Biology Test 2

Select the three componets of the cell theory devised in the mid 1800s

- All organisms are made of one or more cells - The cell is the fundemental unit of all life - All cells originate from pre existing cells

Select all of the parts that are involved in the endomembrane system

- Golgi Apparatus - Vacuoles - endoplasmic reticulum -lysosomes - nuclear envelope

Adenosine Diphosphate is also known as

ADP

The organelle that is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells is the ___ which is a type of plastid

Chloroplast

The microfilaments intermediate filaments and micritubles shown in the picture compromise the ____ which is a network of protiens that provide a structural framework within the cell

Cytoskeleton

In the cell ____ is the genetic information of the cell and RNA plays a role in the production of _____-

DNA Protiens

No ____ is spent to pass a substance across a membrane in passive trasport

Energy

Cells that contain membrane bounded organelles and nucleus are called?

Eukaryotic cells

What groups have cell walls

Fungi Bacteria Algae Plants Archaea

Describes all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell inclusing the building of molecules and breaking down molecules

Metabolism

Robert hooke was the first person to.....

See the outlines of cells

DNA

The cells genetic information

What is the function of a ribosome

To maufacture protiens

In some bacteria the capsule is a protectice layer that forms the polysaccharides on the

cell wall

The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the assistancw of protiens is a membrane transport process called simple

diffusion

Although animal cells lack cell wall many animal cells secrete a complex _____ outside the plasma membrane

extracellular matrix

membrane protiens assist ions and polar molecules across membranes down theor concentration graient in

faciliated diffusion

The phosphate "head" end, with its polar covalent bonds, is attracted to water; that is, it is ______The other end, consisting of two fatty acid "tails," is_______.

hydrophillic hydrophobic

Entropy

is a measure of this randomness.

the ____ found within the nuclear envelope lined with specialized protiens that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nucleus

nuclear pores

In prokaryotic cells DNA congregtes in area called the ?

nucleoid

What is the process whereby an ion an atom or a molecule crosses a membrane without using energy

passive transport

Receptor

proteins bind to molecules and ions on the outside of the cell triggering a reaction on the inside of the cell

Active site is where

substrate binds

drawbacks of a electron microscopy

the microscopes are expensive all images are black and white specimens must be killed prior to viewing them

protiens are embedded in the cell membrane and act as pasageways for water soluable materials into or out of the cell

transport

Which of the following are examples of potential energy

Chemical energy stored in bonds Ball at the top of a hill Compressed spring

Domain _______ is Eularyotic with nuclei and membrane-bound organelles where as domains _____ and ______ are prokaryotic without nuclei or other membrane bound organelles

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

In some types of bacteria, appendages called _____ rotate like a propeller and alloe movement forward or backward

Flagella

Select all the roles that membranes play in cells

Transport substances into and out of the cell Enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells Recieve annd respond to external stimuli

If a solute is more concentrated in one location than another it forms

a concentration gradient

Cytoplasm

all cell contents except the nucleus

A protien channel that links the cytoplasm of two animal cells and allows the exchange of ions, nutrients and small molecules between the cells is called a __________ junction.

Gap

Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

RNA,DNA, Ribosomes, Cytoplasm

protiens to be secreted outside the cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ____ endoplasmic reticulum

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lipids, detoxyfying ,enzymes,and membrane componets are produced and stored in the ____ endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

ribosome

Structures that manufacture protiens

one unit in which energy is measured

calories

At the end of a biochemical reaction the enzyme

can be reused

A ___ is the smallest and most basic unit of life and can function as one or many working together

cell

All living things consist of one or more

cells

in animal cell structures that organize icrotubles and contain teo centrioles are called

centrosomes

gap junctions

channels for the exchange of substances between adjacent animal cells

Select all the organelles that are thought to have arisen by endosymbiosis

chloroplasts mitochondria

What feature enables Eukaryotic cells to keep biochemicals and related structures in close proximity and increase efficientcy within relatively large cell volume

compartmentalization

anchoring junctions

connect animal cells to the extracellular matrix or to adjacent animal cells in one place

The folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion called ____ contain the enzymes for cellular respiration

cristae

The two layered nuclear envelope seperates the nucleus of a cell from the

cytoplasm

A group of protieens aligned in a membrane can form ____ transport chain, which releases energy at each step in the chain and plays a role in both photosynthesis and respiration

elecron transport chain

In oxidation reduction reactions energized ___ are transferred from one molecule to another

electrons

what is a network of sacs and tubules extending off the nuclear envelope and is where protien and lipids are produced

endoplamic reticulum

The digestive ____ that end up inside lysosomes are made in the rough ER and then the Golgi Apparatus packages them into vesicles forming lysosomes

enzymes

What type of membrane protein speeds up chemical reactions

enzymes

As a reactions products accumulate the reaction rate slows or stops due to negative

feedback

The cell membrane can be described as a ____ mosaic because of the diverse componets can move freely within the cell membrane

fluid

tight junctions

fuse cell membranes of adjacent animal cells forming a barrier

if more water is exiting a human red blood cell than entering it then the cell is an ______ solution

hypertonic

If a solution has a lower solute concentration than the interior of a cell then the solution is ___ compared to the cell interior

hypotonic

if a solution has a lower solute concentration than the interior of a cell then the solution is _____ compared to the cell interior

hypotonic

if an equal amount of water enters and exits a human red blood cell then the cells interior is _ to the cells exterior

isotonic

cell membrane

lipid-rich boundary betwen the cells and outside enviroment

what componet of the cytoskelton is made of tubulin protein subunits and is used in cell division and transportation within cells?

microtubules

Select all of the following that differ between domains Bacteria and Archea

molecules that compose the membranes evolutionary relationship to eukaryotes

The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells include many specialized compartments called?

organelles

Enzymes

organic molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction without being consumed

The diffusion of water across a membrane down its own concentration gradient and toward the reigon with a higher soute concentration is called ?

osmosis

What organelle protects all eukaryotic cells from toxic substances by products of chemical reactions

peroxisome

The cell membrane is composed of a type of lipid molecule called an ____ which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule

phospolipids

The energy contained in the convalent bonds of molecules is a form of ___ which can be converted to kinetic energy that the cell can use to do work

potential energy

The nucleus is a dense spot in the nucleus where componets of ___ are assembled

ribosomes

Substances such as lipids and small nonpolar molecules move freely through the cell membrane without the need for transport protiens in a process called

simple diffusion

a ____ cell can exchange materials with the enviroment more efficently than can a ___ cell

small large

Organisma transform energy fromone form to another put the following forms of energy in the order that they are harvested and converted starting at the top with a form of energy that is not an organism

sunlight is captured sugars are synthesized in plants and some microbes sugars are broken down to liberate energy thatpowers cellular activities

Folds in the membrane of an organeele provide tremendous amount of____ for cellular reactions without significantly increasing the volume of the organelle

surface area

Energy

the ability to do work

In animal cells cell junctions called _____ junctions form barriers between cells that prevent leaking of fluid and water soluable molecule

tight

Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms on earth

true

Plasmodesmata

tunnels for the exchage of substances between adjacent plant cells

Plant cells have large central ____ where water,salts, and sugars, are stored and where materials are broken down and recycles with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells

vacuole

membranous spheres that transport materials insode the cell as part of the endomembrane system are called

vesicles

what is the correct description of a confocal microscope

white or laser light is focused through a lens and the image passes through a pinhole

All of the ways that membrane transport allows cells to regualate their internal chemical enviroment

- it allows cells to maintain higher concentrations of chemicls than in the surrounding enviroment -it allows cells to maintain lower concentrations of chemicals than in the surrounding enviroment

Select all of the following that are able to pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer

-lipids -small nonpolar molecules -o2 and co2

one energy law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only

Change forms

what type od membrane transport is shown in the picture and requires a carrier molecule and atp

Active transport

junctions connect adjacent animal cells by linking their intermediate filaments in one place like "spot welds"

Anchoring

Plastids

Are a category of plant organelles that contain their own DNA and ribosomes and can convert to many functions

intermediate filaments

Are named because their 10 nanometer diameters are intermediate between those of microfilaments and microtubles.

Bacteria

Cell size from 1-10 fatty acids in the cell membrane, nucleus, absent

Archea

Cell size from 1-10 nonfatty acid lipids in the cell membrane nucleus absent

Eukarya

Cell size from 10-100 fatty acids in the cell membrane nucleus present

What surrounds the cell membrane of most bacteria and provides structure and protection

Cell wall

Prokaryotic

Cells ar ethe simpilest forms of life and lack a nucleus

In the cytoskeleton ___ are made of different protiens and act to maintain cell shape and bind certain cells together

Intermediate filaments

The energy being used to do work is called____ energy and is energy of motion

Kinetic Energy

the thinnest componet of the cytoskeleton is the

Microfilament

scanning electron microscope

Microscopes bounce electrons off the outside of a metal coated three dimensional object to observe the exterior texture

Cellular respiration extracts energy from food and takes place in the organelle called

Mitocondria

What prominet structure in the eukaryotoc cell is highlighted by blue color in the picture

Nucleus

Cytoplasm can flow between adjacent plant cells through special openings in the cell wall

Plasmodesmata