories.

Maintenance rehearsal:

This will not help in long term.

True or false all sensory stimuli are converted into a change in membrane potential:

True.

True or false musicians have more tightly coupled Auditory and Motor systems:

True.

True or false musicians that play musical instruments have larger Cerebellums:

True.

True or false non-musicians will also exhibit activity in the premotor and motor cortex:

True.

True or false professional opera singers have increased functional activation of the language processing centers compared to non-singers:

True.

If you have tubes in your ears in which structure would they be located?

Tympanic Membrane.

Larynx:

Voice box and over time it moved down our throat to allow us to talk and sing,

What similarities and differences are found among all living organisms?

We all have the genetic code and we all produce and process them in different ways.

How do we know that infants (less than 1 year old) can discriminate among pitches, pitch contours and pitch intervals?

We know this because of the two experiments that were done to look at preference and discrimination with the infant looking time habituation and the discrimination with conditioned head turning paradigm.

Wernicke's area vs Broca's area:

Wernicke's area is written and spoken language comprehension found above the Temporal lobe and Broca's area is muscles of speech found above the Temporal lobe.

Describe how sound pressure is converted into an electrical signal in the human ear. In detail, track the pathway and describe all the essential parts of the ear.

1. Sound wave 2. Tympanic membrane vibrates 3. Malleus 4. Incus 5. Stapes 6. Oval window 7. Pressure waves in perilymph fluid of cochlea move from vestibular to tympanic canal 8. Basilar membrane vibrates 9. Hair cells from Organ of Corti contact tectorial membrane 10. Hair cells bend 11. Depolarization 12. Initiate action potential 13. Brain 14. Sound perception.

List the ordered sequence for the auditory processing pathway:

1. Sound wave 2. Tympanic membrane vibrates 3. Malleus 4. Incus 5. Stapes 6. Oval window 7. Pressure waves in perilymph fluid of cochlea move from vestibular to tympanic canal 8. Basilar membrane vibrates 9. Hair cells from Organ of Corti contact tectorial membrane 10. Hair cells bend 11. Depolarization 12. Initiate action potential 13. Brain 14. Sound perception.

Describe the pathway a nerve signal would take from the cochlea to the primary auditory cortex and what information is processed at each stop along the pathway.

1. The Cochlea processes frequency pitch and amplitude loudness. 2. The Brainstem processes localization first place where signals from two ears come together and can be compared. 3. The Midbrain coordinates location information with orienting movements of the eye and heads towards a sound. 4. The Thalamus sends auditory information to the correct area of the primary auditory cortex.

What evidence exists that the auditory and motor regions of the brain are tightly coupled in trained musicians?

After being trained there is more motor because they've connected the two so they use them both at the same time so they are not only listening to it any more they are also now listening to it while playing it which is where the auditory comes to connect them.

Hyoid bone:

Aids in tongue movement, foundation of speech, found just above the larynx, the shape changed when the larynx moved.

Why are high pitched sounds lost before low pitched sounds in hearing loss?

As we age, we experience a reduction in hearing sensitivity due to the loss of hair cells. The cochlea (specifically the basilar membrane) is organized tonotopically with hair cells responding to high frequencies found near the base (closer to the beginning of the cochlea or the oval window) and hair cells responding to low frequencies found near the apex of the cochlea. Since high frequencies are coded in the basal region and given that sound enters the cochlea in the basal region, all sounds first travel through the base on their way to their point of processing resulting in more wear and tear of these basal hair cells.

What happens at weeks 27-40 of fetal auditory development?

Auditory abilities fully develop range of frequency discrimination storage and recognition of musical patterns approach adult levels at birth.

Coupling of auditory and motor brain systems:

Auditory and Motor systems are tightly coupled in general and more so in trained musicians than in untrained people.

Auditory awareness vs discriminiation:

Auditory awareness detects, localizes sound and discrimination detects differences between sounds such as frequency and timbre.

Identification:

Auditory processing that attaches meaning to sounds.

Comprehension:

Auditory processing that infers and retains information from sounds.

Inner Ear:

Basilar membrane, Cochlea, Cochlear duct middle canal, Hair cells, Organ of Corti, Semicircular canals, Tectorial membrane, Tympanic canal, and Vestibular canal.

Which part of the ear and the brain has each region tuned to a particular vibration frequency?

Basilar membrane, primary auditory cortex.

What are the differences between conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss?

Conductive hearing loss typically involves mild or temporary hearing loss in the outer or middle ear. In conductive hearing loss, conduction of sounds waves in inhibited. Sensorineural hearing loss is typically more severe and permanent and involves the inner ear or the auditory nerve. In sensorineural hearing loss the transduction or conversion of sound waves into electrical signals is inhibited.

What kind of hearing loss is a middle ear infection:

Conductive hearing loss.

What kind of hearing loss is a presence of a foreign body:

Conductive hearing loss.

What kind of hearing loss is swimmer's ear:

Conductive hearing loss.

What type of hearing loss is absence or malformation of pinna:

Conductive hearing loss.

Conductive vs Sensorineural hearing loss:

Conductive is problems in outer or middle ear that prevents sound from being conducted properly and Sensorineural is problems in inner ear or auditory nerve often permanent.

Which type of hearing loss is associated with damage to the middle ear?

Conductive.

Membranous labyrinth:

Contains endolymph fluid high K+ low Na+.

Bony labyrinth:

Contains perilymph fluid high Na+ low K+.

Which of the following correctly matches the term to its definition?

Conversion of stimulus energy into a change in membrane potential-Transduction.

Transduction:

Conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential.

Motor Functions/The Cerebellum:

Coordination of movement, balance and equilibrium, posture.

Which of the following statements is false about noise induced hearing loss?

Damage is often painful.

Noise-induced hearing loss:

Damages stereocilia of hair cells, can accumulate with over exposure.

Sensory adaptation:

Decreases in responsiveness due to continuous stimulation.

What is not a function of the auditory cortex?

Decussation.

Reception:

Detection of stimuli by sensory receptors.

Ontogeny:

Development of an individual organism from earliest to maturity.

Label the part of the brain that will first exhibit neural activity when a non-musician hears a new piece of music for the first time:

Draw Primary auditory cortex.

Label the part of the brain of the non-musician where the melody of the song gets interpreted:

Draw Secondary auditory cortex.

Label the parts of the brain that are included in the language processing centers:

Draw Wernicke's area, Broca's area, Primary Visual Cortex, Visual Association Area, and Pre-frontal cortex.

Label the main parts of the brain including the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex:

Draw the Occipital lobe, Cerebellum, Brain stem, Temporal lobe, Frontal lobe, and Parietal lobe.

Label the Somatosensory Area:

Draw.

Label the premotor and motor cortex:

Draw.

Match the parts of the ear to the structure of the ear:

Draw.

Rhythm:

Duration of notes and how they are grouped together.

Auditory processing pathway:

1. Vibrating objects create sound waves, Pinna funnels sound waves into auditory canal and helps with sound localization. 2. Sound waves traveling through auditory canal cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate. 3. Ossicles transmit vibrations to oval window. 4. Vibrations create pressure waves in the perilymph fluid in the cochlea. 5. Fluid waves dissipate when they strike the round window at the end of the tympanic canal. 6. Pressue waves in perilymph push down on cochlear duct causes basilar membrane to vibrate causes bending of sterocilia of hair cells by tectorial membrane. 7. Bending of hair cells depolarizes membranes of mechanoreceptors that release neurotransmitters associated auditory neuron sends action potentials. 8. Electrical signal through cochlear nerve to vestibulocochlear nerve to brain. 9. These signals then go to the Primary Auditory Cortex where each area of the cortex represents a different part of the cochlea which then results in different pitches. 10. Primary auditory cortex sends projections to the auditory association area or secondary auditory cortex which has to do with the discrimination of sound patterns, recognizes the sounds as speech music or noise, and some language comprehension.

The threshold for what is considered hazardous noise level is:

85 dB.

Organ of Corti:

A structure in the cochlea of the inner ear that produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations.

Perception:

CNS creates constructs (colors, smells, etc) -all stimuli are converted to the same thing (action potential) but brain can distinguish between sensory stimuli based on path taken.

What happens at week 6 of fetal auditory development?

Cells differentiate different ear tissues develop.

What kind of energy goes with Chemoreceptors:

Chemical energy.

Which of the human senses use chemoreceptors to take in information? Which use mechanoreceptors? Which use electromagnetic receptors?

Chemoreceptors have to do with taste and smell. Mechanoreceptors have to do with touch, pressure, stretching, sound waves, and motion. Electromagnetic receptors which are also known as photoreceptors have to do with vision.

What happens at week 25 of fetal auditory development?

Cochlea reaches adult size Organ of Corti continues to develop narrow band of frequencies around 300 Hz.

Mixed Hearing Loss:

Combination of a conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.

Harmony:

Combination of different notes played at the same time.

Higher Mental Functions/Pre-frontal cortex:

Concentration, planning, judgment, emotional expression, creativity, inhibition, and found in the Frontal lobe.

Do the instrumentalists or vocalists have more brain activity?

Instrumentalists.

Tympanic membrane:

It is the stop on the auditory sensory pathway that is just before the Ossicles.

What kind of energy goes with Mechanoreceptors:

Kinetic (movement) energy.

How are perforated ear drums usually treated?

Left alone to heal on their own.

Which characteristics of sound are sensed in the cochlea?

Loudness.

Middle Ear:

Malleus, Incus, Stapes, Oval window, Eustachian tubes, Round window.

Conductive hearing loss is usually _ in degree and results in the inability to hear sounds at _ :

Mild, 25-65 dB.

Central Hearing Loss:

Missing or damaged components of the CNS.

Motor vs pre-motor cortex:

Motor cortex is the part of the cerebral cortex where the nerve impulses originate that initiate voluntary muscular activity and the Pre-motor cortex is in front of the motor cortex more towards the front of the brain that has to do with eye movement and orientation.

Transmission:

Movement of nerve impulse along neurons Intensity determines 1. frequency of action potentials 2. number of receptors excited.

Your boyfriend/girlfriend recently broke up with you. Why does your mother tell you to stop listening to the song that played on the radio during your first date? Include in your answer an explanation of how music aids in memory retrieval.

Music stimulates many parts of the brain so there is more of a chance that it will make you remember the memory of that person when the song plays.

Musician vs non-musician brain differences:

Musicians have increases in Auditory cortex (130% more gray matter), Visual cortex (used also for visual memory), motor related regions (Pre-motor cortex, Motor cortex, and Cerebellum), Somatosensory cortex, and Corpus callosum (15% larger).

Decussation:

Nerve fibers cross from one lateral side of the brain to the other.

What happens at week 18 of fetal auditory development?

Nerves connect cochlea to brainstem cochlea mostly formed fetus can hear and recognize maternal sounds voice heartbeat.

Why do researchers think music evolved? Which proposed explanation do you favor and why?

The first hypothesis is that it is a sexually selected trait that attracts mates and warns rivals of fighting ability. The second hypothesis is that it maintains social ties on a large scale that influences mood behavior of many at once and large group bonding with more social cohesion. The third hypothesis is that it maintains monogamous bonds where all singing primates are monogamous. The fourth hypothesis is that it maintains bonds with altricial infants with hominid infants less developed and singing comforted infants left alone. I favor the second hypothesis because the third and fourth are out there and the first is a little too easy while the idea of it being a part of society is something that completely makes sense to anyone.

How is amplitude associated with loudness?

The higher the sound wave the louder it is.

Explain the difference between hearing aids and cochlear implants. Include in your answer the types of hearing disorders these two different treatments would best help:

The main difference between hearing aids and cochlear implants is that hearing aids only amplify sounds. They typically help only in cases of conductive hearing loss or mild sensorineural hearing loss. Cochlear implants act as transducers in that they convert sound waves to electrical signals. Consequently, individuals with non-functioning cochleas (common in sensorineural hearing loss) would benefit from cochlear implants.

Eustachian tubes:

The main function of the Eustachian tubes is to maintain equal pressure on either side of the ear drum (tympanic membrane); a second function is to provide a means to drain any accumulated secretions, infection or debris form the middle ear space.

Cochlea:

The main function of the cochlea is to convert kinetic energy in the form of pressure waves into electrical signals (i.e., transduction of sound energy into neural activity).

Ossicles:

The main function of the ossicles is to transmit and AMPLIFY the pressure wave traveling through air in the auditory canal into pressure waves traveling through fluid in the cochlea.

What evidence exists that ancient humans created instrumental music?

The oldest known instrument is a 40,000-60,000 year old flute and there is art.

Which sound wave depicts a louder sound?

The one with the most height.

Primary vs secondary auditory cortex:

The primary auditory cortex is where the basilar membrane is remapped tonotphically with low frequencies at one end and high frequencies at the other. The secondary auditory cortex is also known as the Auditory Association Area which handles the complex processing of auditory information, sounds combined so that words or melodies can be recognized, interprets sounds as speech music or noise, Wernicke's area and Borca's area are a part of it, and melody rhythm and harmony are interpreted here.