Biology Test 2
Select the three componets of the cell theory devised in the mid 1800s
- All organisms are made of one or more cells - The cell is the fundemental unit of all life - All cells originate from pre existing cells
Select all of the parts that are involved in the endomembrane system
- Golgi Apparatus - Vacuoles - endoplasmic reticulum -lysosomes - nuclear envelope
Adenosine Diphosphate is also known as
ADP
The organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells is the ___ which is a type of plastid
Chloroplast
The microfilaments intermediate filaments and micritubles shown in the picture compromise the ____ which is a network of protiens that provide a structural framework within the cell
Cytoskeleton
In the cell ____ is the genetic information of the cell and RNA plays a role in the production of _____-
DNA Protiens
No ____ is spent to pass a substance across a membrane in passive trasport
Energy
Cells that contain membrane bounded organelles and nucleus are called?
Eukaryotic cells
What groups have cell walls
Fungi Bacteria Algae Plants Archaea
Describes all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell inclusing the building of molecules and breaking down molecules
Metabolism
Robert hooke was the first person to.....
See the outlines of cells
DNA
The cells genetic information
What is the function of a ribosome
To maufacture protiens
In some bacteria the capsule is a protectice layer that forms the polysaccharides on the
cell wall
The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the assistancw of protiens is a membrane transport process called simple
diffusion
Although animal cells lack cell wall many animal cells secrete a complex _____ outside the plasma membrane
extracellular matrix
membrane protiens assist ions and polar molecules across membranes down theor concentration graient in
faciliated diffusion
The phosphate "head" end, with its polar covalent bonds, is attracted to water; that is, it is ______The other end, consisting of two fatty acid "tails," is_______.
hydrophillic hydrophobic
Entropy
is a measure of this randomness.
the ____ found within the nuclear envelope lined with specialized protiens that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nucleus
nuclear pores
In prokaryotic cells DNA congregtes in area called the ?
nucleoid
What is the process whereby an ion an atom or a molecule crosses a membrane without using energy
passive transport
Receptor
proteins bind to molecules and ions on the outside of the cell triggering a reaction on the inside of the cell
Active site is where
substrate binds
drawbacks of a electron microscopy
the microscopes are expensive all images are black and white specimens must be killed prior to viewing them
protiens are embedded in the cell membrane and act as pasageways for water soluable materials into or out of the cell
transport
Which of the following are examples of potential energy
Chemical energy stored in bonds Ball at the top of a hill Compressed spring
Domain _______ is Eularyotic with nuclei and membrane-bound organelles where as domains _____ and ______ are prokaryotic without nuclei or other membrane bound organelles
Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria
In some types of bacteria, appendages called _____ rotate like a propeller and alloe movement forward or backward
Flagella
Select all the roles that membranes play in cells
Transport substances into and out of the cell Enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells Recieve annd respond to external stimuli
If a solute is more concentrated in one location than another it forms
a concentration gradient
Cytoplasm
all cell contents except the nucleus
A protien channel that links the cytoplasm of two animal cells and allows the exchange of ions, nutrients and small molecules between the cells is called a __________ junction.
Gap
Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
RNA,DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm
protiens to be secreted outside the cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ____ endoplasmic reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lipids, detoxyfying ,enzymes,and membrane componets are produced and stored in the ____ endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
ribosome
Structures that manufacture protiens
one unit in which energy is measured
calories
At the end of a biochemical reaction the enzyme
can be reused
A ___ is the smallest and most basic unit of life and can function as one or many working together
cell
All living things consist of one or more
cells
in animal cell structures that organize icrotubles and contain teo centrioles are called
centrosomes
gap junctions
channels for the exchange of substances between adjacent animal cells
Select all the organelles that are thought to have arisen by endosymbiosis
chloroplasts mitochondria
What feature enables Eukaryotic cells to keep biochemicals and related structures in close proximity and increase efficientcy within relatively large cell volume
compartmentalization
anchoring junctions
connect animal cells to the extracellular matrix or to adjacent animal cells in one place
The folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion called ____ contain the enzymes for cellular respiration
cristae
The two layered nuclear envelope seperates the nucleus of a cell from the
cytoplasm
A group of protieens aligned in a membrane can form ____ transport chain, which releases energy at each step in the chain and plays a role in both photosynthesis and respiration
elecron transport chain
In oxidation reduction reactions energized ___ are transferred from one molecule to another
electrons
what is a network of sacs and tubules extending off the nuclear envelope and is where protien and lipids are produced
endoplamic reticulum
The digestive ____ that end up inside lysosomes are made in the rough ER and then the Golgi Apparatus packages them into vesicles forming lysosomes
enzymes
What type of membrane protein speeds up chemical reactions
enzymes
As a reactions products accumulate the reaction rate slows or stops due to negative
feedback
The cell membrane can be described as a ____ mosaic because of the diverse componets can move freely within the cell membrane
fluid
tight junctions
fuse cell membranes of adjacent animal cells forming a barrier
if more water is exiting a human red blood cell than entering it then the cell is an ______ solution
hypertonic
If a solution has a lower solute concentration than the interior of a cell then the solution is ___ compared to the cell interior
hypotonic
if a solution has a lower solute concentration than the interior of a cell then the solution is _____ compared to the cell interior
hypotonic
if an equal amount of water enters and exits a human red blood cell then the cells interior is _ to the cells exterior
isotonic
cell membrane
lipid-rich boundary betwen the cells and outside enviroment
what componet of the cytoskelton is made of tubulin protein subunits and is used in cell division and transportation within cells?
microtubules
Select all of the following that differ between domains Bacteria and Archea
molecules that compose the membranes evolutionary relationship to eukaryotes
The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells include many specialized compartments called?
organelles
Enzymes
organic molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction without being consumed
The diffusion of water across a membrane down its own concentration gradient and toward the reigon with a higher soute concentration is called ?
osmosis
What organelle protects all eukaryotic cells from toxic substances by products of chemical reactions
peroxisome
The cell membrane is composed of a type of lipid molecule called an ____ which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule
phospolipids
The energy contained in the convalent bonds of molecules is a form of ___ which can be converted to kinetic energy that the cell can use to do work
potential energy
The nucleus is a dense spot in the nucleus where componets of ___ are assembled
ribosomes
Substances such as lipids and small nonpolar molecules move freely through the cell membrane without the need for transport protiens in a process called
simple diffusion
a ____ cell can exchange materials with the enviroment more efficently than can a ___ cell
small large
Organisma transform energy fromone form to another put the following forms of energy in the order that they are harvested and converted starting at the top with a form of energy that is not an organism
sunlight is captured sugars are synthesized in plants and some microbes sugars are broken down to liberate energy thatpowers cellular activities
Folds in the membrane of an organeele provide tremendous amount of____ for cellular reactions without significantly increasing the volume of the organelle
surface area
Energy
the ability to do work
In animal cells cell junctions called _____ junctions form barriers between cells that prevent leaking of fluid and water soluable molecule
tight
Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms on earth
true
Plasmodesmata
tunnels for the exchage of substances between adjacent plant cells
Plant cells have large central ____ where water,salts, and sugars, are stored and where materials are broken down and recycles with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells
vacuole
membranous spheres that transport materials insode the cell as part of the endomembrane system are called
vesicles
what is the correct description of a confocal microscope
white or laser light is focused through a lens and the image passes through a pinhole
All of the ways that membrane transport allows cells to regualate their internal chemical enviroment
- it allows cells to maintain higher concentrations of chemicls than in the surrounding enviroment -it allows cells to maintain lower concentrations of chemicals than in the surrounding enviroment
Select all of the following that are able to pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer
-lipids -small nonpolar molecules -o2 and co2
one energy law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only
Change forms
what type od membrane transport is shown in the picture and requires a carrier molecule and atp
Active transport
junctions connect adjacent animal cells by linking their intermediate filaments in one place like "spot welds"
Anchoring
Plastids
Are a category of plant organelles that contain their own DNA and ribosomes and can convert to many functions
intermediate filaments
Are named because their 10 nanometer diameters are intermediate between those of microfilaments and microtubles.
Bacteria
Cell size from 1-10 fatty acids in the cell membrane, nucleus, absent
Archea
Cell size from 1-10 nonfatty acid lipids in the cell membrane nucleus absent
Eukarya
Cell size from 10-100 fatty acids in the cell membrane nucleus present
What surrounds the cell membrane of most bacteria and provides structure and protection
Cell wall
Prokaryotic
Cells ar ethe simpilest forms of life and lack a nucleus
In the cytoskeleton ___ are made of different protiens and act to maintain cell shape and bind certain cells together
Intermediate filaments
The energy being used to do work is called____ energy and is energy of motion
Kinetic Energy
the thinnest componet of the cytoskeleton is the
Microfilament
scanning electron microscope
Microscopes bounce electrons off the outside of a metal coated three dimensional object to observe the exterior texture
Cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelle called
Mitocondria
What prominet structure in the eukaryotoc cell is highlighted by blue color in the picture
Nucleus
Cytoplasm can flow between adjacent plant cells through special openings in the cell wall
Plasmodesmata