Psychology Test

Which of these concepts would Skinner see as an explanatory fiction? a. drive b. ego c. self-realization d. all of the above

All of the above

Pavlovian conditioning is also called ___________ conditioning.

Classical

Extinction of a response will occur earliest when learning occurs under this schedule of reinforcement. a. continuous b. variable-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval

Continuous

The least efficient schedule is the _________________ schedule.

Continuous

Two opposite factors in controlling behavior are satiation and _________________.

Deprivation

Which term best describes B. F. Skinner? a. determinist b. psychotherapist c. cognitive psychologist d. sociologist

Determinist

After Skinner's younger brother died, his parents a. blamed Skinner for the child's death. b. separated and later divorced. c. did not want to let Skinner go. d. insisted that Skinner return to Harvard and work toward a PhD.

Did not want to let skinner go

According to Skinner, unhealthy behavior a. can be traced to congenital deficiencies. b. does not exist. c. is a means of coping with excessive social control. d. is the result of permissive training during childhood.

Does not exist

Skinner believed that the _________________________, not free will, is responsible for behavior.

Environment

The ________________ is ultimately responsible for self-control.

Environment

According to Skinner, internal mental states such as thinking, foresight, and reasoning a. do not exist. b. exist, but should not be used to explain behavior. c. exist and should be used to explain behavior. d. do not exist, but nevertheless can be used to explain human behavior. e. are solely responsible for human behavior.

Exist, but should not be used to explain behavior

Nonreinforcement of a response leads to ___________________.

Extinction

Operant discrimination seems to be an innate ability.

False

Punishment strengthens a response, just as negative reinforcement does.

False

Recent research has found that punishment tends to improve learning for people low in anxiety.

False

Skinner believed that more behavior is shaped by natural selection than by reinforcement.

False

Skinner believed that psychotherapy offers the best hope for an improvement of the human species.

False

Skinner held that self-control is achieved by developing strong willpower.

False

Skinner's concept of humanity is both deterministic and pessimistic.

False

Skinner's theory tries to interpret and explain human behavior.

False

Thorndike's amended law of effect minimized the effects of satisfiers and emphasized the importance of annoyers.

False

With operant conditioning, behavior is elicited; that is, it is drawn out of the organism.

False

A bricklayer is paid a given amount of money for every brick laid. This procedure most closely approximates which schedule of reinforcement? a. fixed-ratio b. variable-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval

Fixed-ratio

A unified repertoire of responses is Skinner's definition of a. operant conditioning. b. classical conditioning. c. human personality. d. the perceived self.

Human personality

_______________________, not B. F. Skinner, was the first behaviorist to insist that psychology should be limited to a study of observable behavior.

John Watson

Thorndike's ________________________ states that responses to stimuli that are followed by a satisfier tend to be learned.

Laws of Effect

Skinner rejected the notion of unconscious ___________________ but accepted the idea of unconscious behavior.

Motivation

Skinner saw creative behavior as resulting from a. mutations. b. genetic intelligence. c. sublimations. d. uniquely human qualities of perseverance.

Mutations

According to Skinner, human personality is partially shaped by a. natural selection. b. unconscious motivation. c. our expectation of future goals. d. basic needs such as hunger, safety, and sex.

Natural selection

According to Skinner, the act of blocking out unpleasant thoughts is an example of a. repression. b. suppression. c. negative reinforcement. d. extinction.

Negative reinforcement

Allyson rubs her knee to reduce pain. This behavior is most likely an example of a. classical conditioning. b. social control of behavior. c. punishment. d. positive reinforcement. e. negative reinforcement.

Negative reinforcement

Any aversive condition that when removed from a situation increases the probability that a given behavior will occur is a a. negative reinforcer. b. positive reinforcer. c. reward. d. negative punishment. e. positive punishment.

Negative reinforcer

A slot machine pays off on this schedule. a. continuous b. fixed-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval e. none of these

None of these

Psychology must be restricted to the study of _________________ behavior, according to Skinner.

Observable

In his philosophy of science, Skinner a. opposed hypothetical-deductive methods. b. favored a Taoistic approach. c. opposed scientific research. d. favored the use of large groups of subjects. e. advocated longitudinal studies.

Opposed scientific research

A _____________________ reinforcer is any stimulus that, when added to a situation, increases the probability that a given behavior will recur.

Positive

Which of these would be the best example of a conditioned reinforcer? a. sleep b. relief from a headache c. praise d. oxygen

Praise

The effects of punishment are less ________ than those of reward.

Predictable

Many conditioned reinforcers are not by nature satisfying, but they become so because they are associated with ________________ reinforcers.

Primary

Skinner believed that ___________is one of the chief obstacles blocking psychology's attempt to become scientific.

Psychotherapy

To Skinner, behavior is shaped by natural selection, ___________, and cultural evolution.

Reinforcement

An event that strengthens behavior is called a _______________.

Reinforcer

Who is gonna do amazing on their test tomorrow?

Sadie!!!!!!!! :)

Human behavior is subject to the laws of _________________, according to Skinner.

Science

In operant conditioning, the experimenter first rewards gross approximations of the target behavior and gradually rewards responses closer to the final target. Such a procedure is called _____________________, or successive approximations.

Shaping

Thorndike's law of effect states that responses to stimuli that are followed by a satisfier tend to be a. ignored. b. stamped in. c. stamped out. d. extinguished.

Stamped in

Like positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers _________________ behavior.

Strengthen

Shaping complex behavior through operant conditioning usually includes this procedure. a. classical conditioning b. punishment c. cognitive mediation d. successive approximation

Successive approximation

Skinner favored reward over punishment largely because a. reward is more humane than punishment. b. punishment is more expensive. c. the effects of punishment are less predictable. d. the effects of reward are less predictable.

The effects of punishment are less predictable

John Watson argued that the goal of psychology is a. to determine the drives that motivate behavior. b. to study sensation, perception, and imagery. c. to study behavior subjectively; that is, through introspection. d. to study behavior objectively.

To study behavior objectivley

Although emotions are real, Skinner argued that scientists should not attribute behavior to them.

True

Both negative and positive reinforcers strengthen behavior.

True

John Watson believed that the goal of psychology is prediction and control of behavior.

True

Skinner agreed with Freud that dreams can be wish-fulfillments.

True

Skinner contended that human behavior follows principles that are basically the same as those that apply to animal behavior.

True

Skinner decided to be a behaviorist even before he entered graduate school.

True

Skinner had no use for hypothetical constructs such as id, archetypes, or motives.

True

Skinner recognized the existence of internal states such as thinking and feeling.

True

Skinner's theory rates very high on causality.

True

Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert was an example of classical conditioning.

True

Skinner believed the most crucial aspect of science is a. measurement. b. hypothesis testing. c. explanations of natural phenomena. d. valuing empirical observation.

Valuing emprical observation

While in college, Skinner aspired to become a a. professional baseball player. b. writer. c. psychologist. d. lawyer.

Writer

While still in college. Skinner desired to become a ___________.

Writer