Biology Module 2
A substance that facilitates a chemical reaction without being permanently altered
Catalyst
A positively charged ion
Cation
The making and breaking of chemical bonds to form or rearrange molecules
Chemical reaction
Carbohydrates made up of greater than two monomers (oligo- and polysaccharides)
Complex carbohydrate
What kind of bond is characterized by the sharing of electrons?
Covalent
Double stranded
DNA
Stores information
DNA
The genetic code and all the instructions needed to make proteins is found in what kind of macromolecule?
DNA
Thymine
DNA
_________ forms a double helix.
DNA
When a protein or enzyme is deformed
Denature
Using your best grammar, discuss electronegativity and its relationship to polar and non-polar bonds. Write 3-5 sentences.
Electronegativity is a term that refers to an atom's attraction for electrons. Elements with a similar electronegativity will share electrons relatively equally. These type of bonds are called nonpolar covalent bonds. On the other hand, atoms with very different electronegativity will not share electrons equally in a bond or at all. These bonds are called polar covalent bonds.
Which particles make up an atom? Check all that apply.
Electrons, protons, and neutrons
A biological catalysis for biochemical reactions
Enzyme
A couple of bond in which electrons are unequally shared
Polar covalent bond
In the periodic table, elements with similar properties are found in the same what?
group
A charged atom due to the gain or loss of electron(s)
ion
Chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons
ionic bond
What kind of bond is characterized by the transfer of electrons?
ionic bond
Mass is the amount of ___________ in a substance.
matter
Enzymes are important for what reactions in a living system?
nearly all
Subatomic particle that does not have a charge
neutron
Nucleic acids are made up of what monomer?
nucleotides
A Measure of the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) in an aqueous solution
pH
A measure of the amount of hydroxide ions (OH) in in aqueous solutions
pOH
The ending material in a reaction
products
The majority of enzymes are what kind of macromolecule?
proteins
Positively charged subatomic particle
proton
The number of which subatomic particle identifies an atom as a particular element?
proton
The starting material in a reaction
reactants
What is an enzyme? Choose all that apply.
1. A protein that decreases the activation energy needed for a particular reaction 2. A protein that catalyzes the reaction of specific substrates 3. A catalyst for biochemical reactions
What environmental conditions are most commonly important for the function of enzymes? Choose all that apply.
1. Temperature 2. pH level
If a solution has a very low concentration of H+, it will have a pH in what range?
11-14
According to the octet rule, what number of electrons does an atom need in its valence shell to be stable?
8
How many electrons in the outer shell of an atom are generally needed for stability?
8
In your own words, describe what a buffer is and why it is important. Write 3-5 sentences using your best grammar.
A buffer is something that is used to keep the pH of a solution constant and stable. A buffer is important for pH levels to remain stable. If there is not a buffer something could become too acidic or alkaline.
A solution having a higher concentration of H+ than OH
Acidic solution
A solution with a pH ranging from 1 to 6
Acids
Stomach acid (pH 1)
Acids
Substance does that donate hydrogen ions
Acids
Tomato juice (ph 4)
Acids
When dissolved in water more hydrogen ions are present
Acids
The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction; enzymes lower this
Activation energy
A groove or pocket on an enzyme where substrates bind
Active site
What are some functions of proteins? Choose all that apply.
All of the above 1. As antibodies 2. As enzymes 3. As signals and receptors 4. As hormones 5. For structure
The polar nature of water and the hydrogen bonds it can form contribute to what properties of water? Choose all that apply.
All of the above 1. Expanding when frozen 2. The ability to moderate temperature 3. Cohesion and adhesion 4. Excellent solvent 5. High surface tension
Describe and discuss the amino acids. Include information on what they are, their structure, and how many there are. Using your best grammar, write 3-5 sentences.
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Amino amino have at least three and can have up to four different structures. These structure levels are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. There are twenty-one different amino acids that are commonly found in proteins. The amino acids differentiate because of their R-groups.
A negatively charged ion
Anion
A solution with a pH ranging from 8 to 10
Bases
Liquid drain cleaner (ph 14)
Bases
Soapy water (pH 12)
Bases
Substances that accept hydrogen ions
Bases
When dissolved in water, more hydroxide ions are present
Bases
A solution having a higher concentration of OH than H+
Basic solution
Which items are matter? Choose all that apply. Bricks Atoms Light Heat Water
Bricks, atoms, and water
In your own words, discuss the importance of enzymes within a living system and include what the function of an enzyme is. Using your best grammar, write 2-4 sentences.
Enzymes are important, because many biological processes would occur to slowly to sustain life without them. Enzymes keep a proper rate for chemical reactions in a cell to move forward to sustain life.
Stable, undigestible complex carbohydrates used for structural purposes
Fiber
Which of the following is not a function of a chemical reaction?
Freezing water
Which of the following is not a molecule? NaCl He H2O C6H12O6 F2
He
What type of intermolecular force occurring only between polar molecules
Hydrogen bonding
A charged atom
Ion
The image below depicts what type of molecule?
Lipid, triglyceride
The basic subunits for all carbohydrates
Monosaccharide
Concentrations of H+ and OH are equal
Neutral
The type of lipid composing cell membranes; composes of a phosphate head and two lipid tails
Phospholipid
Single stranded
RNA
Transports information
RNA
Uracil
RNA
Carbohydrates made up of just one or two monomers (mono- and disaccharides)
Simple carbohydrate
In what physical state does water exist in the natural environment? Choose all that apply.
Solid, liquid, and gas
Complex carbohydrates used to store excess sugar
Starch
Lipids with a unique structure composed of hydrocarbon rings; they have many functions throughout the body including functioning as hormones
Steroid
Reactants that can bind to an enzyme
Substrate
Simple carbohydrates used for energy
Sugar
Using your best grammar, describe how the periodic table of elements is arranged. Use 2-4 complete sentences.
The periodic table of elements is arranged in order of the elements' increasing atomic number. The table has two different sections. There are columns and rows. The columns are vertical and are known as "groups." The rows are horizontal and are known as "periods." This arrangement allows elements with similar chemical properties to align in the same group.
When carbohydrates are low, fatty acids can be broken down for energy in a process called beta-oxidation. What happens to fatty acids if there are enough carbohydrates for energy?
They are stored as triglycerides.
What is the function of steroids? Choose the best answer.
They have many functions, including as endocrine signals.
Basic fats composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids
Triglyceride
Describe at least two important biological functions of carbohydrates. Using your best grammar, write 2-4 sentences.
Two important biological functions of carbohydrates are storage and structural support. Carbohydrates serve as the main energy source for the body. The three major forms they take are sugars, starch, and fiber. Carbohydrates can provide structural support by providing protection and support for the cell and whole organism. These carbohydrates are considered complex carbohydrates.
Lipids composed of long hydrocarbon chains and usually produces as protection
Wax
If a solution has a high concentration of H+, it is what?
acidic
_________ energy is the amount of energy a reaction needs to start.
activation
What is the basic unit, or monomer, for proteins?
amino acids
A __________ is a substance that keeps the pH of a solution relatively constant and is highly stable.
buffer
Lipids are primarily composed of what elements?
carbon and hydrogen
Starch and Glycogen are examples of what kind of carbohydrates?
complex carbohydrate
The chemical bond formed by the sharing of valance electrons
covalent bond
Negatively charged subatomic particle
electron
Chemical reaction that absorbs energy
endergonic
Carbohydrates are macromolecules that can be broken down in the cell to release _________.
energy
A chemical reaction that releases energy
exergonic
What is the structure of RNA?
single-stranded