Biology Test 2

Explain what causes the "Lub" and the "Dub" sounds of a heartbeat

"Lub" occurs when increasing pressure of blood inside a ventricle forces the cusps of the AV valves to slam shut. "Dub" occurs when the ventricles relax and blood in the arteries pushes back, causing the semilunar valves to close.

Define the types of complications and disorders associated with the functioning of the immune system

1.) Allergies: Hypersensitivities to substances that ordinarily would do no harm to the body. 2.) Tissue rejection: the recipient's immune system rejects transplanted tissue as non self. 3.) Autoimmune disease: cytotoxic T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body's own molecules or cells, as if they are foreign antigens.

List and describe the different types of blood vessels

1.) Arteries, carry blood from the heart to smaller vessels called Arterioles. 2.) these lead to the Capillaries, which is where gas exchange occurs 3.) and then Venules carry blood from the capillaries to the Veins which carry blood back to the heart.

Summarize how each system listed in Figure 6.12 interacts with the cardiovascular system

1.) Digestive: relies on CV system to deliver nutrients to the cells and distribute the absorbed water and calcium. 2.) Urinary: needs the CV system to transport wastes to be excreted by the kidneys and also regulate water-salt balance. 3.) Muscular: muscles contract to move blood through the CV system. 4.) Nervous: regulates contraction of the heart and blood vessels 5.)Endocrine: hormones are transported from glands to target organs by the CV system. 6.)Respiratory: blood vessels transport gases to and from the lungs 7.) Lymphatic: maintains blood volume of the CV system 8.) Skeletal: produces blood cells, provides protection for the heart, and stores calcium necessary for muscle function and blood clotting

Describe the two parts of the cardiovascular system

1.) Heart, which pumps blood 2.) blood vessels, which carries the blood

Describe the structure and function of each major class of white blood cell

1.) Neutrophils: granular with a multilobed nucleus; first responders in bacterial infection 2.) Eosinophils: granular with a bilobed nucleus; increase in number during a parasitic worm infection or allergic reactions 3.) Basophils: granular with a U-shaped nucleus; release histamine 4.) Lymphocytes: do not have granules but have nonlobular nuclei; responsible for specific immunity to particular pathogens and their toxins 5.) Monocytes: do not have granules and are the largest of the white blood cells; phagocytize pathogens and stimulate other white blood cells

List the components of the blood that are involved in the formation of a blood clot

1.) Platelets: clump at the site of puncture 2.) Thrombin: activates fibrinogen, forming long threads of fibrin, fibrin threads wind around platelets.

Define acquired immunity and give some examples

Acquired immunity is immunity that occurs naturally through injection or is brought about artificially by medical intervention. Examples: When we get sick with a cold virus, we build up immunity to that virus. When we get vaccinated against polio, we build up immunity against that virus.

Describe how each blood vessel contributes to the flow of blood in the body

Arteries have thick muscular walls that are elastic and carry blood at higher pressure. Arterioles have thinner walls receive blood from arteries and the blood pressure drops. Capillaries have thin walls made up of a single layer of epithelium and carry blood at a lower pressure. Venules receive blood from the capillaries and move it to the veins at a low pressure. Veins have thinner walls than arteries and contain valves that help move the low-pressure blood back to the heart.

Distinguish between the cells involved in targeting an antigen present within a cell of the body versus an antigen free in the interstitial fluid

B cells have BCRs on their surface that bind with antigens in the interstitial fluid. T cells have TCRs that bind to antigens present in the MHCs of antigen-presenting cells

Hypothesize why an autoimmune disorder sometimes develops after an infection

Because antibodies responding to bacterial or viral antigens sometimes react with self-antigens, causing inflammation and tissue damage

Summarize the components of blood

Blood consists of formed elements (cells and cell fragments) suspended in a liquid called plasma

Compare and contrast the characteristics of blood flow in the veins, arteries, and capillaries.

Blood pressure is highest in the arteries. It drops off nearly completely in the capillaries and remains low in the veins.

Explain what determines blood type, and list the four types of blood

Blood types A, B, AB, and O are based on the presence or absence of type A antigen and type B antigen.

Summarize the treatments available for cardiovascular disorders

Common treatments include giving drugs to lower blood pressure, giving nitroglycerin at onset of a heart attack, replacing diseased/damaged portion of the vessel, opening clogged arteries, stents, dissolving clots, and performing a heart transplant.

Describe the role of EPO in RBC production

EPO, produced by the kidneys, liver, or other tissues, stimulates the stem cells in bone marrow to produce motor RBCs.

Explain what happens to the excess fluid created during capillary exchange

Excess fluid goes into the interstitial fluid and eventually into the lymphatic vessels to be returned to the circulatory system

Explain how the functions of the cardiovascular system contribute to homeostasis

Exchanges oxygen and CO2 between the lungs and tissues, distributes nutrients from the digestive system, removes metabolic wastes, and forms blood clots to prevent blood loss.

Explain what the pulse of a person indicates

Heart rate

List the cardiovascular disorders that are common in humans

Hypertension, stroke, heart attack, aneurysm, heart failure

Predict what could happen to the body if the lymphatic ducts did not allow lymph to drain.

If lymphatic vessels were blocked, excess fluid would accumulate in the tissues.

Detail how innate defense differs from adaptive defense

Innate defenses act quickly but less specifically against pathogens. Adaptive defenses respond more slowly, but more specifically to antigens.

Summarize the internal and external controls of the heartbeat

Internal control is from the intrinsic conduction system of the heart. External control is from the cardiac control center in the medulla oblongata.

Describe the path of blood from the heart to the digestive tract and back to the heart by way of the hepatic portal vein

Left ventricle -> aorta -> mesenteric arteries -> digestive tract capillary bed -> hepatic portal veins -> liver capillary bed -> hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava -> right atrium

Explain the relationship between leukemia and white blood cells

Leukemia is a cancer in which white blood cells proliferate uncontrollably, producing cells that are abnormal or immature

Describe how the lymphatic system assists in fluid homeostasis for the body.

Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream

Explain how the lymphatic system interacts with the cardiovascular system

Lymphatic vessels collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to the cardiovascular system.

Discuss why CVD is the leading source of death in Western countries

Mainly due to diet, lack of exercise, and lifestyle choices.

Explain how memory lymphocytes are formed and state their function

Memory B cells are produced after a B cell has been activated by binding to an antigen in the pretense of cytokines from T cells. They remain in the body and can quickly transform into plasma cells when exposed to the same antigen in the future. Memory T cells are formed, along with cytotoxic T cells, when the TCR on the T cells binds to an antigen presented by an antigen-presenting cell. They remain in the body and can quickly start an immune response when exposed to the same antigen in the future.

Neutrophils

Most abundant white blood cell, multi lobed nucleus; first responders to invasion

Describe the blood cells associated with innate defenses, and detail how they function

Neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages engulf pathogens by phagocytosis

Explain what causes hemolytic disease of the newborn

Once an Rh- woman has been exposed to the Rh antigen (usually during deliver of an Rh+ baby), she makes anti-Rh antibodies. During subsequent pregnancies, these antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the Rh+ fetal red blood cells.

Summarize what occurs when blood and osmotic pressure change at the venous end of a capillary.

Osmotic pressure is greater than blood pressure and fluid moves back into the capillary

Describe the exchange of materials across the walls of a capillary.

Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from high to low concentrations from inside the capillary outward across the capillary wall. Carbon dioxide and wastes diffuse from the interstitial fluid into the capillary across the wall.

Describe the flow of blood through the heart

Oxygen-poor blood arrives in the right atrium, moves through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, through the pulmonary trunk into the lungs, drops off carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen, then moves through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle, then out the aortic valve.

Describe how passive immunity is developed

Passive immunity can be developed through the transfer of IgG antibodies across the placenta, by the transfer of IgG and IgA antibodies in breast milk during feeding, or by the injection of gamma globulins directed against a specific disease agent.

List the types of plasma proteins and explain why each is important

Plasma proteins include albumins (contribute to osmotic pressure and transport organic molecules), globulins (transport and antibodies), and fibrinogen (when activated, forms clots)

Compare the two types of immune therapies that can assist passive immunity

Prepared antibodies (Example: gamma globulins) or immune cells are injected to directly fight the pathogen. Cytokines such as interferon and interleukins are injected to enhance T-cell activity against cancer.

List the primary and secondary lymphatic organs.

Primary Lymphatic Organs: Red bone marrow and the thymus. Sites of lymphocyte production and maturation. Secondary Lymphatic Organs: Lymph nodes and the spleen. Sites where lymphocytes react to pathogens and are cleaned from lymph and blood.

Explain how RBCs transport oxygen and carbon dioxide by outlining the chemical processes involved

RBCs contain molecules of hemoglobin, each of which can bind reversibly with four molecules of oxygen. The oxygen is released in the tissues. CO2 is picked up by blood in the tissues. About 7% is dissolved in the plasma; 23% combines with the globing protein of hemoglobin in the RBCs; 70% moves into the RBCs and combines with water producing bicarbonate which then diffuses out into the plasma

Describe the flow of blood in the pulmonary circuit

Right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> pulmonary capillaries -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium

List some examples of the body's innate defenses

Skin and mucous membranes , chemical barriers, resident bacteria, inflammatory response, and protective proteins.

Summarize how the structure of an RBC makes it well-suited for gas transport

The biconcave shape of an RBC increases cell surface area and therefore the ability for oxygen to diffuse into and out of the cell. RBCs also contain hemoglobin chains with an iron-containing heme group that binds to oxygen

Summarize the functions of the cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system generates blood pressure, transports blood, promotes gas exchange at the capillaries, and regulates blood flow as needed.

Compare the relative oxygen content of the blood flowing in the pulmonary artery with that in the pulmonary vein

The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood. The pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood

Discuss the role of complement proteins in immunity

They assist the immune response by binding to, identifying, and destroying pathogens

Summarize a few of the blood-clotting disorders

Thrombocytopenia results in a low platelet count; thromboembolism is a moving clot that blocks a blood vessel; hemophilia is a deficiency in clotting factors

Describe the stages of blood clotting

Tissue damage triggers platelets to clump and release prothrombin activator; thrombin forms fibrin which winds around the platelet plug, trapping RBCs, and forming a clot

Explain why there are different types of white blood cells

To protect against different types of pathogens and to participate in all the functions of the immune system

Summarize the functions of blood

Transport, defense, clotting, and regulation of body temperature. (its water-salt balance, and acid base balance.)

Explain who a donor with type A blood is able to donate blood to

Type A can give to type A or AB

Explain why valves are needed in the veins

Valves are needed in the veins to prevent the back flow of blood.

Explain why the structure of the veins is different from that of the arteries

Veins carry blood at lower pressure and can function with thinner wails with less muscle and elastic fibers. They have valves to help move the blood back to the heart.

Detail how an antibody works during an allergic reaction

When an allergen attaches to IgE antibodies on mast cells or basophils, these cells release histamine and other chemicals that result in allergic symptoms.

Blood moving from the left atrium to the left ventricle passes through which of the following valves? a.) bicuspid valve b.) tricuspid valve c.) aortic semilunar valve d.) pulmonary semilunar valve

a.) bicuspid valve

Which of the following lists the events of the cardiac system in the correct order? a.) both atria contract, then both ventricles b.) both ventricles contract, then both atria c.) left atria and left ventricle contract, then right atria and right ventricle d.) right atria and right ventricle contract, then left atria and left ventricle

a.) both atria contract, then both ventricles

Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are involved in... a.) cell-mediated immunity b.) antibody-mediated immunity c.) the inflammatory response d.) complement e.) all of these are correct

a.) cell-mediated immunity

The majority of the carbon dioxide produced by cellular respiration is transported by the red blood cell (RBC) by a.) forming carbonic acid in the plasma of the RBC b.) being bound to hemoglobin c.) being bound to prothrombin d.) phagocytosis in the lysosomes of the RBC

a.) forming carbonic acid in the plasma of the RBC

Which of the following does NOT pertain to B cells? a.) have passed through the thymus b.) have specific receptors c.) are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity d.) synthesize antibodies

a.) have passed through the thymus

Water enters the venous end of capillaries because of a.) osmotic pressure that is higher than blood pressure b.) an osmotic pressure gradient c.) higher blood pressure on the venous side d.) higher blood pressure on the arterial side e.) higher red blood cell concentration on the venous side

a.) osmotic pressure that is higher than blood pressure

The adaptive immune defenses respond to which of the following? a.) specific pathogens b.) general pathogens c.) interferon d.) histamine e.) all of these are correct

a.) specific pathogens

Which of the following is not a function of the cardiovascular system? a.) transport oxygen to tissues and remove waste b.) allow the detection to stimuli from the external environment c.) participate in temperature homeostasis transport cells d.) transport cells of the immune system

b.) allow the detection to stimuli from the external environment

Lymph is formed from a.) damaged tissue b.) excess interstitial fluid c.) red blood cells d.)white blood cells

b.) excess interstitial fluid

The pigment that transports oxygen in an erythrocyte is... a.) fibrin b.) hemoglobin c.) deoxyhemoglobin d.) plasma

b.) hemoglobin

A blood pressure reading of 145/90 indicates a.) normal blood pressure b.) hypertension c.) hypotension

b.) hypertension

The blood cells exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients with the _____ surrounding the cells of the body a.) white blood cells b.) interstitial fluid c.) formed elements d.) plasma

b.) interstitial fluid

Which body system assists the cardiovascular system by removing excess interstitial fluid from around the cells? a.) endocrine system b.) lymphatic system c.) respiratory system d.) digestive system

b.) lymphatic system

Which of the following is a function of the spleen? a.) produces T cells b.) removes worn-out red blood cells c.) produces macrophages d.) regulates the immune system

b.) removes worn-out red blood cells

When the oxygen capacity of the blood is reduced, a.) the liver produces more bile b.) the kidneys release erythropoietin c.) the thymus produces more red blood cells d.) sickle-cell disease occurs e.) all of these are correct

b.) the kidneys release erythropoietin

Which of the following is not true about white blood cells? a.) They are formed in red bone marrow b.) They carry oxygen and carbon dioxide c.) They can leave the bloodstream and enter tissues d.) They can fight disease and infection

b.) they carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

The skeletal muscle pump assists with blood flow in the a.) arteries b.) veins c.) capillaries d.) heart

b.) veins

Which of the following is NOT correct concerning interferon? a.) Interferon is a protective protein b.) Virus-infected cells produce interferon c.) Interferon has no effect on viruses d.) Interferon can be used to treat certain viral infections

c.) Interferon has no effect on viruses

Blood pressure is highest in the ______ of the cardiovascular system a.) veins b.) capillaries c.) arteries

c.) arteries

which of the following conditions is characterized by the accumulation of plaque in a blood vessel? a.) hypertension b.) stroke c.) atherosclerosis d.) heart attack

c.) atherosclerosis

Which of the following does NOT occur during a secondary immune response? a.) Antibodies are made quickly and in great amounts b.) antibody production lasts longer than in a primary response c.) clonal selection occurs for B cells d.) All of these are correct

c.) clonal selection occurs for B cells

Which of the following is NOT a goal of the inflammatory reaction? a.) bring more oxygen to damaged tissues b.) decrease blood loss from a wound c.) decrease the number of white blood cells in the damaged tissues d.) prevent entry of pathogens into damaged tissues

c.) decrease the number of white blood cells in the damaged tissues

Which of the following is most directly responsible for the increase in capillary permeability during the inflammatory reaction? a.) pain b.) white blood cells c.) histamine d.) tissue damage

c.) histamine

Which of the following is a function of the secondary lymphatic organs? a.) transport of lymph b.) clonal selection of B cells c.) location where lymphocytes encounter antigens d.) all of these are correct

c.) location where lymphocytes encounter antigens

Which of the following conditions occurs when antibodies attack the myelin sheath covering nerve fibers? a.) lupus b.) rheumatoid arthritis c.) multiple sclerosis d.) myasthenia gravis

c.) multiple sclerosis

Which of the following are formed from megakaryocytic? a.) basophils b.) erythrocytes c.) platelets d.) fibrinogen

c.) platelets

Basophils

contain blue-stained granules and releases histamine

Type B blood contains _______ surface antigens on the RBCs and _______ antibodies in the plasma. a.) A; anti-a b.) B; anti-b c.) A; anti-b d.) B; anti-a e.) none of these are correct

d.) B; anti-A

In ______, a blood vessel bursts, sending blood into the surrounding tissues, such as the brain. a.) angina pectoris b.) a heart attack c.) atherosclerosis d.) a stroke

d.) a stroke

Theoretically, a person with type AB blood should be able to receive a.) type B and type AB blood b.) type O and type B blood c.) type A and type O blood d.) All of these are correct

d.) all of these are correct

A sudden drop in blood pressure in response to an antigen in the body is a characteristic of which of the following? a.) inflammatory response b.) passive immunity c.) cell-mediated immunity d.) anaphylactic shock e.) none of the above

d.) anaphylactic shock

Active immunity can be produced by a.) having a disease b.) receiving a vaccine c.) receiving gamma globulin injections d.) both a and b are correct e.) both b and c are correct

d.) both a and b are correct

An electrocardiographgram system measures... a.) chemical signals in the brain and heart b.) electrical activity in the brain and heart c.) chemical signals in the heart d.) electrical changes in the wall of the heart

d.) electrical changes in the wall of the heart

Which of the following is not a function of blood? a.) regulation of body temperature b.) defense of body temperature c.) transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide d.) manufacture of hormones

d.) manufacture of hormones

Which of the following is not a formed element in the blood? a.) red blood cells b.) white blood cells c.) platelets d.) organic molecules and salts

d.) organic molecules and salts

Which of the following is a function of the thymus? a.) production of red blood cells b.) secretion of antibodies c.) production and maintenance of stem cells d.) site for the maturation of T cells

d.) site for the maturation of T cells

What do venules do?

drain blood from capillaries

Blood is associated with which of the following forms of homeostasis? a.) nutrient supply to the body b.)supply of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide c.)removal of waste material d.)transport of hormones e.) all of these are correct

e.) all of these are correct

Which of the following characteristics pertain to T cells? a.) have specific receptors b.) are of more than one type c.) are responsible for cell-mediated immunity d.) stimulate antibody production by B cells e.) all of these are correct

e.) all of these are correct

Which of the following is in the correct sequence for blood clotting? a.) prothrombin activator, prothrombin, thrombin b.) fibrin threads, prothrombin activator, thrombin c.) thrombin, fibrin threads d.) prothrombin, clotting factors, fibrinogen e.) both a and c are correct

e.) both a and c are correct

What do arterioles do?

empty into capillaries

Lymphocytes

include B and T cells that provide specific immunity

Monocytes

largest of the white blood cells, contain no granules, and become macrophages

What might veins contain?

may contain valves

What are arteries?

muscular vessels that move blood away from the heart

What are capillaries the site for?

they are sites for exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid