Biology- HESI A2

Experimentation is what in science

"the heart of science"

RNA always remember key for example: what is complementary bases for the RNA strand? U C A G G U

( remember AU/GC) A G U C C A

Phagocytosis

**process where cell membrane invaginates to engulf food particles and forms a vacuole, within, to digest them (ingests food particles from outside) -then, cell membrane invaginates to engulf food and from vacuole....food particles later digested within vacuole

Which of these is the average number of hydrogen bonds formed by one molecule of water and one molecule of ice, respectively?

2,4

How many chromosomes are in daughter cells produced by meiosis?

23, because it is haploid daughter cells formed by cytokinesis

DNA is read in terms of how many bases?

3

Translation takes place in

the cells cytoplasm, where protein synthesizes after transcription of DNA to RNA in nucleus - once mRNA is produced, translation occurs in cytoplasm. tRNA message from mRNA is read three letters at a time. (each codon is particular amino acid) - tRNA molecules of amino acids bond to specific codons. once tRNA is bound, it releases amino acids and forms polypeptide

Transcription takes place in and is

the nucleus, synthesizing mRNA from DNA

What is the main difference between the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

the rough ER has ribosomes on its membrane surface where as smooth ER does not (lack of ribosomes makes it smooth ER)

Which of these is TRUE for the ability of ice to float on water?

the water molecules in ice are less close than in water. Water molecules in ice do not move making them more stable, also less close than liquid water

Why does water need more specific heat to increase its temperature?

to break hydrogen bonds

The polarity of a water molecule is due to the

uneven distribution of partial charges

Active transport

uses energy to move the substances AGAINST concentration gradient

What number of ATPs are generated during the process of aerobic respiration?

36 Aerobic respiration typically produces a net total of 36 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose consumed. A net total of 2 ATP are produced in glycolysis via substrate-level phosphorylation (four are produced, but two are consumed). A further 2 ATP are similarly produced in the Krebs cycle (one ATP per cycle—two cycles occur per glucose molecule). Lastly, 32 ATP are produced in the electron transport chain using energy from hydrogen carriers (oxidative phosphorylation).

Citric acid cycle

Acetyl CoA made in last step combines with a four carbon molecule. ATP, NADH, FADH2 are produced and carbon dioxide is RELEASED

Which of the following lists the phases of mitosis in the correct order? a) Prophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Telophase b) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase c) Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase, Anaphase d) Metaphase, Prophase, Anaphase, Telophase

B, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Which of the following shows the correct pair of the reactants and products of cellular respiration? (aerobic, uses oxygen) a) Reactants: Lactic acid and carbon dioxide; Products: Glucose b) Reactants: Oxygen and glucose; Products: Carbon dioxide, water, ATP c) Reactants: Carbon Dioxide, water, ATP; Products: Oxygen and glucose d) Reactants: Glucose; Products: Lactic acid and carbon dioxide

B, Reactants: Oxygen and glucose; Products: Carbon dioxide and water C6H12O6 +6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O +36ATP

What is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum? a) Rough ER helps in lipid storage. b) Rough ER helps in protein synthesis required for the rest of the cellular function. c) Rough ER helps primarily in protein metabolism. d) Rough ER is responsible for the detoxification process.

B, Rough ER helps in protein synthesis required for the rest of the cellular function - like endoplasmic reticulum, aids in PROTEIN SYNTHESIS and the transportation process

Which of the following about carbohydrates is incorrect? a) Their most important functions are providing storage, structure, and energy. b) They contain only two elements: carbon and oxygen. c) They are polymers of sugars. d) They form the backbone of important molecules such as DNA and RNA.

B, carbohydrates are made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Which of the following is a stage in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis? a) Release of oxygen b) Carboxylation of a five-carbon sugar c) Phosphorylation of ADP d) Photolysis of water

B, carboxylation of a five carbon sugar The 5C sugar combines with carbon dioxide by using NADPH, H+, and ATP from light-dependent reactions. All other given options are the stages of light reaction in the plant.

Which of the following is the pentose sugar in RNA? a) triphosphate b) ribose c) phosphate group d) deoxyribose

B, ribose

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum helps in which of the following functions? a) Smooth ER plays an important role in protein synthesis. b) Smooth ER regulates the synthesis of various lipids and hormones. c) Smooth ER aids in protein modification and folding process. d) Smooth ER also maintains intracellular calcium levels.

B, smooth ER regulates the synthesis of various lipids and hormones, responsible for detoxification process

Exocytosis facilitates what? a) Transport of material from the extracellular matrix to the intracellular matrix b) Transport of material from the intracellular matrix to the extracellular matrix c) Transport of water from the extracellular matrix to the intracellular matrix d) Transport of large material, including cells, into the cell

B, transport of material from intracellular matrix to the extracellular matrix

A hypothesis which cannot be tested through experiments for various ethical and practical reasons can be tested using: a) case studies b) non experimental hypothesis testing c) controlled experiments d) research

B, used when a hypothesis cannot be tested in a laboratory set up due to ethical and practical reasons

What are the initial reactants that start the electron transport chain? a) An oxygen molecule only b) 2 electrons only c) 2 hydrogen ions, 2 electrons, and an oxygen molecule d) 2 hydrogen ions only

C, 2 hydrogen ions, 2 electrons, and an oxygen molecule

Which of the following is the characteristic of metaphase? a) Mitotic spindle formation b) Aster formation c) Metaphase plate formation d) Beginning of the disintegration of nuclear envelope

C, All chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.

How does a semipermeable membrane prevent the entry of toxic substances into a cell? a) Only through active diffusion of molecules across the membrane b) By allowing all the molecules to diffuse easily across the membrane c) Through the passage of certain types of molecules or ions by passive diffusion d) By blocking the movement of any molecules

C, through the passage of certain types of molecules or ions by passive diffusion

Which of the following is correct about sister chromatids? a) A chromosome has four identical sister chromatids. b) Sister chromatids are different from one another. c) Sister chromatids are the two identical copies of a chromosome. d) Sister chromatids are attached to each other by a protein called chitin.

C, two identical copies of a chromosome, like formed in mitosis but instead used importantly for cellular division later on (formed by cohesins)

Which of the following steps is used by the scientists to understand the hypothesis? a) inductive reasoning b) experimental data c) deductive reasoning d) variable

C, type of reasoning wherein the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion

Which atoms CANNOT bond to hydrogen by hydrogen bonding? a) Nitrogen b) Carbon c) Oxygen d) Fluorine - hydrogen bonds can be formed between electronegative atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine H BONDS H-O, H-N, H-F

CARBON, bond between hydrogen and carbon is a covalent bond

Intense workouts can cause sweating in humans. Which of the following characteristics of life does it depict? a) Cells produce energy for muscle movement b) Growth and development c) Responding to the external stimuli d) Maintaining a stable internal environment of the body

D

Which of the following needs to be present in order for a substance to be considered a nucleotide? a) ribose, amino acid, phosphate b) deoxyribose, adenosine, triphosphate c) 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, triphosphate d) 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

D

Choose the correct complementary bases for the DNA strand shown below. T C A G G A a) TCAGGA b) GACTTC c) CTGAAG d) AGTCCT

D, AGTCCT (remember AT/GC)

The thylakoid membrane becomes damaged, causing the inside of the thylakoid to mix with the stroma. Which of the following processes is likely to be most affected by this damage? a) The reduction of NADP+ to NADPH b) Sunlight absorption by the chloroplasts c) The movement of water d) ATP synthesis

D, ATP synthesis ATP synthesis relies on proton gradient, damage prevents ATP from being produced

The process of asexual reproduction when a prokaryotic cell divides to form two identical cells where each has the potential to grow and become an independent cell is called: a) Budding b) Conjugation c) Transformation d) Binary fission

D, Binary fission, organism duplicates its genetic material (DNA) and divides it into two parts (cytokinesis)

Which of the following are the two steps/processes involved in photosynthesis? a) Light reaction and glycolysis b) Light reaction and Krebs cycle c) Krebs cycle and glycolysis d) Light reaction and Calvin cycle

D, Light reaction and Calvin cycle Photosynthesis has two steps. The photoelectric light reactions produce ATP and a reducing agent such as NADPH2 (or NADH2 in some photosynthetic bacteria). Photosynthesis using chlorophyll A uses water as a proton and electron source and produces oxygen (O2) as a by-product. Some photosynthetic bacteria use bacteriochlorophyll and do not use water as an electron source. They use Fe2+, hydrogen sulfide, and other compounds as electron sources but the overall light reactions still make ATP and a reducing agent. Carbon fixation is the conversion of CO2 into glucose. This biochemical pathway is a complex process called the Calvin cycle. It uses ATP and NADPH2 (or NADH2 in some cases) to make glucose. The key enzyme is RUBISCO (Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase). Carbon fixation reactions are independent of light.

What are the processes that are involved in fermentation? a) Glycolysis only b) Krebs cycle, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation c) Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and NAD+ regeneration d) NAD+ regeneration and glycolysis only

D, NAD+ regeneration and glycolysis ONLY Fermentation and cellular respiration begin same way, with glycolysis. In Fermentation however, the pyruvate made in glycolysis DOESN'T continue through oxidation and citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain is NOT functionable. The NADH made in glycolysis cannot drop its electrons to turn back to NAD+, so NADH is regenerated after dropping off excess electrons to glycolysis.

Which of the following best explains how the light reactions of photosynthesis generate ATP? a) Energy from light excites ATP synthase, causing it to bind ADP with inorganic phosphate to form ATP b) ADP accepts excited electrons at the end of the electron transport chain (ETC) to form ATP c) As photosystem II (PSII) absorbs energy from light, electrons are excited to a higher energy level and accepted by ADP to form ATP d) A proton gradient drives the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP synthase

D, a proton gradient drives the formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP synthase

Which of these is NOT true about cohesion? a) It is due to intermolecular forces. b) It is seen between molecules of the same substance. c) It is the sticking ability of a liquid. d) It is seen in gases.

D, cohesion is present between solids and liquids

In what part of the cell does glycolysis take place? a) Nucleus b) Ribosome c) Mitochondria d) Cytoplasm (cytosol)

D, cytoplasm (cytosol)

Difference between diffusion and osmosis

Diffusion is movement of substances from high to low concentration across membrane Osmosis is movement of substances from low to high concentration across membrane

Living organisms classified from most to least inclusive?

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Which of the following best describes amino acids that cannot be naturally produced by the body and, therefore, are obtained through the organism's diet?

Essential amino acids, come from food

Normal human body temperature always hovers around 37°C or 98.6°F. This is the best example of ?

Homeostasis

What is the name of the ability of a living thing to maintain constant internal body conditions, despite changes in external conditions?

Homeostasis

How to remember Mitosis order

I Pee on the MAT

Which of the following mechanisms involves the division of a single cell to form cells with half of the original amount of genetic material?

Meiosis

In a cell, reactions take place in a series of steps called

Metabolic pathways

Where is the electron transport chain found?

Mitochondria

Which of these is not a part of the endomembrane system of the cell? a) Lysosome b) Mitochondria c) Golgi apparatus d) Endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria, present set of membranes located inside the cell, formed from endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes

Diffusion is

Movement of substances from high concentration to low concentration across the membrane - may be passive, active, or facilitated

Which of the following body cells have large amounts of ribosomes?

Muscle cell, higher rate of protein synthesis. They require proteins that help in the contraction and relaxation of muscles or any muscle movement

What is responsible for cohesion in water?

Polarity

Which of the following lists the phases of meiosis in the correct order?

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Cytokinesis, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, Cytokinesis

How are phospholipids important in the function of cells?

They are important components of the PLASMA MEMBRANE

Two categories of cellular reproduction

asexual and sexual reproduction

Binary fisson

asexual reproduction where chromosomes bind to plasma membrane

Covalent bond

bond is a bond that is formed through the sharing of electrons between two atoms or molecules.

Towards the end of Mitosis, Telophase does what

cell is nearly done dividing, starts to reestablish normal structures through cytokinesis. two nuclei are formed and nuclear membrane reforms

What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

cell membrane which separates the contents of the cell from external environment and ribosomes

During Mitosis, Prophase does what

cell starts to break down structures and build some, setting stage for division of chromosomes. Chromosomes condense, spindles form, nuclear membrane disappears, microtubules bind to kinetochore

Plant cells only have a

cell wall and chloroplasts

A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP

cellular respiration

Cytoskeletons are present inside of what?

cytoplasms, holding microflaments, microtubles, and fibers that aid in cellular movement NOT PRESENT INSIDE NUCLEUS

Cholesterol does what?

decreases permeability of cell membrane

Which of the following is the function of meiotic cell division?

formation of sex cells or gametes

The phenotype represents what expression?

gene

Cytoskeleton does what within the cell?

helps in cell division and cytokinesis, making sure dividing cells and chromosomes are held in place

What is the flagellum?

helps in locomotion/body movements of organism

What is the function of the Golgi complex?

helps in sorting the NEW proteins into vesicles -proteins move from endoplasmic reticulum (where they are synthesized) to Golgi complex

Dd

heterozygous

Metabolic reactions in a cell progress from a standpoint of

high energy to low energy

DD

homozygous dominant

dd

homozygous recessive

What type of bond forms between base pairs in DNA?

hydrogen

Glycolysis

in end, converted into two molecules of pyruvate, a three carbon organic molecule. In these reactions, ATP is made, and NAD+ is converted to NADH

Epistasis

interaction between two genes

Endoplasmic reticulum

interwoven network of membranes that extends from surface of nuclear membrane **PROCESSES ALL PROTEINS

Mitochondria

is responsible for cellular respiration in both plants and animals

Semipermeable means

it allows only certain molecules to diffuse across membrane ex: cell membrane

Valid hypothesis

it can be tested and even falsified after numerous experimental results

Hypothesis

it is a concept yet to be proven. It is a proposed scientific statement that CAn BE TESTED and proven scientifically THROUGH EXPERIMENTATION and results

Pleiotrophy

it occurs when one gene influences seemingly unrelated traits ex. albinism

Before Mitosis, Interphase does what

longest part of cell cycle, cell grows and copies DNA before moving to mitosis

What are the four types of RNA?

messenger RNA-(carries codes from DNA in the nucleus to sites of protein synthesis in cytoplasm) , transfer RNA-(amino acids to ribosomes during translation), Ribosomal RNA-(makes up ribosomes, organelles that translate mRNA), small nuclear RNA- forms complexes that are used in RNA processing of eukarytoes

During Mitosis, Metaphase does what

meta means middle, all chromosomes lined up in middle of cell, called metaphase plate

In what part of the cell does krebs cycle take place?

mitochondria

Krebs cycle

not all living organisms undergo the kreb cycle

Animal cells have how many vacuoles?

one or more small vacuoles

Cancer cells require large amounts of energy in the form of ATP. Which of the following processes results in the greatest production of ATP?

oxidative phosphorylation

In his genetic experiments, Mendel used

pea plants, easy observable traits

The process by which microorganisms are removed from the invaded cells by neutrophils is called

phagocytosis

Where in the cell does active transport take place?

plasma membrane

Cell membrane does what?

protects the cell, allows transport of smaller molecules, and interacts with neighboring cells. It is IMPERMEABLE to large molecules such as amino acids, sugars, and highly charged molecules like ions.

Ribosomes are the site of

protein synthesis

White blood cells

responsible for destruction of foreign substances

Conclusion

result from an experiment that also EXPLAINS its significance

Mitosis

results in two identical daughter cells to their parent cell

What is synthesized in the cytoplasm?

ribosomes

Telophase

starting to separate, but not fully separated

Vacuole/Lysosome

stores substances in the cell, disposing of wastes as well

Bees belong to a Class of insects. Which of the following levels of classification is the next less inclusive one than this level? a) Order b) Family c) Genus d) Species

Order

The semipermeable membrane allows the movement of water molecules, along the concentration gradient, using a process called

Osmosis

What is the phenotype ratio of a cross between a homozygous recessive and heterozygous individuals? 1:1:1:1 1:1 3:1 1:2

1:1 because, you have a heterozygous (Dd) and a homozygous recessive (dd) mixed would give you 50 percent Dd and 50 percent dd

In humans, the trait for brown eyes is dominant (B) and blue eyes is recessive (b). Which alleles would be present in the gametes of a human if that human is heterozygous for eye color? a) Half of the gametes would contain only the dominant allele while the other half would contain only the recessive allele. b) Each gamete would include both the dominant and recessive alleles for eye color because the parent is heterozygous, for that trait. c) Only B would be present because it is the dominant allele. d) Each gamete would include both the dominant and recessive alleles for eye color regardless of the parent's traits.

A

What happens to mRNA once its message has been translated? a) it is degraded and the nucleotides are recycled b) It is destroyed and expelled from the cell c) It travels back into the nucleus to transcribe the same gene again d) It is stored in a ribosome until needed again

A

Unsaturated fats-healthier

A fat that is LIQUID at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. **contain one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon tail

Saturated fats-unhealthy

A fat that is SOLID at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products. **contain no double bonds

Which of the following is not a product in net reaction of glycolysis? a) ADP b) NADH c) Pyruvate d) Water

A, ADP During glycolysis NADH is produced from NAD+ and ADP is used to produce ATP (not the other way around) Glucose+2ADP+2NAD+→2Pyruvate+2ATP+2NADH+2H2O

Which of the following is the main source of electrons and hydrogen atoms during photosynthesis? a) Water b) Chlorophyll c) Carbon dioxide d) Light energy

A, Water. Water provides the electrons and hydrogen ions needed to power the light-dependent and light-independent phases of photosynthesis. N

What defines a theory? a) a concept that is well tested and has valid explanations for an event b) a fact that is widely accepted c) the results from an experiment that also explains its significance d) a concept that is yet to be proven scientifically

A, a theory is a hypothesis in which the concept is tested successfully and accepted widely due to presence of valid explanations

Which of these is not a type of RNA? a) cRNA b) tRNA c) mRNA d) rRNA

A, cRNA

A researcher has concluded his experiment and has shared the results with the scientific community. One additional step is included in the scientific method where feedback is accepted by the researcher. What is this step called? a) an iterative process b) introduction c) concluding remarks d) peer review

A, interactive session for the researcher to reflect on the results of the experiment and take valuable inputs (feedback accepted by the researcher)

Which of these is a function of the ribosome? a) Ribosomes help in amino acid assembly and in the formation of peptide bonds. b) Ribosomes help in transcribing the DNA information onto the RNA strand. c) Ribosomes are responsible for the intracellular digestion of waste products. d) Ribosomes carry out cellular respiration to release oxygen.

A, ribosomes help in amino acid assembly and in the formation of peptide bonds

After completion of a particular experiment, the findings have to be shared with the scientific community. How is this typically done? a) by publishing in scientific journals b) by sharing only the conclusion with everybody c) by advertising the data in top research institutes d) by sharing the results with only those involved in the experimentation

A, scientific journals indicate the study is valid and reliable since it has undergone peer review procedures

Which of the following functions are carried out by the nucleus? a) The nucleus regulates the DNA transcription and translation process. b) The nucleus synthesizes ribosomes. c) The nucleus helps in the disposal of wastes from the cell. d) The nucleus is responsible for the storage of substances in the cell.

A, the nucleus regulates the DNA transcription and translation process

What are the end products of mitochondria?

ATP molecules with water and carbon dioxide as byproducts (carries out cellular respiration)

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

What is considered the template strand in transcription? a) the strand of mRNA that travels to the ribosome b) the DNA strand that the mRNA's nucleotides pair with c) the strand of DNA that runs from 5' to 3' d) the strand of parental DNA in a new molecule of daughter DNA

B

A scientist recreates an experiment to check its reliability across varying times and places. What would be the end process of the experiment in the scientific method? a) evaluation b) conclusion' c) summary d) review of literature

B) conclusion is last step of process

Humans have 46 chromosomes in each somatic cell. How many chromosomes will be there in each daughter cell that has been formed after mitosis? a) 69 b) 46 c) 92 d) 23

B, 46. Number of chromosomes in humans and daughter cells formed in mitosis remains unchanged, two groups of 46 chromosomes (each have 46).

Which of the following are the reactants of the Calvin cycle? a) CO2, ADP, NADP b) CO2, ATP, and reduced NADP c) O2, ATP, and reduced NADP d) O2, ATP, ADP

B, CO2, ATP, and reduced NADP

Glycolysis is the first stage in the process of cellular respiration. What is the main transformation that occurs during glycolysis? a) Glycolysis produces pyruvate and ATP through oxidizing glucose and NADH b) Glycolysis produces ATP, pyruvate, and NADH by oxidizing glucose c) Glycolysis produces ATP through the process of oxidative phosphorylation d) Glycolysis produces CO2, NAD, and pyruvate by oxidizing glucose

B, Glycolysis produces ATP, pyruvate, and NADH by oxidizing glucose

Which of these functions is performed by lysosomes? a) Lysosomes help in destroying foreign substances. b) Lysosomes have a basic internal pH that helps disintegrate the cell. c) Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion and disintegrate the cell after its death. d) Lysosomes contain specific enzymes that help in carrying out the body's process of food digestion.

C, Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion and disintegrate the cell after its death -cellular organelles containing digestive enzymes, helping in intracellular digestion of various substances

The color purple (P) is dominant in a plant. If you have a purple plant with an unknown genotype and cross it with a white plant (pp) and get offspring which are 100% purple, what is the genotype of the unknown plant? a) pp b) Pp c) PP d) Uncertain

C, PP

In a controlled experiment, a lab researcher grows peas in two different pots to study their sprouting time. Pot 1 is devoid of water, whereas pot 2 is constantly taken care of by providing sufficient water, soil, and light conditions. Which of the following statements is true about this experiment? a) Pot 1 is the control group, Pot 2 is the experimental group, and the sprouting of pea seeds is the dependent variable. b) Pot 2 is the control group, Pot 1 is the experimental group, and the sprouting of pea seeds is the independent variable. c) Pot 1 is the control group, Pot 2 is the experimental group, and water is the independent variable. d) Pot 2 is the control group, Pot 1 is the experimental group, and water is the dependent variable.

C, Pot one is the control group, Pot two is the experimental group, and water is independent variable (doesn't depend on the end results of the study)

Which property of hydrogen results in the formation of a hydrogen bond with an electronegative atom? a) Strong positive charge b) Weak negative charge c) Weak positive charge d) Strong negative charge

C, Weak positive charge. When hydrogen is present with a strong electronegative charge, the one electron is pulled to other atom. Resulting in hydrogen having a slight positive charge

Which of the following represent a base pair in RNA? a) adenine and cytosine b) adenine and uracil c) cytosine and thymine d) guanine and adenine

C, bc of AT/GC

Which of the following correctly differentiates diploid cells from haploid cells? a) Haploid cells are formed in mitosis whereas diploid cells are formed in meiosis. b) The sex cells are diploid cells whereas somatic cells are haploid cells. c) There are (2n) number of chromosomes in diploid cells and (n) number of chromosomes in haploid cells. d) Diploid cells contain only one set of chromosomes and haploid cells contain two sets of chromosomes.

C, diploid cells (two sets of chromosomes) and haploid (one set of chromosomes)

Which of the following is correct about the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? a) In asexual reproduction, daughter cells are genetically different from parent cells. In sexual reproduction, daughter cells are genetically identical to parent cells. b) In asexual reproduction, there is the involvement of two parents. In sexual reproduction, there is an involvement of one parent only. c) In asexual reproduction, diploid parent cells produce diploid daughter cells. In sexual reproduction, diploid parent cells produce haploid daughter cells that combine to form diploid offspring. d) The process of sexual reproduction takes longer than sexual reproduction.

C, in asexual reproduction (diploid cells 2n) divide to produce cells with a diploid number of chromosomes (involves one parent, produces identical offspring) sexual reproduction, involves two parents and produces genetically unique. Takes a longer time!

A recessive allele is only expressed as a phenotype in an organism if a) the organism is heterozygous recessive for that trait b) the organism is homozygous dominant for that trait c) the organism is homozygous recessive for that trait d) the organism is heterozygous dominant for that trait

C, organism is homozygous recessive for trait (dd)

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell membrane? a) Transportation of nutrients into the cell b) Protection of the cell from the external environment c) Permeability to large and highly charged molecules d) Help in the interaction of a cell with another cell

C, permeability to large and highly charged molecules

Which of the following about phospholipids is incorrect? a) Phospholipids consist of two fatty acids bonded to a phosphate group. b) Phospholipids are important in the function of cellular membranes. c) The phosphate group in phospholipids is nonpolar and non-soluble in water. d) The phosphate group is charged.

C, phosphate group in phospholipids is nonpolar and nonsoluble in water. NO! - Phospholipids consist of two fatty acids bonded to phosphate group. -Phosphate group is polar and soluble in water whereas hydrocarbon tail of fatty acids is nonpolar and non soluble in water.

Light is necessary for the process of photosynthesis to a) Combine carbon dioxide and water b) Release energy c) Produce ATP and reducing substance d) Split carbon dioxide

C, produce ATP and reducing substance In the first stage, light-dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH (a reducing substance). During the second stage, the light-independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide.

Which of the following correctly lists the reactants and products of the Krebs cycle? a) Reactants: Carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2; Products: Acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD b) Reactants: Acetyl CoA, NAD+; Products: Carbon dioxide, NADH, FAD, FADH2 c) Reactants: Acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD; Products: Carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2 d) Reactants: Acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2; Products: Carbon dioxide, NAD+, FAD

C, reactants: acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD; products: carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2

Which of the following best defines the function of the cell nucleus during reproduction? a)The nucleus plays a major role in zygote formation. b) The nucleus helps the fertilization process by attracting the sperm cell to the egg cell. c) The nucleus contains hereditary units which are passed on from parents to offspring during reproduction. d) The nucleus is responsible for the production of egg and sperm cells.

C, the nucleus contains hereditary units which are passed on from parents to offspring during reproduction - contains hereditary units in the form of DNA, containing genes. DNA is passed on from parents to their offspring during reproduction

A mutation occurs in the chloroplasts of a lettuce plant, causing its thylakoid membranes to become more permeable to charged ions. How might this mutation affect the Calvin cycle? a) There would be no change to the Calvin cycle b) More carbohydrates would be produced by the Calvin cycle c) The answer cannot be determined with the information provided d) Fewer carbohydrates would be produced by the Calvin cycle

D, fewer carbohydrates would be produced by calvin cycle changes to thylakoid membrane would affect proton gradient. Without proper proton gradient, less ATP would be produced by ATP synthase and less carbon fixation would occur to produce carbohydrates

What will happen to the rate of photosynthesis if the temperature rises above 40 C? a) It will not start b) The answer cannot be determined with the information provided c) It will increase d) It will decrease

D, it will decrease if it gets too hot, the rate of photosynthesis will decrease

Which of these differentiate hydrogen bonding in water and ice? a) Hydrogen bonding is the same in ice and water. b) There is less hydrogen bonding in ice than in water. c) Hydrogen bonding is not present in ice. d) There is more hydrogen bonding in ice.

D, more hydrogen bonding in ice. In ice, each water molecule forms 4 hydrogen bonds. This is because, in ice, the oxygen is present in a more tetrahedral position which helps in the formation of maximum bonds. The number of hydrogen bonds in each liquid water molecule is two.

Which of these is an example of cohesion? a) Movement of carbon dioxide b) Movement of glucose c) Movement of blood cells d) Movement of water in the xylem

D, movement of water in xylem. Cohesion has an important role in movement of water in plants

Through which characteristic of life does the new progeny (offspring) of species receive their hereditary (inherited) traits? a) Evolution b) Response to stimuli c) Growth and development d) Reproduction

D, reproduction

Plants usually grow towards the sunlight. What kind of characteristic is this? a) Metabolism b) Homeostasis c) Development d) Response

D, response to sunlight

A detailed process is carried out in order to examine a scientific paper for the originality, significance, and logical reasoning of the obtained data. Which of the following describes this process? a) publications b) research analysis c) analyzing data d) peer review of manuscripts

D, reviewed by other scholars to check for significance, originality, and logical reasoning of obtained data

What does polarity allow water to do? a) Repel ions b) Synthesize substances c) Destroy toxins d) Transport molecules

D, transport molecules. Polarity makes water a good solvent in which a wide range of substances can dissolve.

Homo sapiens have changed drastically when compared to the early humans from around five million years ago. The changes are due to __________.

Evolution

The process that utilizes the membrane's proteins to move a substance across the membrane is called

Facilitated diffusion, transports molecules in direction of concentration gradient, with the HELP OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Which of the following are produced as a result of photosynthesis?

Glucose and Oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 ^^reverse of cellular respiration!

Steps of cellular respiration

Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Citric acid cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation

"Each chromosome ends up with an identical twin called sister chromatids." The above process takes place in which of the following phases of meiosis?

Interphase

During Mitosis, Anaphase does what

ana means up, sister chromatids SEPARATE and pulled towards opposite end of each cell

Which of the following products of glucose oxidation are necessary for oxidative phosphorylation?

NADH and FADH2 because, they need to help turn back to the original form of NAD+ and FAD to be reused in other steps of cellular respiration

Oxidative phosphorylation

NADH and FADH2 made in other steps deposit their electrons in electron transport chain, turning them back to empty forms (NAD+ and FAD). Protons flow through enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP. At end, oxygen accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water

Prophase of Mitosis

NUCLEOLUS SHRINKS AND DISSAPPEARS

Is specific heat needed to break covalent bonds?

No But, Hydrogen bonds are present between water molecules. Water needs a larger amount of heat to raise the temperature, as initial heat is needed to break hydrogen bonds first. After the hydrogen bonds are broken, the heat is used to raise the temperature.

Which of the following biologic molecules are components of the molecules of inheritance?

Nucleic acids, include DNA and necessary genetic codes

What is present in both plant and animal cells?

Nucleolus, present inside nucleus

Plant cells have how many large central vacuoles?

ONE large central vacuole

Scientific Process

Observation, hypothesis, experiment, evaluation, and conclusion

Which of the following is a stop codon in DNA a) TGA b) TAG c) TAA

TGA TAG TAA **All of the above

Chloroplasts and cell walls are NOT present in

animal cells

Prometaphase

The phase in which the mitotic spindle grows and some of the microtubules start to attach to chromosomes is known as:

Prokaryotic cell

a cell without a nucleus

Both plant and animal cells have

a fixed shape

Fact

a statement which is proved and explains something in reality

Endocytosis is

a type of ACTIVE TRANSPORT of large molecules, such as parts or wholes of cells, into cell.

Using genetic crossing, we can predict how _______ combine during fertilization:

alleles

Passive transport

allows movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration WITHOUT any energy and without the help of membrane proteins

What are alleles?

different variants of same genes

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

Pyruvate oxidation

each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into mitochondrial matrix- innermost compartment of mitochondria. There its converted into a two carbon molecule bound to coenzyme A, known as Acetyl CoA. Carbon dioxide is released and NADH is generated

The phospholipid bilayer has several functions except for

energy production, it does NOT produce energy BUT helps with filtration of molecules from the environment, formation of ion gradients, and provides rigidity and support to cell