Biology Module 2

A substance that facilitates a chemical reaction without being permanently altered

Catalyst

A positively charged ion

Cation

The making and breaking of chemical bonds to form or rearrange molecules

Chemical reaction

Carbohydrates made up of greater than two monomers (oligo- and polysaccharides)

Complex carbohydrate

What kind of bond is characterized by the sharing of electrons?

Covalent

Double stranded

DNA

Stores information

DNA

The genetic code and all the instructions needed to make proteins is found in what kind of macromolecule?

DNA

Thymine

DNA

_________ forms a double helix.

DNA

When a protein or enzyme is deformed

Denature

Using your best grammar, discuss electronegativity and its relationship to polar and non-polar bonds. Write 3-5 sentences.

Electronegativity is a term that refers to an atom's attraction for electrons. Elements with a similar electronegativity will share electrons relatively equally. These type of bonds are called nonpolar covalent bonds. On the other hand, atoms with very different electronegativity will not share electrons equally in a bond or at all. These bonds are called polar covalent bonds.

Which particles make up an atom? Check all that apply.

Electrons, protons, and neutrons

A biological catalysis for biochemical reactions

Enzyme

A couple of bond in which electrons are unequally shared

Polar covalent bond

In the periodic table, elements with similar properties are found in the same what?

group

A charged atom due to the gain or loss of electron(s)

ion

Chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons

ionic bond

What kind of bond is characterized by the transfer of electrons?

ionic bond

Mass is the amount of ___________ in a substance.

matter

Enzymes are important for what reactions in a living system?

nearly all

Subatomic particle that does not have a charge

neutron

Nucleic acids are made up of what monomer?

nucleotides

A Measure of the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) in an aqueous solution

pH

A measure of the amount of hydroxide ions (OH) in in aqueous solutions

pOH

The ending material in a reaction

products

The majority of enzymes are what kind of macromolecule?

proteins

Positively charged subatomic particle

proton

The number of which subatomic particle identifies an atom as a particular element?

proton

The starting material in a reaction

reactants

What is an enzyme? Choose all that apply.

1. A protein that decreases the activation energy needed for a particular reaction 2. A protein that catalyzes the reaction of specific substrates 3. A catalyst for biochemical reactions

What environmental conditions are most commonly important for the function of enzymes? Choose all that apply.

1. Temperature 2. pH level

If a solution has a very low concentration of H+, it will have a pH in what range?

11-14

According to the octet rule, what number of electrons does an atom need in its valence shell to be stable?

8

How many electrons in the outer shell of an atom are generally needed for stability?

8

In your own words, describe what a buffer is and why it is important. Write 3-5 sentences using your best grammar.

A buffer is something that is used to keep the pH of a solution constant and stable. A buffer is important for pH levels to remain stable. If there is not a buffer something could become too acidic or alkaline.

A solution having a higher concentration of H+ than OH

Acidic solution

A solution with a pH ranging from 1 to 6

Acids

Stomach acid (pH 1)

Acids

Substance does that donate hydrogen ions

Acids

Tomato juice (ph 4)

Acids

When dissolved in water more hydrogen ions are present

Acids

The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction; enzymes lower this

Activation energy

A groove or pocket on an enzyme where substrates bind

Active site

What are some functions of proteins? Choose all that apply.

All of the above 1. As antibodies 2. As enzymes 3. As signals and receptors 4. As hormones 5. For structure

The polar nature of water and the hydrogen bonds it can form contribute to what properties of water? Choose all that apply.

All of the above 1. Expanding when frozen 2. The ability to moderate temperature 3. Cohesion and adhesion 4. Excellent solvent 5. High surface tension

Describe and discuss the amino acids. Include information on what they are, their structure, and how many there are. Using your best grammar, write 3-5 sentences.

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Amino amino have at least three and can have up to four different structures. These structure levels are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. There are twenty-one different amino acids that are commonly found in proteins. The amino acids differentiate because of their R-groups.

A negatively charged ion

Anion

A solution with a pH ranging from 8 to 10

Bases

Liquid drain cleaner (ph 14)

Bases

Soapy water (pH 12)

Bases

Substances that accept hydrogen ions

Bases

When dissolved in water, more hydroxide ions are present

Bases

A solution having a higher concentration of OH than H+

Basic solution

Which items are matter? Choose all that apply. Bricks Atoms Light Heat Water

Bricks, atoms, and water

In your own words, discuss the importance of enzymes within a living system and include what the function of an enzyme is. Using your best grammar, write 2-4 sentences.

Enzymes are important, because many biological processes would occur to slowly to sustain life without them. Enzymes keep a proper rate for chemical reactions in a cell to move forward to sustain life.

Stable, undigestible complex carbohydrates used for structural purposes

Fiber

Which of the following is not a function of a chemical reaction?

Freezing water

Which of the following is not a molecule? NaCl He H2O C6H12O6 F2

He

What type of intermolecular force occurring only between polar molecules

Hydrogen bonding

A charged atom

Ion

The image below depicts what type of molecule?

Lipid, triglyceride

The basic subunits for all carbohydrates

Monosaccharide

Concentrations of H+ and OH are equal

Neutral

The type of lipid composing cell membranes; composes of a phosphate head and two lipid tails

Phospholipid

Single stranded

RNA

Transports information

RNA

Uracil

RNA

Carbohydrates made up of just one or two monomers (mono- and disaccharides)

Simple carbohydrate

In what physical state does water exist in the natural environment? Choose all that apply.

Solid, liquid, and gas

Complex carbohydrates used to store excess sugar

Starch

Lipids with a unique structure composed of hydrocarbon rings; they have many functions throughout the body including functioning as hormones

Steroid

Reactants that can bind to an enzyme

Substrate

Simple carbohydrates used for energy

Sugar

Using your best grammar, describe how the periodic table of elements is arranged. Use 2-4 complete sentences.

The periodic table of elements is arranged in order of the elements' increasing atomic number. The table has two different sections. There are columns and rows. The columns are vertical and are known as "groups." The rows are horizontal and are known as "periods." This arrangement allows elements with similar chemical properties to align in the same group.

When carbohydrates are low, fatty acids can be broken down for energy in a process called beta-oxidation. What happens to fatty acids if there are enough carbohydrates for energy?

They are stored as triglycerides.

What is the function of steroids? Choose the best answer.

They have many functions, including as endocrine signals.

Basic fats composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids

Triglyceride

Describe at least two important biological functions of carbohydrates. Using your best grammar, write 2-4 sentences.

Two important biological functions of carbohydrates are storage and structural support. Carbohydrates serve as the main energy source for the body. The three major forms they take are sugars, starch, and fiber. Carbohydrates can provide structural support by providing protection and support for the cell and whole organism. These carbohydrates are considered complex carbohydrates.

Lipids composed of long hydrocarbon chains and usually produces as protection

Wax

If a solution has a high concentration of H+, it is what?

acidic

_________ energy is the amount of energy a reaction needs to start.

activation

What is the basic unit, or monomer, for proteins?

amino acids

A __________ is a substance that keeps the pH of a solution relatively constant and is highly stable.

buffer

Lipids are primarily composed of what elements?

carbon and hydrogen

Starch and Glycogen are examples of what kind of carbohydrates?

complex carbohydrate

The chemical bond formed by the sharing of valance electrons

covalent bond

Negatively charged subatomic particle

electron

Chemical reaction that absorbs energy

endergonic

Carbohydrates are macromolecules that can be broken down in the cell to release _________.

energy

A chemical reaction that releases energy

exergonic

What is the structure of RNA?

single-stranded