Biology Final

Genetic traits of seeds are noted as follows: W = wrinkled, w = smooth Y = yellow, y = white If we know that these genes are on different chromosomes, What % of the offspring will be wrinkled and smooth if you cross two heterozygous individuals? 19% 6% 0% 56%. 100%.

0%

Genetic traits of seeds are noted as follows:W = wrinkled, w = smooth Y = yellow, y = white If we know that these genes are on different chromosomes. What are the phenotype ratios for texture (wrinkled/smooth) if you cross a heterozygous parent with a homozygous recessive parent. 9 wrinkled/yellow:3 wrinkled/white: 3 smooth/yellow:1 smooth/white 1 wrinkled:1 smooth 1 wrinkled: 0 smooth 1 wrinkled/yellow:1 wrinkled/white:1 smooth/yellow:1 smooth/white

1 wrinkled:1 smooth

Normal human eggs have: 22 autosomes and an X chromosome. 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome. 23 autosomes. 46 chromosomes.

22 autosomes and an X chromosome.

If the DNA analysis of a gene shows 30% adenine bases, what would be the percentage of thymine? __ cytosine? __ guanine? __ and uracil? __

30, 20, 20, 0

An extra finger in humans is rare but is due to a dominant gene. When one parent is normal and the other parent has an extra finger but is heterozygous for the trait, what is the probability that the first child will have five (the normal number) fingers? 0% 75% 25% 50%

50%

The diagram below represents a microscopic structure observed during mitosis. The region indicated by letter A is known as an enzyme a gamete an amino acid a gene

A gene

Which of the following could be coded by a tumor-supressor gene? A protein that codes for a DNA repair enzyme A protein that forms part of a growth factor signaling pathway A protein that helps prevent progression through cell cycle A protein that helps prevent apoptosis

A protein that helps prevent progression through cell cycle

A normal sequence of DNA bases in a gene segment from a human skin cell is 5' TACTCGGCATTG 3' what would be the mRNA transcript from this gene segment? 3' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5'

AUGAGCCGUAAC

Genes encode proteins and proteins dictate cell function. Therefore, the thousands of genes expressed in a particular cell determine what that cell can do. Moreover, each step in the flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein provides the cell with a potential control point for self-regulating its functions by adjusting the amount and type of proteins it manufactures. Choose the best description of activators and repressors of gene expression. Activators/repressors are mRNA sequences that bind to the gene to increase or decrease translation of the gene. Repressors are, in most cases, DNA that binds to the operator sequence of DNA upstream of the gene making it impossible for DNA polymerase to bind to the DNA. Activators are, in most cases, proteins that bind to the promotor sequence and the enhancer sequence of DNA upstream of the gene and stimulate the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA at the gene. Repressors are, in most cases, proteins that bind to the ribosome and block the recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome.

Activators are, in most cases, proteins that bind to the promotor sequence and the enhancer sequence of DNA upstream of the gene and stimulate the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA at the gene.

Mutations cause many disorders in humans. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disorder that can be passed on from generation to generation. Skin cancer is a disorder that sometimes originates in skin cells as a result of overexposure to the Sun. Which statement best explains the formation of the mutations that cause both cystic fibrosis and skin cancer? These mutations are a direct result of a change in the amino acid molecule that controls the formation of genetic codes in gametes. Both of these mutations are a result of the incorrect synthesis of the proteins that make up DNA. Both of these mutations involve a change in the nucleotide sequence of genes. These mutations are caused by a change in the sugars that make up the genetic codes in all cells.

Both of these mutations involve a change in the nucleotide sequence of genes.

Which row in the chart correctly connects the process with the description of actions that occur during the cellular process listed? A. Replication: The double helix is unwound and unzipped by helicase that breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the nitrogenous bases together. The leading strand acts as a template for RNA polymerase from a complementary strand containing adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil B. Transcription: The creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA and various enzymes C. Translation: messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in the ribosome decoding center to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The ribosome facilitates decoding by inducing the binding of complementary tRNA anticodon sequences to mRNA codons. The tRNAs carry specific amino acids that are chained together into a polypeptide with peptide bonds as the mRNA passes through and is "read" by the ribosome. D. Synthesis: The double helix is unwound and unzipped by helicase that breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the nitrogenous bases together. The Y shape that is created, the replication fork is where the two separate strands act as templates for the formation of new strands by DNA polymerase.

C. Translation: messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded in the ribosome decoding center to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide. The ribosome facilitates decoding by inducing the binding of complementary tRNA anticodon sequences to mRNA codons. The tRNAs carry specific amino acids that are chained together into a polypeptide with peptide bonds as the mRNA passes through and is "read" by the ribosome.

Cells in the human body move through the cell cycle at varying rates. To repair tissues and to grow it is necessary for cells to go through the cell cycle successfully. Which choice best describes the cell cycle? Cells grow and develop during interphase. The nucleus of a cell divides during interphase. Cells grow and develop during the mitotic phase. Cells reproduce during the mitotic phase.

Cells grow and develop during interphase.

During the cell cycle, there are various checkpoints that are necessary in regulating the speed at which cells are duplicated as well as identifying cells for apoptosis (programmed cell death). Which of the following correctly identifies the purpose of cell cycle checkpoint. A: G1 Checkpoint: Helps maintain genomic stability by providing an opportunity for DNA synthesis repair and stopping the proliferation of damaged cells. If DNA is damaged the release of p53 tumor suppressor and the Rb family of transcriptional repressors work together to downregulate a large number of genes that allow the movement into the next stage. B: G2 Checkpoint: Cyclin will increase as cell increases in size, nutrient levels are high, and there are growth signals molecules from neighboring cells. If cyclin levels are sufficiently high then the inhibition of the cell is released and it is able to commit to the next phase of the cell cycle C: Metaphase Checkpoint: Helps maintain genomic stability by providing an opportunity for DNA synthesis repair and stopping the proliferation of damaged cells. If DNA is damaged the release of p53 tumor suppressor and the Rb family of transcriptional repressors work together to downregulate a large number of genes that allow the movement into the next stage. D: G1 Checkpoint: Cyclin will increase as cell increases in size, nutrient levels are high, and there are growth signals molecules from neighboring cells. If cyclin levels are sufficiently high then the inhibition of the cell is released and it is able to commit to the next phase of the cell cycle E: G2 Checkpoint: Also known as the "spindle checkpoint" allows the cell proteins to scan for chromosomes that are in the wrong place, for example floating in the cytoplasm. If a chromosome is misplaced, the cell will pause mitosis, allowing time for the spindle to capture the stray chromosome

D G1 Checkpoint: Cyclin will increase as cell increases in size, nutrient levels are high, and there are growth signals molecules from neighboring cells. If cyclin levels are sufficiently high then the inhibition of the cell is released and it is able to commit to the next phase of the cell cycle

The following table is a representative sample of Erwin Chargaff's 1952 data, listing the base composition of DNA from various organisms. From this data it can be determined that... that DNA from any cell of any organisms have more pyrimidine than purine bases that DNA from any cell of any organisms have more adenine than thymine bases that DNA from any cell of any organisms have more purine than pyrimidine bases DNA from any cell of any organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases

DNA from any cell of any organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases

Human genetic material is represented in the diagram below. The region labeled A is made up of a section of DNA that may direct protein synthesis a carbohydrate made from amino acids glucose that may be copied to make DNA a protein that becomes an enzyme

DNA that may direct protein synthesis

In transcription ______ is read to make a complimentary mRNA molecule by attaching free floating RNA nucleotides together. mRNA is translated at the ribosome to produce a ______.

DNA, Protein

The diagram represents a process used to modify bacterial cells. In the diagram, arrows labeled X and Y represent the use of enzymes clones genes receptors

Enzymes

Free amino acids in the cytoplasm of our cells are transported and used during translation. What is ultimately the original source of free amino acids in the cytoplasm? Food that contains proteins. Food that contains carbohydrates. Broken down cell membranes. The ribosome.

Food that contains proteins.

Researchers recently discovered that when hammerhead sharks were moved to shallower water, resulting in exposure to increased light intensity, their backs turned a deep brownish black. Which statement best supports this observation? Asexually produced offspring are normally genetically identical to the parent. The cells of hammerhead sharks contain many thousands of different genes in their nuclei. Genes are inherited, but their expression can be modified by interactions with the environment. An inherited trait of an individual can be determined by one or by many genes.

Genes are inherited, but their expression can be modified by interactions with the environment.

Which of the following is a benefit of sexual reproduction? It takes time an energy to go through the meiotic process and find a mate. It is a mitotic process that takes less energy than asexual reproduction. It increases genetic variation and variation of phenotypes within a population. It allows for offspring that are exact copies to be produced.

It increases genetic variation and variation of phenotypes within a population.

Which statement concerning a pair of alleles for a gene controlling a single characteristic in humans is true? Both alleles come from the father. The alleles come randomly in pairs from either the mother or father. Both alleles come from the mother. One allele comes from the mother and one allele comes from the father.

One allele comes from the mother and one allele comes from the father.

Meselson and Stahl tested the hypothesis of DNA replication. They cultured bacteria in a 15N medium. 15N is a heavy isotope of nitrogen so the DNAsynthesized is of heavy density. They then shifted the bacteria to a 14N medium,DNA was isolated at different times corresponding to replication cycles 0, 1, and 2. DNA was isolated at different times corresponding to replication cycles 0, 1, and 2. After one replication cycle, the DNA was all of intermediate density. After two replication cycles, two bands of DNA were seen, one of intermediate density and one of light density. Which of the following hypotheses about DNA replication are supported by the data given. Semi-conservative replication. In this model, the two strands of DNA unwind from each other, and each acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand. This results in two DNA molecules with one original strand and one new strand. None of the models are supported conclusively by the data Conservative replication. In this model, DNA replication results in one molecule that consists of both original DNA strands (identical to the original DNA molecule) and another molecule that consists of two new strands (with exactly the same sequences as the original molecule). Dispersive replication. In the dispersive model, DNA replication results in two DNA molecules that are mixtures, or "hybrids," of parental and daughter DNA. In this model, each individual strand is a patchwork of original and new DNA.

Semi-conservative replication. In this model, the two strands of DNA unwind from each other, and each acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand. This results in two DNA molecules with one original strand and one new strand.

An example of alleles is: HH and Tt TT and Tt T and t X chromosome

T and t

A pedigree chart shows: The genotypic ratios of the offspring. The genotypes of any parents. The pattern of inheritance of a specific gene. Which genes are co-dominant. The types of gametes produced by the parents.

The pattern of inheritance of a specific gene.

Nicotine is only one of the many toxic chemicals inhaled while smoking. What effect can such toxic chemicals have on the body? They eliminate chromosomes from many cells. They can cause uncontrolled cell division. They eliminate carbon dioxide from cells. They stimulate an increase in height.

They can cause uncontrolled cell division.

What might be the result of a mutation of DNA in which a sequence is altered from 5' TAC GGA TGG ACA GCC ACT 3' to 5' TAC GGA TAG ACA GCC ACT 3' This is a frame shift mutation that will cause all of the amino acids after the change to be different. This will cause a completely different amino acid sequence that alters the structure and function of the protein. This is a silent point mutation that would cause no change in the amino acid sequence since the original mRNA codon and the altered mRNA codon code for the same amino acid during translation. This is a nonsense point mutation that will cause the polypeptide produced to be truncated due to an early stop codon. This is a missense point mutation that would cause one amino acid to be different. This may cause a change in shape and function depending on where in the sequence the changed amino acid is found.

This is a missense point mutation that would cause one amino acid to be different. This may cause a change in shape and function depending on where in the sequence the changed amino acid is found.

An example of a genotype is: R and r. A tall pea plant. Hemophiliac. TtHH.

TtHH

Genetic traits of seeds are noted as follows:W = wrinkled, w = smooth Y = yellow, y = white What are the possible gametes of parent 1 with the genotype WwYy? WY, Wy, YW, yW WwYy WY, Wy, wY, wy Ww, Yy, wW, yY

WY, Wy, wY, wy

Car manufacturers have begun to explore the use of biofuels, such as biodiesel, ethanol, and cooking oils made from plant material. The desired outcome of using these biofuels would be a decrease in the use of fossil fuels an increase in abiotic resources a decrease in the release of oxygen gas an increase in global warming

a decrease in the use of fossil fuels

The product(s) of translation include: a polypeptide (amino acid sequence) mRNA and tRNA ribosomes and polypeptides tRNA and polypeptides

a polypeptide (amino acid sequence)

Sometimes, a person is born with one or more extra chromosomes in each cell. This usuallyresults in abnormalities because the affected person has fewer cell mutations than a person with a normal chromosome number an overproduction of proteins from the increased number of genes in each cell compared to a person without the extra chromosome less DNA in cell nuclei, but more proteins in cell mitochondria a reduced number of genes in cell nuclei

an overproduction of proteins from the increased number of genes in each cell compared to a person without the extra chromosome

Which sequence best represents increasing complexity? organelles → cells → tissues → organs tissues → cells → organelles → organs cells → organelles → organs → organism organism → cells → tissues → organelles

cells → organelles → organs → organism

Bacteria and humans are similar in that they both are single-celled lack cell organelles contain genetic material in the form of nucleic acids carry out autotrophic nutrition

contain genetic material in the form of nucleic acids

A normal sequence of DNA bases in a single human skin cell is CATGGC. If this sequence replicates in this cell and becomes GATGGC, this alteration will most likely be passed to offspring of the human every cell that develops from this parent cell all human body cells all skin cells of this person

every cell that develops from this parent cell

Female mosquitoes spread diseases when they bite humans to obtain blood. It is only the females that do the biting. Research is being conducted to alter the DNA of male mosquitoes. These altered males could then mate with normal female mosquitoes. All of the resulting female offspring would have wing defects that prevent them from flying. One assumption from this research is that the altered males would begin to bite humans and spread the diseases altered males would not be able to reproduce female offspring would become larger in size female offspring would be unable to bite humans, since they cannot fly

female offspring would be unable to bite humans, since they cannot fly

Information in segments of human DNA can be expressed by a bacterial cell as a result of genetic engineering genetic variability random mutation sexual reproduction

genetic engineering

Female mosquitoes spread diseases when they bite humans to obtain blood. It is only the females that do the biting. Research is being conducted to alter the DNA of male mosquitoes. These altered males could then mate with normal female mosquitoes. All of the resulting female offspring would have wing defects that prevent them from flying. The method used to alter the male mosquitoes is an example of an application of positive feedback selective breeding genetic transformation mitosis

genetic transformation

Compared to a normal somatic cell, a normal gamete cell contains twice the number of chromosomes the same number of chromosomes four times the number of chromosomes half the number of chromosomes

half the number of chromosomes

A technique used to alter cells is represented in the diagram below. The genetic material contained in the nucleus of each of the new cells is most likely 50% the same as the original egg cell and 50% the same as the original body cell identical to that in the original egg cell identical to that in the original body cell 25% the same as the original egg cell and 75% the same as the original body cell

identical to that in the original body cell

When a paramecium, a single-celled organism, is living under stressful conditions, it sometimes switches from asexual to sexual reproduction. The main advantage when this switch occurs is that the paramecium is most likely to produce clones of itself increase variation among its offspring produce fewer offspring avoid having to find a mate

increase variation among its offspring

A tomato gene, known as the SIKLUH gene, has recently been discovered. The gene leads to the production of larger tomatoes. The gene affects fruit size by increasing cell layers and promoting extra cell divisions. In order to produce large fruit in other commercial plant species, scientists might stimulate the process of meiosis in the other plants breed the tomatoes with other fruits such as apples insert the gene into other types of plants clone the genes of other types of plants until they develop larger fruits

insert the gene into other types of plants

Genetic traits of seeds are noted as follows:L = long, l = shortW = wrinkled, w = smoothY = yellow, y = whiteR = ribbed, r = groovedWhich of the following is the genotype for a short, wrinkled, yellow, grooved seed? llWwyyrr llWwYYrr LlWwYYRr LLWWyYRr

llWwYYrr

Some plants increase in height due to changes in specialized regions of cells in the tips of theirbranches. The processes that result in these changes include mitosis, zygote formation, and cloning meiosis, gamete formation, and differentiation mitosis, cell growth, and differentiation meiosis, cell growth, and cloning

mitosis, cell growth, and differentiation

For a human zygote to become an embryo, it must undergo recombination meiotic divisions mitotic divisions fertilization

mitotic divisions

The process of meiosis begins with: one diploid cell and ends with four diploid cells that are used to repair and replace somatic cells of the organism one haploid cell and ends with 2 haploid cells that are used to repair and replace somatic cells in the organism one diploid cell and ends with 4 haploid cells that are the gametes used in sexual reproduction in the organism one diploid cell and ends with 2 haploid cells that are the gametes that are used in sexual reproduction in the organism.

one diploid cell and ends with 4 haploid cells that are the gametes used in sexual reproduction in the organism

Choose the statement that best describes the purpose of the M phase of the cell cycle. to migrate the centrioles, organize the spindle fibers, disintegrate the nuclear envelope, and condense the chromatin fibers cell renewal and growth in a plant, animal or fungus organize and separate replicated chromosomes into two nuclei the key process that sustains populations of all organisms and allows for some organisms to main alternating life stages

organize and separate replicated chromosomes into two nuclei

Potatoes were the main crop in Ireland in the 1800s. Almost the entire population of Ireland was dependent on a single variety of potato, the "lumper." These potatoes were reproduced by a method of asexual reproduction known as vegetative propagation. In the middle of the 1800s, a disease caused by a fungus killed almost the entire lumper crop within two years. As a result, millions of people in Ireland died of starvation. The most likely reason the potato disease was able to destroy the potato crop in such a short time is that the lumper variety had a long reproductive cycle lumper had several variations caused by vegetative propagation potato population in Ireland utilized all of the finite resources potato population lacked variations

potato population lacked variations

A news release about production of farm-raised salmon contains the following information:-The program is mating targeted fish to concentrate key traits in Atlantic salmon stocks.-The three-year process includes spawning, tagging, and choice of parent fish.-The fish are weighed, measured, and monitored to identify those with the best growth rates.-The project examines the performance of fish to determine which fish to use to produce the next generation. These statements indicate that the producers are attempting to improve salmon through the use of genetic engineering homeostatic feedback natural selection selective breeding

selective breeding

The instructions for the genetic traits of an organism are directly determined by the way the bases are paired in the two strands of a DNA molecule numbers of A, T, C, and G units in a sugar molecule length of a DNA molecule sequence of bases in DNA molecules

sequence of bases in DNA molecules

A bacterial cell begins to produce a new type of protein. This is most likely due to an alteration of the sequence of bases in a section of a chromosome shape of the antibodies produced by the nucleus chemical makeup of the cytoplasm structure of the cell membrane

sequence of bases in a section of a chromosome

Hair follicle cells are long-lived cells in the hair follicle; they are present in the skin and produce hair throughout a person's lifetime. They are "quiescent," meaning they are normally inactive, but they quickly activate during a new hair cycle, which is when new hair growth occurs. The quiescence of hair follicle cells is regulated by many factors. In certain cases they fail to activate, which is what causes hair loss. Researchers at UCLA have found that when lactate production was decreased the study mice showed a loss of hair. The opposite was found when they increased the lactate produced during basic metabolism in these cells. This shows potential as a treatment to increasing hair growth in those with alopecia and hair loss. What multipotent stem cells would this drug be acting upon? ectodermal stem cell embryonic stem cell mesodermal stem cell skin precursor cell

skin precursor cell

The diagram below represents a portion of a molecule found in cells of the human body. Sequences represented by the letters in this molecule enable human cells to synthesize enzymes from organic molecules alter the method of absorption of material carry out asexual reproduction by meiosis modify genetic recombination during mitosis

synthesize enzymes from organic molecules

The diagram below represents a technique used in some molecular biology laboratories. Which phrase best describes a possible result of this process? the introduction of a pathogen into a human cell the production of a human protein by the bacterial cell the production of gametes having both human and bacterial DNA the separation of DNA fingerprints in the bacterial cell

the production of a human protein by the bacterial cell

The diagram below represents a form of cellular reproduction. As a result of this process, offspring 1 and offspring 2 will have a different number of genes but the same traits the same number of genes but different traits the same number of genes and the same traits a different number of genes and different traits

the same number of genes and the same traits

What is the function of apoptosis? to build organs during development to keep the immune system to distinguish self from non-self to remove cells that have gone through S phase without error to weed out cells that grow uncontrollably

to weed out cells that grow uncontrollably