Biology One Chapter Eight

early microscope

In 1665, what did Robert Hooke use to look at a nonliving thin slice of a cork?

Red blood cells lack a nucleus, DNA, ribosomes, and mitochondria. Other cells use the instructions coded in DNA to sythesize and repair damaged proteins. Protein synthesis in cells occurs on ribosomes, which red blood cells lack. In most cells, mitochondria provide the energy the cell needs to carry out essential functions. Red blood cells lack mitochondria and therefore the energy required to synthesize proteins.

Most types of cells have the ability to replace damaged molecules and organelles. Red blood cells have a reduced capacity for repair and thus only survive for about four months. Construct an explanation based on the structure of red blood cells for why red blood cells are unable to repair damaged proteins.

specific function

Organs in organ systems work together to carry out a what?

The function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen throughout the body. These cells must be small enough to travel through capillaries. Red blood cells do not synthesize proteins or take up any molecules so the structure can be small. Fat cells do not need to travel and their function is storage so these cells need to be much larger.

Red blood cells are found in the blood as part of the circulatory system. Blood flows through arteries, veins, and narrow capillaries. Fat cells are located in adipose tissues in the body. Fat cells are generally located under the skin and around some organs. Use the information in the table to construct an explanation for why fat cells are so much larger than red blood cells.

scanning electron microscope

This uses pencil-like mean of electrons that is scanned over the surface of a specimen and produces highly magnified, three-dimensional images.

isotonic

Water will move across the cell membrane in both directions because the concentrations are the same inside and outside. What is it when equilibrium is reached, making both concentrations "same strength"?

larger molecules and clumps of material

What also can be actively transported across the cell membrane by the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis?

prokaryotes

What are cells don't have a nucleus, so therefore don't enclose their DNA in a nucleus?

lysosomes

What break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell?

shape

What increases the surface area of diffusion for erythrocytes?

leaf

What is an example of a plant organ?

diffusion

What is it when particles move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration? (There will be diagram questions on the test)

cells - tissues - organs - organ systems

What is the correct order of organization of structures in living things, from simplest to most complex?

active transport

What is the movement of materials against a concentration difference is known as active transport and requires energy? (there will be a diagram question on the test)

mitochondria

What is the powerhouse of ALL types of cells?

white blood cells

What must have a rough ER so that large molecules such as antibodies, can be synthesized?

golgi apparatus

What part of the cell stores and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or released from the cell?

vacuoles

What provides rigidity and support for leaves and flowers?

cell theory

What states that new cells are produced from existing cells?

eukaryotes

What type of cells enclose DNA in a nucleus?

single-celled organisms

What type of organisms DO NOT have specialized sex cells?