Biology II Exam 2

What are the specialized hyphae that produce asexual spores?

conidiophores

In what structure does karyogamy occur in the life cycle of ascomycetes?

ascus

At what stage of a lytic infection are phage components put together to make new viruses?

assembly

What anchors a flagellum to a bacterial cell?

basal body

The club fungi typically reproduce by producing:

basidia

Mushrooms that we eat are technically referred to as:

basidiocarps

Which protist groups consists of individuals who often have intracellular shells of interlocking plates?

dinoflagellates

During fungal reproduction, in what part of the cycle does karyogamy occur?

diploid stage

Fungi that lack septa are called:

coenocytic

Common bread mold is found in which fungal group?

Zygomycota

What carbohydrate makes up fungi cell walls?

chitin

The surface of a Paramecium is covered with thousands of short, hair-like ____.

cilia

Which protist group is characterized by having a micronucleus and a macronucleus?

ciliates

Production of ____ is a means of rapidly propagating new mycelia when environmental conditions are favorable for ascomycetes.

conidia

How does mycorrhizae fungi help a plant absorb more water and mineral nutrients from the soil?

it increases the surface area of plant roots

What type of conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics?

lysogenic

What controls the cell metabolism and growth of ciliates?

macronuclei

Hyphae of a basidiomycete's primary mycelium consist of ____ cells.

monokaryotic

What formation of fungi is often seen as mold growing on bread?

mycelium

Which of the following identifies a group of RNA viruses?

paramyxoviruses

What type of virus infects bacteria, are easy to culture and are the most complex of viruses?

phage

Viral infections in humans spread via the circulatory system. Viral infections in plants spread from cell to cell via:

plasmodesmata

Which process marks the start of the dikaryotic stage (n + n) in the fungal reproductive cycle?

plasmogamy

The specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to ____ sites on the host cell.

receptor

The Archaea plasma membranes are made up of branched-chain hydrocarbons bounded to glycerol by:

ether linkages

Human viruses can enter human cells by fusion with the cell membrane or by:

endocytosis

Bacterial ____ cause systemic symptoms such as fever, whereas bacterial ____ cause more specific maladies.

endotoxins; exotoxins

Chytrids are the only fungi that have ________.

flagellate cells

Members of the alveolates are characterized by the presence of:

flattened vesicles under the plasma membrane

What type of protist is well preserved in the fossil record, and often used as index fossils?

foraminiferans

Viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of:

strands of RNA

Fungi obtain their energy or food from ________.

the atmosphere

The five stages of a lytic infection are attachment, penetration, __________, assembly, and release.

replication

The genome of most plant viruses consists of what kind of RNA?

ssRNA

How many membranes surround a chloroplast of an archaeplastid, distinguishing it from all other photosynthetic protists?

two

Which supergroup classification includes some protists, animals, and fungi?

unikonts

What type of protist was responsible for the Irish potato famine in the 1840s?

water mold

Members of phylum ____ are the most primitive of the fungi and were previously classified as protists.

Chytridiomycota

____ is a form of genetic exchange in bacteria that involves contact between two cells.

Conjugation

Which disease is caused by an exotoxin released by the gram-positive, endospore-forming bacteria, often because food was not heated sufficiently to kill the endospores?

botulism

The fossilized form of ____ is used in commercially important products, such as filters, polishes, and insect killer.

diatoms

Where would you likely find Euryarchaeota bacteria?

digestive tracts

Small hairlike structures made up of protein on the surface of bacteria are called:

fimbriae

Which group of fungi are most commonly associated with plant roots?

glomeromycetes

Brown algae lack true roots, but have similar structures called ____ that anchor them to the substrate.

holdfasts

What significantly contributes to the rapid evolution of prokaryotes?

horizontal gene transfer

What characteristic does the ICTV use to classify viruses?

host range

A ____ is a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi.

hypha

What is the most important vector of plant disease?

insects

Trypanosomes contain a(n) ________, which is a single mitochondrion that has an organized deposit of DNA.

kinetoplastid

What organism is the result of a symbiotic relationship between fungi and green algae?

lichen

What is the process that some prokaryotes use to convert ammonia to nitrite, which can then be used by plants and fungi?

nitrification

Gram-positive bacteria would stain ____ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of ____ in their cell walls.

purple; peptidoglycan

Phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota are considered ____ because they share a more recent common ancestor with each other than either does with any other group.

sister taxa

Which of the following diseases is a DNA virus?

smallpox

What theory did Louis Pasteur disprove in regards to bacterial reproduction?

spontaneous generation

When bread gets moldy with visible black or blue spots, you are looking at masses of the colored:

spores

What is the purpose of sex pili?

To transmit DNA between bacteria

Most protists are:

aquatic

What group of protists is the largest and most complex of all algae?

brown algae

Yeasts reproduce asexually by:

budding

Based on their mode of nutrition, cyanobacteria are classified as ________.

photoautotrophs

According to the progressive hypothesis, viruses may have originated as mobile genetic elements such as:

plasmids

Which has an unusual characteristic in that their circular DNA does not have genes for making the proteins needed to replicate and produce new viruses?

polydnaviruses

What subviral agent is responsible for mad cow disease?

prion

What is the typical size range of a virus?

20 - 300 nanometers

The ____ classification system classifies viruses based on the type of nucleic acid the virus contains.

Baltimore

Who is credited with the discovery of prions as a new biological principle of infection?

Stanley Prusiner

The volume of a typical bacterium is about _____ the volume of a typical eukaryotic cell.

a thousandth

A pathogen must ________ a certain cell type, multiply, and produce toxic substances to cause a disease in its host.

adhere

Which group of protists includes the dinoflagellates that cause red tide?

alveolates

Which domain contains organisms that do not have histones associated with DNA?

bacteria

What determines the shape of a virus?

capsomers

Which is the only prokaryote to carry on photosynthesis that generates oxygen?

cyanobacteria

What feature of Euglena allows the protist to move to light of an appropriate intensity?

eye spot

How do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions?

they form endospores

By what gene-transfer method does a phage transfer bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another, resulting in genetic recombination?

transduction

What makes up most of the mass of an individual mushroom?

underground mycelium

A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a:

chemoautotroph

What sexual process does a Paramecium employ?

conjugation

What is the source of certain deposits in sedimentary rock that is mined and used as filtering, insulating, and soundproofing materials?

diatoms

Which algal group contains individuals that are typically unicellular and form siliceous shells?

diatoms

Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct, sexually compatible nuclei within each cell are described as:

dikaryotic

Among the protist groups below, which has organisms that typically move with two or more flagella?

diplomonads

The litmus paper you use in your chemistry lab to determine the acidity of a liquid is derived from what organism?

lichen

What type of symbiotic relationship occurs between a ruminant and the bacteria in its digestive tract?

mutualism

Most fungal spores are ____ reproductive cells that are produced ____.

nonmotile: sexually or asexually

Which type of bacterium would not be able to survive in the presence of oxygen?

obligate anaerobic

Which RNA virus causes influenza?

orthomyxoviruses

A distinct difference between bacteria and archaea is the absence of ________ in the archaeon cell wall.

peptidoglycan

The bacterium that causes botulism, a serious form of food poisoning, is harmless unless it contains a certain ________ that induces synthesis of the toxin.

prophage

What form of protist locomotion pushes out cytoplasmic extensions along the leading edge of the cell?

pseudopodia

Which hypothesis asserts that viruses are remnants of cellular organisms and evolved from small cells that were parasites in larger cells?

regressive hypothesis

What do retroviruses need in order to transcribe their RNA into a DNA intermediate for integration into the DNA of a host cell?

reverse transcriptase

Peptidoglycan consists of:

sugars crosslinked with proteins

What is the end result of a host cell that is invaded by a virus in a lytic reproductive cycle?

the cell is destroyed

Although bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on:

the plasma membrane

Smaller than a virus, a ________ consists of a very short, circular, single strand of naked RNA, has no protective protein coat and no associated proteins to assist in duplication.

viroid

Which virus evolutionary hypothesis states that viruses predate or coevolved with their current cellular hosts even before the lifeforms assigned to the three domains diverged?

virus-first hypothesis

Which are the symbiotic dinoflagellates, which live in the bodies of marine invertebrates such as corals?

zooxanthellae

The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is:

binary fission

What is a lichen's typical process for reproduction?

fragmentation

Which group of protists are unicellular, biflagellate stramenopiles that forms a significant portion of the nanoplankton?

golden algae

Streptococci, the bacteria responsible for strep throat infections, is classified within which group of Bacteria?

gram-negative bacteria

The cause of your strep throat is from what type of bacteria?

gram-positive bacteria

Fungi parasitic on plants produce specialized hyphae, called ____, that penetrate the host.

haustoria