Psychology Test
Which of these concepts would Skinner see as an explanatory fiction? a. drive b. ego c. self-realization d. all of the above
All of the above
Pavlovian conditioning is also called ___________ conditioning.
Classical
Extinction of a response will occur earliest when learning occurs under this schedule of reinforcement. a. continuous b. variable-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval
Continuous
The least efficient schedule is the _________________ schedule.
Continuous
Two opposite factors in controlling behavior are satiation and _________________.
Deprivation
Which term best describes B. F. Skinner? a. determinist b. psychotherapist c. cognitive psychologist d. sociologist
Determinist
After Skinner's younger brother died, his parents a. blamed Skinner for the child's death. b. separated and later divorced. c. did not want to let Skinner go. d. insisted that Skinner return to Harvard and work toward a PhD.
Did not want to let skinner go
According to Skinner, unhealthy behavior a. can be traced to congenital deficiencies. b. does not exist. c. is a means of coping with excessive social control. d. is the result of permissive training during childhood.
Does not exist
Skinner believed that the _________________________, not free will, is responsible for behavior.
Environment
The ________________ is ultimately responsible for self-control.
Environment
According to Skinner, internal mental states such as thinking, foresight, and reasoning a. do not exist. b. exist, but should not be used to explain behavior. c. exist and should be used to explain behavior. d. do not exist, but nevertheless can be used to explain human behavior. e. are solely responsible for human behavior.
Exist, but should not be used to explain behavior
Nonreinforcement of a response leads to ___________________.
Extinction
Operant discrimination seems to be an innate ability.
False
Punishment strengthens a response, just as negative reinforcement does.
False
Recent research has found that punishment tends to improve learning for people low in anxiety.
False
Skinner believed that more behavior is shaped by natural selection than by reinforcement.
False
Skinner believed that psychotherapy offers the best hope for an improvement of the human species.
False
Skinner held that self-control is achieved by developing strong willpower.
False
Skinner's concept of humanity is both deterministic and pessimistic.
False
Skinner's theory tries to interpret and explain human behavior.
False
Thorndike's amended law of effect minimized the effects of satisfiers and emphasized the importance of annoyers.
False
With operant conditioning, behavior is elicited; that is, it is drawn out of the organism.
False
A bricklayer is paid a given amount of money for every brick laid. This procedure most closely approximates which schedule of reinforcement? a. fixed-ratio b. variable-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval
Fixed-ratio
A unified repertoire of responses is Skinner's definition of a. operant conditioning. b. classical conditioning. c. human personality. d. the perceived self.
Human personality
_______________________, not B. F. Skinner, was the first behaviorist to insist that psychology should be limited to a study of observable behavior.
John Watson
Thorndike's ________________________ states that responses to stimuli that are followed by a satisfier tend to be learned.
Laws of Effect
Skinner rejected the notion of unconscious ___________________ but accepted the idea of unconscious behavior.
Motivation
Skinner saw creative behavior as resulting from a. mutations. b. genetic intelligence. c. sublimations. d. uniquely human qualities of perseverance.
Mutations
According to Skinner, human personality is partially shaped by a. natural selection. b. unconscious motivation. c. our expectation of future goals. d. basic needs such as hunger, safety, and sex.
Natural selection
According to Skinner, the act of blocking out unpleasant thoughts is an example of a. repression. b. suppression. c. negative reinforcement. d. extinction.
Negative reinforcement
Allyson rubs her knee to reduce pain. This behavior is most likely an example of a. classical conditioning. b. social control of behavior. c. punishment. d. positive reinforcement. e. negative reinforcement.
Negative reinforcement
Any aversive condition that when removed from a situation increases the probability that a given behavior will occur is a a. negative reinforcer. b. positive reinforcer. c. reward. d. negative punishment. e. positive punishment.
Negative reinforcer
A slot machine pays off on this schedule. a. continuous b. fixed-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval e. none of these
None of these
Psychology must be restricted to the study of _________________ behavior, according to Skinner.
Observable
In his philosophy of science, Skinner a. opposed hypothetical-deductive methods. b. favored a Taoistic approach. c. opposed scientific research. d. favored the use of large groups of subjects. e. advocated longitudinal studies.
Opposed scientific research
A _____________________ reinforcer is any stimulus that, when added to a situation, increases the probability that a given behavior will recur.
Positive
Which of these would be the best example of a conditioned reinforcer? a. sleep b. relief from a headache c. praise d. oxygen
Praise
The effects of punishment are less ________ than those of reward.
Predictable
Many conditioned reinforcers are not by nature satisfying, but they become so because they are associated with ________________ reinforcers.
Primary
Skinner believed that ___________is one of the chief obstacles blocking psychology's attempt to become scientific.
Psychotherapy
To Skinner, behavior is shaped by natural selection, ___________, and cultural evolution.
Reinforcement
An event that strengthens behavior is called a _______________.
Reinforcer
Who is gonna do amazing on their test tomorrow?
Sadie!!!!!!!! :)
Human behavior is subject to the laws of _________________, according to Skinner.
Science
In operant conditioning, the experimenter first rewards gross approximations of the target behavior and gradually rewards responses closer to the final target. Such a procedure is called _____________________, or successive approximations.
Shaping
Thorndike's law of effect states that responses to stimuli that are followed by a satisfier tend to be a. ignored. b. stamped in. c. stamped out. d. extinguished.
Stamped in
Like positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers _________________ behavior.
Strengthen
Shaping complex behavior through operant conditioning usually includes this procedure. a. classical conditioning b. punishment c. cognitive mediation d. successive approximation
Successive approximation
Skinner favored reward over punishment largely because a. reward is more humane than punishment. b. punishment is more expensive. c. the effects of punishment are less predictable. d. the effects of reward are less predictable.
The effects of punishment are less predictable
John Watson argued that the goal of psychology is a. to determine the drives that motivate behavior. b. to study sensation, perception, and imagery. c. to study behavior subjectively; that is, through introspection. d. to study behavior objectively.
To study behavior objectivley
Although emotions are real, Skinner argued that scientists should not attribute behavior to them.
True
Both negative and positive reinforcers strengthen behavior.
True
John Watson believed that the goal of psychology is prediction and control of behavior.
True
Skinner agreed with Freud that dreams can be wish-fulfillments.
True
Skinner contended that human behavior follows principles that are basically the same as those that apply to animal behavior.
True
Skinner decided to be a behaviorist even before he entered graduate school.
True
Skinner had no use for hypothetical constructs such as id, archetypes, or motives.
True
Skinner recognized the existence of internal states such as thinking and feeling.
True
Skinner's theory rates very high on causality.
True
Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert was an example of classical conditioning.
True
Skinner believed the most crucial aspect of science is a. measurement. b. hypothesis testing. c. explanations of natural phenomena. d. valuing empirical observation.
Valuing emprical observation
While in college, Skinner aspired to become a a. professional baseball player. b. writer. c. psychologist. d. lawyer.
Writer
While still in college. Skinner desired to become a ___________.
Writer