Biology Test Questions for Final

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which of the following represents an ion? (Na, H2O, C, S^-2)

S^-2

T/F endocytosis and active transport both require energy

T

mitosis

The process in cell division by which the nucleus divides, typically consisting of four stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and normally resulting in two new nuclei, each of which contains a complete copy of the parental chromosomes.

anaphase

The stage of cell division in mitosis or meiosis in which the doubled set of chromosomes separates into two identical groups that move to opposite ends of the cell

draw and label a chromosome

X

Down Syndrome

a chromosome number disorder in which the individual has an extra copy of chromosome number 21

Turner Syndrome

a chromosome number disorder in which the individual has only a single X chromosome and no Y chromosome (XO)

Klinefelter Syndrome

a chromosome number disorder where the individual has two X chromosomes and a Y (XXY)

myelin sheath

a fatty insulation layer that gives a white appearance

receptor

a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell

dendrite

a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body

define compund

a substance made when 2 or more elements bond

control treatment

a trial where the independent variable is standardized or eliminated

based on its name, the organism acetabularia mediterranea would most likely be related to: -acetabularia crenulata -mediterranea cross -crenulata acetabularia -mediterranea crennulata

acetabularia crenulata

(acid/base/neutral) pH: 2

acid (more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions)

nerve cell body

also called the soma, is the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus

H - N - R H -

amino group

you just made a cup of coffee by dissolving coffee mix and sugar in water. what did you just create

an aqueous solution

sickle cell anemia

an autosomal disease in which blood cells are crescent shaped. carriers are resistant to malaria

Huntington's disease

an autosomal dominant disorder that causes deterioration of the brain later in life

PKU

an inherited disorder in which an individual is unable to process the amino acid phenylalanine. the individual must avoid foods containing this amino acid to avoid brain damage

sharks and dolphins, which belong to different vertebrate groups, are not closely related. They exhibit many differences as shown below. however, they have very similar body shape and similar teeth. Sharks- -no placenta -dish -cartilege -large number sharp teeth -breathes in water Dolphins- -placenta -mammal -bone -large number sharp teeth -breathes in air explain how these similarities in tooth structure and body shape may have come about

analogous structures--adaptations that look similar two separate organisms evolved on their own to have a similar feature bc of their shared environment. ex body shapes of both animals evolved to become more adept at swimming bc they both live in ocean environment.

a stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell

anaphase

give an example of an organism with eukaryotic cells

animals

standardized variable

any other variable that is kept constant throughout the entire experiment

prokaryotic cells that are believed to be closely related to Eukaryotes

archaea

development of a willow tree from a cutting

asexual reproduction

new individual forms from single cell formed by one parent

asexual reproduction

offspring are genetically identical to parent

asexual reproduction

the general term for reproduction that involves only one parent

asexual reproduction

list 11 levels of organization used in biology from simplest to most complex

atom molecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism population community ecosystem

list the levels of organization of biology in increasing complexity

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem

give an example of an organism with prokaryotic cells

bacteria

prokaryotic cells whose walls contain peptoglycan and whose genes lack introns

bacteria

you are baking a cake but don't have any baking powder. Which of the following ingredients would you replace it with and why?

baking powder contains an acid and a base, so in order to replace it you can use baking soda and lemon juice. This would allow the reaction to occur and CO2 would be released. Special care would be necessary bc baking powder is double acting and thus reacts is two stages, once when added to the solvent and again when heat is added to produce the CO2

(acid/base/neutral) pH: 10

base (more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions)

a solution with a pH of 9 is considered what?

basic

a biologist has developed a process that allows her to perform dehydration synthesis repeatedly with a variety of monomers. she has four beakers to choose from as reactants: 1 amino acids 2 glycerol 3 fatty acids 4 glucose which beaker/s should she use if she wants to build a protein?

beaker 1

a biologist has developed a process that allows her to perform dehydration synthesis repeatedly with a variety of monomers. she has four beakers to choose from as reactants: 1 amino acids 2 glycerol 3 fatty acids 4 glucose which beaker/s should she use if she wants to build glycogen?

beaker 4

a biologist has developed a process that allows her to perform dehydration synthesis repeatedly with a variety of monomers. she has four beakers to choose from as reactants: 1 amino acids 2 glycerol 3 fatty acids 4 glucose which beaker/s should she use if she wants to build a fat?

beakers 2 and 3

give an example of a phenotype

blue eyes

Mitosis/meiosis: Spindle fibers form

both

clade

branch that contains one ancestor and (typically) all its descendents

if your blood pH is too low, what will your body do?

breathe faster to use up the CO2 and lower the H+ ion concentration in your blood

if your blood pH is too high, what will your body do?

breathe slower to increase amt of CO2 in blood, retains CO2 in lungs for longer

if a person's body pH is slightly lower than normal, the person would respond by doing what?

breathing more rapidly

a type of asexual reproduction where a smaller version of the parent grows attached to the parent for some time

budding

explain why carbonic acid and the bicarbonate ion can act together as a buffer system

carbonic acid = H2CO3 bicarbonate ion = HCO3- both of these are found in our blood. **remember that pH is a measure of H+ ions in a solution**. if our blood gets too acidic/has too many H+ ions, then the bicarbonate ion can use some of them up, becoming carbonic acid instead. if our blood gets too basic/has too few H+ ions, then the carbonic acid in our blood can donate its H+ to our blood and become the bicarbonate ion once again. In this way they successfully buffer our blood and prevent it from becoming either too acidic or too basic

C=O

carbonyl group

C = O - OH

carboxyl

a type of asexual reproduction used only by single-celled organisms

cell division (binary fission or mitosis)

when a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes will burst and release their contents into the cell. what will happen next?

cell will digest itself

microevolution is defined as

changes in the allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population

stimulus

changes in the internal or external environment

variable with any potential numeric value, quantitative data

continuous

what is the name of the specific process by which two organisms that are not closely related can come to have some similarities in structure?

convergent evolution

function of mitochondria

conversion of chemical energy in food to ATP

function of chloroplasts

conversion of light energy into chemical energy of sugar

write the following as it would appear through a microscope: p

d

what is usually considered the best format for students to record their data?

data table in lab notebook

correct order that a nerve impulse is transmitted

dendrite, cell body, axon, synaptic knob

natural selection can be summarized as

differences in reproductive success

student is examining specimen of cork under a microscope. as she turns the knob some parts become blurry and others come into focus. why is this?

different layers to the cork

function of lysosomes

digestion of nutrients, bacteria, and damaged organelles

variable with descriptions, qualitative data

discrete

function of peroxisomes

diverse metabolic processes w breakdown of H2O2 byproduct

which of the following has the broadest species? (i dont even think that's proper grammar but that's what the test says): family, class, order, domain

domain

suppose that Mendel crossed purebred red-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants and obtained all red-flowered offspring. the gene for red flowers must be

dominant

why is reproduction impotrant

ensures survival of species

protective layer of cells that contain no chloroplasts

epidermis

cells with an organized nucleus and membrane bound organelles

eukarya

an order consists of closely related

families

the class of compounds most closely related to carbohydrates and made of the same three elements is

fats

zygote

fertilized egg

a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance is called

genetic drift

the hereditary factors that an individual will pass on to their offspring are determined by their

genotype

which of these categories of classification contains organisms that are most alike? genus, order, class, family

genus

give an example of a genotype

gg

greatest advantage of sexual reproduction

great variety of organism

predict whether brown or green fish would be better adapted if a change in environment causes the growth of green plants across the bottom of the riverbed

green fish are most likely better adapted because they can hide from predators more easily

structure that changes shape to open/close a stomate

guard cells

if the S phase were eliminated from the cell cycle but the cell still divided, the daughter cells would have

half the genetic material as the parent cell

isotonic solution

having same osmotic pressure across membrane inside/outside of cell

function of centromeres

hold sister chromatids together

the bond between two water molecules is a

hydrogen bond

the inverse of dehydration synthesis is what?

hydrolysis

membrane phospholipids have

hydrophilic heads that face outwards and hydrophobic tails that face inwards

OH

hydroxyl group

what distinguishes a hypothesis from a theory?

hypotheses are usually narrow in scope, theories have broader explanatory power and support

what is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonds?

in a covalent bond, they share an electron; in an ionic bond, one "partner" takes it entirely

(observation/inference) cold weather causes leaves to change color

inference

(observation/inference) plant food causes plants to grow taller

inference

when a neuron is at its resting potential, its concentration of K+ ions is higher _______ of the cell than ________ of the cell

inside, outside

which of the following is NOT a part of an atom? (proton, neutron, ion, electron)

ion

what best describes the structure of a protein?

its sequence of amino acids

when an object viewed through a microscope is moved to the right, it appears to move to the ______

left

what happens in the light reactions of photosynthesis

light energy absorbed by chlorophyll excited electrons, eventually making ATP and NADPH. water molecules are split into H+, O2, and electrons which replace electrons lost by chlorophyll

when an elodea cell is placed in a 5% salt solution it will tend to do what?

lose water

what phase is not included in interphase

m phase

Mitosis/meiosis: chromosome contains two chromatids at beginnign of process

meiosis

Mitosis/meiosis: crossing over may occur

meiosis

Mitosis/meiosis: cytokinesis occurs twice

meiosis

Mitosis/meiosis: daughter cells not all identical

meiosis

Mitosis/meiosis: tetrads form

meiosis only

layer through which most photosynthesis occurs

mesophyll layer

a stage of mitosis where the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell

metaphase

give an example of something that would cause an evolutionary adaption of a population of mice to their environment

mice with thicker fur survive a cold winter and leave offspring

Mitosis/meiosis: each daughter cell contains same number of chromosomes as parent cell

mitosis

give example of how cell structure relates to function

muscle cell uses more energy so it has more mitochondria

the ultimate source of all genetic variation is

mutation

impulses travel faster in neurons that have what?

myelin sheath on the axon

if students hypothesize that lowering the pH will reduce amount of gas produced, their graph would have a _________ slope throughout

negative

when a neuron is at its resting potential, the inside of the cell is ________ compared to the outside of the cell

negative

Mitosis/meiosis: two cells fuse together

neither

how does a nerve impulse travel across the synaptic gap?

nerve impulses cause the release of neurotransmitters that diffuse across the gap

(acid/base/neutral) pH: 7

neutral (equal amounts hydrogen and hydroxide ions)

Mrs. Lee--Type AB Mr. lee--Type O Richard "Lee"--Type B Mrs. Doe--Type A Mr. Doe--Type B Nancy "Doe"--Type O has a switch been made or are the children with their correct birth parents?

no switch has not been made--only the Doe's could have had a child with type B blood

(observation/inference) the plant is 21 cm tall

observation

(observation/inference) the thermometer reads 21 deg C

observation

during diffusion a substance always moves from a region ...

of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

In an ideal HW population where the percentage of organisms with the dominant phenotype is 84%, what is the frequency of the dominant allele?

p = .6 1 - q (recessive allele frequency) = p (dom allele frequency 1 - .4 = .6

spongy layer of a leaf

palisade layer

diffusion is a type of

passive transport

rough and smooth coats in guinea pigs are external characteristics of appearance and are referred to as

phenotypes

which of the following categories includes the greatest number of different kinds of organisms? class, phylum, family, genus

phylum

what's the difference between plants/animals in carbohydrate use?

plants store sugar as starch while animals store it as glycogen

the bond between the oxygen and hydrogen of a water molecule is a

polar covalent bond

the hydrogen atoms of water molecules are bonded to the hydrogen atom of the water molecule by ____________ bonds, whereas neighboring water molecules are held together by ___________ bonds

polar covalent, hydrogen

the smallest unit that can evolve is a

population

chief importance of meiosis is that it

prevents increases in chromosome number with successive generations

dehydration synthesis

process that joins two molecules and produces water

a stage of mitosis where the chromosomes appear, nuclear envelope begins to dissolve, and the spindle fiber forms

prophase

function of ribosomes

protein synthesis

what is the major function of carbohydrates in animals?

provide energy

In an ideal HW population where the percentage of organisms with the dominant phenotype is 84%, what is the frequency of the recessive allele?

q = .4 q^2 = 16/100 √q = √.16 √.16 = .4

what is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc?

receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector

a type of asexual reproduction where an entire organism grows from a piece that has been removed from the parent organism

regeneration

Humans release insulin which lowers glucose levels when glucose levels in the blood are too high, and glycogen which raises glucose levels when glucose levels in the blood are too low. as a result of this regulation, blood glucose levels do what?

remain stable, resulting in homeostasis

insulin is a protein that is produced by the pancreas and secreted into the bloodstream. what is the route of insulin from production to its exit from the cell?

rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi body, transport vesicle, cell membrane

fusion of two gametes forms a new organism

sexual reproduction

reproduction that involves two parents

sexual reproduction

if we assume that species DO change over time, we would expect to find what type of fossil in what layer of rock?

simplest fossils in oldest layer, more complex fossils in newer layers

a scientist has created two artificial cells. one is 1cm x 1cm x 1cm and the other is 5cm x 5cm x 5cm. which will be more efficient at absorbing nutrients?

smaller cube (has a higher surface area to volume ratio, increasing transport efficiency)

when the threshold potential is reached, __________ enters the cell and it becomes more __________

sodium, positive

a type of asexual reproduction in which an entire cell is encased in a tough outer coating and can produce a new individual either immediately or after a short period of dormancy

spore formation

structure through which CO2 enters the leaf

stomates

in plants, polysaccharides may function as

structural components of cell walls and energy storage molecules

a stage of mitosis where the nuclear membranes reform and the chromosomes begin to disappear

telophase

which phase of mitosis is the opposite of prophase

telophase

polygenic inheritance

the additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic

why could there be a lack of fossils in a layer of sedimentary rock?

the area may have been too dry to support life in this period

in a population of bears, which would be considered the fittest?

the bear that leaves the most descendants

in which layer would you expect to find the oldest fossils?

the bottom layer

the period from the end of one cell division to the end of another cell division

the cell cycle

pleiotropy

the control of more than one phenotypic characteristic by a single gene

cytokinesis

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

nondisjunction

the failure of a chromosome pair to separate correctly during meiosis

telophase

the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes

G1 phase

the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division

prophase

the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears

what happens to the allele frequencies when a population is evolving?

the frequency of one allele for a trait will rise while the frequency of the other allele for the trait will fall

celery (high in cellulose) supplies little energy to humans because

the human body is unable to hydrolize the cellulose to release glucose

Synaptic knobs

the knob adjacent to the synaptic cleft that transports impulses across it

axon

the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells

S phase

the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated

assume that Mendel raised several hundred red-flowered plants for 5 generations, crossing some and allowing some to self-pollinate. No white flowered plants appeared. It can be correctly inferred that

the plants were homozygous for flower color

how does the number of chromosomes in each of the daughter cells in mitosis compare to the number of chromosomes in each of the parent cells in mitosis?

the same

if we assume that species do NOT change with time, we would expect to find what type of fossils in what layer of rock?

the same throughout new and old rocks

metaphase

the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers and line up at the center of the cell in a line called the metaphase plate

G2 phase

the second subphase of Interphase in the cell cycle, directly preceding mitosis

independent variable

the variable purposely changed

dependent variable

the variable you measure

because of the resemblance in the skeletal structure between bats, whales, and pigeons, we can infer that

they have descended from a common ancestor

it is difficult to observe individual chromosomes duting interphase bc

they have uncoiled to form long thin strands

a controlled experiment means that

two groups are studied with conditions in one differing by only a single variable

structure through which water enters the leaf

vein

in humans, the pelvis and femur are involved in walking. in whales, the pelvis and femur are not used and are examples of

vestigial structures

why can a glass of water be full and even go above the rim of the glass without overflowing?

water molecules exhibit cohesion

waxy surface that reduces water loss

waxy cuticle

when a dark blue schmoo is mated with a white schmoo, all of their offspring are a light blue color. what can you say concerning inheritance of color in schmoos?

what the hell is a schmoo the dark blue allele is incompletely dominant over the white allele

you are walking through the woods and come face to face with a grizzly bear. what is your body's most likely response?

your sympathetic nerve system will cause an increase in breathing and heart rate

effector

(usually muscles or glands) carry out the body's response to a stimulus

sensory neuron

(what is #2?) nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses

interneuron

(what is #3?) a neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons, especially as part of a reflex arc

motor neuron

(what is #4?) a nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland

nodes

(what is E?) the periodic gap in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses

function of nucleus

- DNA/RNA synthesis - formation of ribosomes

what occurs during interphase?

- cell growth - duplication of chromosomes

function of smooth ER

- lipid synthesis - detoxification in liver cells

function of cytoskeleton

- maintains cell shape - anchorage - movement of organelles

function of cell wall

- maintains cell shape - surface protection - binding cells in tissues

function of Golgi apparatus

- modification, temporary storage, and transport of macromolecules - formation of lysosomes and transport vesicles

function of vacuoles

- storage of chemicals - water balance

function of rough ER

- synthesis of membrane and secretory proteins - formation of transport vesicles

list four potential factors that cause a gene pool of frogs in a pond to change

-adding more frogs to gene pool form nearby environments -dam breaks causing only five frogs to remain -brown females lay more eggs than green females -green females can hide easier in their environment

list the three main points of cell theory

-all living things are made of cells -the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things -all cells come from preexisting cells

name two features of the M phase that only occur in plants

-cell plate w membranes to create cell walls -no centrioles

name two features unique to prokaryotes

-cell wall -single circular chromosome

name two organelles found in plant cells but not animal cells

-central vacuole -chloroplast

name two features of the M phase that only occur in animals

-cleavage furrow in cytokinesis -centrioles

fungus

-eukaryotic -may be either multicellular or unicellular -heterotrophic with absorptive nutrition -cell walls made with chitin

plant

-eukaryotic -multicellular -autotrophic -cell walls made of cellulose -structures such as roots, stems, leaves, seeds

animal kingdom

-eukaryotic -multicellular -heterotrophic with ingestion of food that is digested inside the body -no cell walls

why is the ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules so important?

-evaporative cooling of skin surfaces -movt of water from roots of tree to its leaves -milder temperatures of coastal regions -ability of certain insects to walk on water

list three pieces of evidence for evolution

-fossils -vestigial structures -molecular homologies

hypotonic solution

-greater concentration of solute inside cell -causes cell to expand/burst

hypertonic solution

-greater concentration of solute outside cell -causes cell to shrivel up

list three functions of proteins

-help chem reactions to occur -transport small molecules in and out of cells -form contractile structures in muscles

"if the light switch is turned from 'off' to 'on' then the light will go on"--list four characteristics about this statement

-is based on an inference -is a prediction -can be tested -can be falsified

name two organelles found in animal cells but not in plant cells

-lysosomes -centrioles

list 6 characteristics of living things

-maintains homeostasis -adapts/responds to environment -reproduces -uses energy -has cells -can form an organized community

name two features unique to eukaryotes

-may or may not have cell wall -multiple linear chromosomes

name two structural features of neurons that help them perform their functions

-myelin sheaths--cover axon, act as insulators, help signals move through more quickly/efficiently, quicker response time -dendrites--long, thin, branch out away from cell body, allowing them to detect/receive signals more quickly, communicates signal faster

list three characteristics of a HW population

-random mating -large population -no mutations or natural selection

list 4 functions of mitosis in humans

-replace somatic cells -repair wounds -growth -replace lost/damaged somatic cells

name two features both pro/eukaryotes have

-ribosomes -at least one chromosome w genetic information -semi-fluid cytosol

name three functions of the nervous system and give examples

-sensory input--to receive signals which the sensory neurons transmitted (ex you hear the bell ring, receptors in your ears send a signal to the brain) -integration--to process the signals the brain receives (ex you comprehend that the bell means class is over and it's time for you to go) -motor output--signaling the muscles in your legs to stand up so you can leave the room)

how do you make a wet mount slide?

-take slide -clean it -place specimen on the center of it -place a few drops of water on the specimen using micropipette -put cover slide on it at 45 deg angle to avoide bubbles beneath it -use pencil eraser to tap and gently remove any bubbles

if a microscope's field diameter is 3 mm at 50x, predict the field diameter at 150x

1 mm (when magnification goes up, field diameter goes down)

a woman has 5 sons. she is about to have another baby. what is the probability that this child will be a boy?

1/2

when a dark blue schmoo is mated with a white schmoo, all of their offspring are a light blue color. the expected offspring from a cross between two light blue schmoos would be

1/2 light blue schmoos, 1/4 dark blue schmoos, 1/4 white schmoos, and 17 students wonder wtf a schmoo is

when a dark blue schmoo is mated with a white schmoo, all of their offspring are a light blue color. what can you say about the gametes produced by the light blue schmoo?

1/2 would contain a dark blue allele and 1/2 would contain a white allele

total magnification: 5x objective, 20x eyepiece

100x

24 chromosomes in a shark how many in a shark gamete

12

diploid somatic fruit fly cell has 8 chromosomes. how many possible combinations are there in its gametes? assume no crossing over ocurrs

16

a potassium ion (K+) has a net charge of +1. since its atomic number is 19, how many electrons does it have?

18

convert 2000 micrometers to milimeters

2

In an ideal HW population where the percentage of organisms with the dominant phenotype is 84%, what percentage of the population is heterozygous?

48% q^2 + 2pq + p^2 = 1 q^2= percentage of population that has recessive allele/100 = 16/100 = .16 Solve for q Take √.16 = .4 Frequency of the recessive allele = .4 .4 + p = 1 P = .6 p^2 = % population that are dominant (.6) ^2 = 36% of population are dominant If p+q=1, then HW p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 Dom + het + rec = 1

convert 5 mm to micrometers

5000 micrometers

total magnification: 10x objective, 5x eyepiece

50x

write the following as it would appear through a microscope: >

<

C + 2H2 ---> CH4 list reactants

C, 2H2

C + 2H2 ---> CH4 List products

CH4

equation for bicarbonate ion

CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3 (carbon dioxide + water <--> carbonic acid <--> hydrogen ion + bicarbonate ion)

in which phases of the cell cycle do most of the cell's growth and activity take place?

G phases

quantity of DNA doubles between

G1 and G2 phases of cell cycle

in fruit flies grey body (G) is dominant over black body (g). two grey flies were mated and produced 158 greys and 49 blacks. this cross could be represented by

Gg x Gg

which of the following represents a molecule? (Na, H2O, C, S^-2)

H2O

in pure water, there are

H2O molecules, H+ ions, and OH- ions

what phase is not included in interphase?

M phase

mitotic phase

Mitosis and cytokinesis together

anaphase

NOT prophase for some reason lol


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