Biology Test Questions for Final
which of the following represents an ion? (Na, H2O, C, S^-2)
S^-2
T/F endocytosis and active transport both require energy
T
mitosis
The process in cell division by which the nucleus divides, typically consisting of four stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and normally resulting in two new nuclei, each of which contains a complete copy of the parental chromosomes.
anaphase
The stage of cell division in mitosis or meiosis in which the doubled set of chromosomes separates into two identical groups that move to opposite ends of the cell
draw and label a chromosome
X
Down Syndrome
a chromosome number disorder in which the individual has an extra copy of chromosome number 21
Turner Syndrome
a chromosome number disorder in which the individual has only a single X chromosome and no Y chromosome (XO)
Klinefelter Syndrome
a chromosome number disorder where the individual has two X chromosomes and a Y (XXY)
myelin sheath
a fatty insulation layer that gives a white appearance
receptor
a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell
dendrite
a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body
define compund
a substance made when 2 or more elements bond
control treatment
a trial where the independent variable is standardized or eliminated
based on its name, the organism acetabularia mediterranea would most likely be related to: -acetabularia crenulata -mediterranea cross -crenulata acetabularia -mediterranea crennulata
acetabularia crenulata
(acid/base/neutral) pH: 2
acid (more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions)
nerve cell body
also called the soma, is the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus
H - N - R H -
amino group
you just made a cup of coffee by dissolving coffee mix and sugar in water. what did you just create
an aqueous solution
sickle cell anemia
an autosomal disease in which blood cells are crescent shaped. carriers are resistant to malaria
Huntington's disease
an autosomal dominant disorder that causes deterioration of the brain later in life
PKU
an inherited disorder in which an individual is unable to process the amino acid phenylalanine. the individual must avoid foods containing this amino acid to avoid brain damage
sharks and dolphins, which belong to different vertebrate groups, are not closely related. They exhibit many differences as shown below. however, they have very similar body shape and similar teeth. Sharks- -no placenta -dish -cartilege -large number sharp teeth -breathes in water Dolphins- -placenta -mammal -bone -large number sharp teeth -breathes in air explain how these similarities in tooth structure and body shape may have come about
analogous structures--adaptations that look similar two separate organisms evolved on their own to have a similar feature bc of their shared environment. ex body shapes of both animals evolved to become more adept at swimming bc they both live in ocean environment.
a stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell
anaphase
give an example of an organism with eukaryotic cells
animals
standardized variable
any other variable that is kept constant throughout the entire experiment
prokaryotic cells that are believed to be closely related to Eukaryotes
archaea
development of a willow tree from a cutting
asexual reproduction
new individual forms from single cell formed by one parent
asexual reproduction
offspring are genetically identical to parent
asexual reproduction
the general term for reproduction that involves only one parent
asexual reproduction
list 11 levels of organization used in biology from simplest to most complex
atom molecule organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism population community ecosystem
list the levels of organization of biology in increasing complexity
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem
give an example of an organism with prokaryotic cells
bacteria
prokaryotic cells whose walls contain peptoglycan and whose genes lack introns
bacteria
you are baking a cake but don't have any baking powder. Which of the following ingredients would you replace it with and why?
baking powder contains an acid and a base, so in order to replace it you can use baking soda and lemon juice. This would allow the reaction to occur and CO2 would be released. Special care would be necessary bc baking powder is double acting and thus reacts is two stages, once when added to the solvent and again when heat is added to produce the CO2
(acid/base/neutral) pH: 10
base (more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions)
a solution with a pH of 9 is considered what?
basic
a biologist has developed a process that allows her to perform dehydration synthesis repeatedly with a variety of monomers. she has four beakers to choose from as reactants: 1 amino acids 2 glycerol 3 fatty acids 4 glucose which beaker/s should she use if she wants to build a protein?
beaker 1
a biologist has developed a process that allows her to perform dehydration synthesis repeatedly with a variety of monomers. she has four beakers to choose from as reactants: 1 amino acids 2 glycerol 3 fatty acids 4 glucose which beaker/s should she use if she wants to build glycogen?
beaker 4
a biologist has developed a process that allows her to perform dehydration synthesis repeatedly with a variety of monomers. she has four beakers to choose from as reactants: 1 amino acids 2 glycerol 3 fatty acids 4 glucose which beaker/s should she use if she wants to build a fat?
beakers 2 and 3
give an example of a phenotype
blue eyes
Mitosis/meiosis: Spindle fibers form
both
clade
branch that contains one ancestor and (typically) all its descendents
if your blood pH is too low, what will your body do?
breathe faster to use up the CO2 and lower the H+ ion concentration in your blood
if your blood pH is too high, what will your body do?
breathe slower to increase amt of CO2 in blood, retains CO2 in lungs for longer
if a person's body pH is slightly lower than normal, the person would respond by doing what?
breathing more rapidly
a type of asexual reproduction where a smaller version of the parent grows attached to the parent for some time
budding
explain why carbonic acid and the bicarbonate ion can act together as a buffer system
carbonic acid = H2CO3 bicarbonate ion = HCO3- both of these are found in our blood. **remember that pH is a measure of H+ ions in a solution**. if our blood gets too acidic/has too many H+ ions, then the bicarbonate ion can use some of them up, becoming carbonic acid instead. if our blood gets too basic/has too few H+ ions, then the carbonic acid in our blood can donate its H+ to our blood and become the bicarbonate ion once again. In this way they successfully buffer our blood and prevent it from becoming either too acidic or too basic
C=O
carbonyl group
C = O - OH
carboxyl
a type of asexual reproduction used only by single-celled organisms
cell division (binary fission or mitosis)
when a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes will burst and release their contents into the cell. what will happen next?
cell will digest itself
microevolution is defined as
changes in the allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population
stimulus
changes in the internal or external environment
variable with any potential numeric value, quantitative data
continuous
what is the name of the specific process by which two organisms that are not closely related can come to have some similarities in structure?
convergent evolution
function of mitochondria
conversion of chemical energy in food to ATP
function of chloroplasts
conversion of light energy into chemical energy of sugar
write the following as it would appear through a microscope: p
d
what is usually considered the best format for students to record their data?
data table in lab notebook
correct order that a nerve impulse is transmitted
dendrite, cell body, axon, synaptic knob
natural selection can be summarized as
differences in reproductive success
student is examining specimen of cork under a microscope. as she turns the knob some parts become blurry and others come into focus. why is this?
different layers to the cork
function of lysosomes
digestion of nutrients, bacteria, and damaged organelles
variable with descriptions, qualitative data
discrete
function of peroxisomes
diverse metabolic processes w breakdown of H2O2 byproduct
which of the following has the broadest species? (i dont even think that's proper grammar but that's what the test says): family, class, order, domain
domain
suppose that Mendel crossed purebred red-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants and obtained all red-flowered offspring. the gene for red flowers must be
dominant
why is reproduction impotrant
ensures survival of species
protective layer of cells that contain no chloroplasts
epidermis
cells with an organized nucleus and membrane bound organelles
eukarya
an order consists of closely related
families
the class of compounds most closely related to carbohydrates and made of the same three elements is
fats
zygote
fertilized egg
a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance is called
genetic drift
the hereditary factors that an individual will pass on to their offspring are determined by their
genotype
which of these categories of classification contains organisms that are most alike? genus, order, class, family
genus
give an example of a genotype
gg
greatest advantage of sexual reproduction
great variety of organism
predict whether brown or green fish would be better adapted if a change in environment causes the growth of green plants across the bottom of the riverbed
green fish are most likely better adapted because they can hide from predators more easily
structure that changes shape to open/close a stomate
guard cells
if the S phase were eliminated from the cell cycle but the cell still divided, the daughter cells would have
half the genetic material as the parent cell
isotonic solution
having same osmotic pressure across membrane inside/outside of cell
function of centromeres
hold sister chromatids together
the bond between two water molecules is a
hydrogen bond
the inverse of dehydration synthesis is what?
hydrolysis
membrane phospholipids have
hydrophilic heads that face outwards and hydrophobic tails that face inwards
OH
hydroxyl group
what distinguishes a hypothesis from a theory?
hypotheses are usually narrow in scope, theories have broader explanatory power and support
what is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonds?
in a covalent bond, they share an electron; in an ionic bond, one "partner" takes it entirely
(observation/inference) cold weather causes leaves to change color
inference
(observation/inference) plant food causes plants to grow taller
inference
when a neuron is at its resting potential, its concentration of K+ ions is higher _______ of the cell than ________ of the cell
inside, outside
which of the following is NOT a part of an atom? (proton, neutron, ion, electron)
ion
what best describes the structure of a protein?
its sequence of amino acids
when an object viewed through a microscope is moved to the right, it appears to move to the ______
left
what happens in the light reactions of photosynthesis
light energy absorbed by chlorophyll excited electrons, eventually making ATP and NADPH. water molecules are split into H+, O2, and electrons which replace electrons lost by chlorophyll
when an elodea cell is placed in a 5% salt solution it will tend to do what?
lose water
what phase is not included in interphase
m phase
Mitosis/meiosis: chromosome contains two chromatids at beginnign of process
meiosis
Mitosis/meiosis: crossing over may occur
meiosis
Mitosis/meiosis: cytokinesis occurs twice
meiosis
Mitosis/meiosis: daughter cells not all identical
meiosis
Mitosis/meiosis: tetrads form
meiosis only
layer through which most photosynthesis occurs
mesophyll layer
a stage of mitosis where the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
metaphase
give an example of something that would cause an evolutionary adaption of a population of mice to their environment
mice with thicker fur survive a cold winter and leave offspring
Mitosis/meiosis: each daughter cell contains same number of chromosomes as parent cell
mitosis
give example of how cell structure relates to function
muscle cell uses more energy so it has more mitochondria
the ultimate source of all genetic variation is
mutation
impulses travel faster in neurons that have what?
myelin sheath on the axon
if students hypothesize that lowering the pH will reduce amount of gas produced, their graph would have a _________ slope throughout
negative
when a neuron is at its resting potential, the inside of the cell is ________ compared to the outside of the cell
negative
Mitosis/meiosis: two cells fuse together
neither
how does a nerve impulse travel across the synaptic gap?
nerve impulses cause the release of neurotransmitters that diffuse across the gap
(acid/base/neutral) pH: 7
neutral (equal amounts hydrogen and hydroxide ions)
Mrs. Lee--Type AB Mr. lee--Type O Richard "Lee"--Type B Mrs. Doe--Type A Mr. Doe--Type B Nancy "Doe"--Type O has a switch been made or are the children with their correct birth parents?
no switch has not been made--only the Doe's could have had a child with type B blood
(observation/inference) the plant is 21 cm tall
observation
(observation/inference) the thermometer reads 21 deg C
observation
during diffusion a substance always moves from a region ...
of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
In an ideal HW population where the percentage of organisms with the dominant phenotype is 84%, what is the frequency of the dominant allele?
p = .6 1 - q (recessive allele frequency) = p (dom allele frequency 1 - .4 = .6
spongy layer of a leaf
palisade layer
diffusion is a type of
passive transport
rough and smooth coats in guinea pigs are external characteristics of appearance and are referred to as
phenotypes
which of the following categories includes the greatest number of different kinds of organisms? class, phylum, family, genus
phylum
what's the difference between plants/animals in carbohydrate use?
plants store sugar as starch while animals store it as glycogen
the bond between the oxygen and hydrogen of a water molecule is a
polar covalent bond
the hydrogen atoms of water molecules are bonded to the hydrogen atom of the water molecule by ____________ bonds, whereas neighboring water molecules are held together by ___________ bonds
polar covalent, hydrogen
the smallest unit that can evolve is a
population
chief importance of meiosis is that it
prevents increases in chromosome number with successive generations
dehydration synthesis
process that joins two molecules and produces water
a stage of mitosis where the chromosomes appear, nuclear envelope begins to dissolve, and the spindle fiber forms
prophase
function of ribosomes
protein synthesis
what is the major function of carbohydrates in animals?
provide energy
In an ideal HW population where the percentage of organisms with the dominant phenotype is 84%, what is the frequency of the recessive allele?
q = .4 q^2 = 16/100 √q = √.16 √.16 = .4
what is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc?
receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
a type of asexual reproduction where an entire organism grows from a piece that has been removed from the parent organism
regeneration
Humans release insulin which lowers glucose levels when glucose levels in the blood are too high, and glycogen which raises glucose levels when glucose levels in the blood are too low. as a result of this regulation, blood glucose levels do what?
remain stable, resulting in homeostasis
insulin is a protein that is produced by the pancreas and secreted into the bloodstream. what is the route of insulin from production to its exit from the cell?
rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi body, transport vesicle, cell membrane
fusion of two gametes forms a new organism
sexual reproduction
reproduction that involves two parents
sexual reproduction
if we assume that species DO change over time, we would expect to find what type of fossil in what layer of rock?
simplest fossils in oldest layer, more complex fossils in newer layers
a scientist has created two artificial cells. one is 1cm x 1cm x 1cm and the other is 5cm x 5cm x 5cm. which will be more efficient at absorbing nutrients?
smaller cube (has a higher surface area to volume ratio, increasing transport efficiency)
when the threshold potential is reached, __________ enters the cell and it becomes more __________
sodium, positive
a type of asexual reproduction in which an entire cell is encased in a tough outer coating and can produce a new individual either immediately or after a short period of dormancy
spore formation
structure through which CO2 enters the leaf
stomates
in plants, polysaccharides may function as
structural components of cell walls and energy storage molecules
a stage of mitosis where the nuclear membranes reform and the chromosomes begin to disappear
telophase
which phase of mitosis is the opposite of prophase
telophase
polygenic inheritance
the additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic
why could there be a lack of fossils in a layer of sedimentary rock?
the area may have been too dry to support life in this period
in a population of bears, which would be considered the fittest?
the bear that leaves the most descendants
in which layer would you expect to find the oldest fossils?
the bottom layer
the period from the end of one cell division to the end of another cell division
the cell cycle
pleiotropy
the control of more than one phenotypic characteristic by a single gene
cytokinesis
the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
nondisjunction
the failure of a chromosome pair to separate correctly during meiosis
telophase
the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes
G1 phase
the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division
prophase
the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears
what happens to the allele frequencies when a population is evolving?
the frequency of one allele for a trait will rise while the frequency of the other allele for the trait will fall
celery (high in cellulose) supplies little energy to humans because
the human body is unable to hydrolize the cellulose to release glucose
Synaptic knobs
the knob adjacent to the synaptic cleft that transports impulses across it
axon
the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells
S phase
the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated
assume that Mendel raised several hundred red-flowered plants for 5 generations, crossing some and allowing some to self-pollinate. No white flowered plants appeared. It can be correctly inferred that
the plants were homozygous for flower color
how does the number of chromosomes in each of the daughter cells in mitosis compare to the number of chromosomes in each of the parent cells in mitosis?
the same
if we assume that species do NOT change with time, we would expect to find what type of fossils in what layer of rock?
the same throughout new and old rocks
metaphase
the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers and line up at the center of the cell in a line called the metaphase plate
G2 phase
the second subphase of Interphase in the cell cycle, directly preceding mitosis
independent variable
the variable purposely changed
dependent variable
the variable you measure
because of the resemblance in the skeletal structure between bats, whales, and pigeons, we can infer that
they have descended from a common ancestor
it is difficult to observe individual chromosomes duting interphase bc
they have uncoiled to form long thin strands
a controlled experiment means that
two groups are studied with conditions in one differing by only a single variable
structure through which water enters the leaf
vein
in humans, the pelvis and femur are involved in walking. in whales, the pelvis and femur are not used and are examples of
vestigial structures
why can a glass of water be full and even go above the rim of the glass without overflowing?
water molecules exhibit cohesion
waxy surface that reduces water loss
waxy cuticle
when a dark blue schmoo is mated with a white schmoo, all of their offspring are a light blue color. what can you say concerning inheritance of color in schmoos?
what the hell is a schmoo the dark blue allele is incompletely dominant over the white allele
you are walking through the woods and come face to face with a grizzly bear. what is your body's most likely response?
your sympathetic nerve system will cause an increase in breathing and heart rate
effector
(usually muscles or glands) carry out the body's response to a stimulus
sensory neuron
(what is #2?) nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses
interneuron
(what is #3?) a neuron that transmits impulses between other neurons, especially as part of a reflex arc
motor neuron
(what is #4?) a nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland
nodes
(what is E?) the periodic gap in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses
function of nucleus
- DNA/RNA synthesis - formation of ribosomes
what occurs during interphase?
- cell growth - duplication of chromosomes
function of smooth ER
- lipid synthesis - detoxification in liver cells
function of cytoskeleton
- maintains cell shape - anchorage - movement of organelles
function of cell wall
- maintains cell shape - surface protection - binding cells in tissues
function of Golgi apparatus
- modification, temporary storage, and transport of macromolecules - formation of lysosomes and transport vesicles
function of vacuoles
- storage of chemicals - water balance
function of rough ER
- synthesis of membrane and secretory proteins - formation of transport vesicles
list four potential factors that cause a gene pool of frogs in a pond to change
-adding more frogs to gene pool form nearby environments -dam breaks causing only five frogs to remain -brown females lay more eggs than green females -green females can hide easier in their environment
list the three main points of cell theory
-all living things are made of cells -the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things -all cells come from preexisting cells
name two features of the M phase that only occur in plants
-cell plate w membranes to create cell walls -no centrioles
name two features unique to prokaryotes
-cell wall -single circular chromosome
name two organelles found in plant cells but not animal cells
-central vacuole -chloroplast
name two features of the M phase that only occur in animals
-cleavage furrow in cytokinesis -centrioles
fungus
-eukaryotic -may be either multicellular or unicellular -heterotrophic with absorptive nutrition -cell walls made with chitin
plant
-eukaryotic -multicellular -autotrophic -cell walls made of cellulose -structures such as roots, stems, leaves, seeds
animal kingdom
-eukaryotic -multicellular -heterotrophic with ingestion of food that is digested inside the body -no cell walls
why is the ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules so important?
-evaporative cooling of skin surfaces -movt of water from roots of tree to its leaves -milder temperatures of coastal regions -ability of certain insects to walk on water
list three pieces of evidence for evolution
-fossils -vestigial structures -molecular homologies
hypotonic solution
-greater concentration of solute inside cell -causes cell to expand/burst
hypertonic solution
-greater concentration of solute outside cell -causes cell to shrivel up
list three functions of proteins
-help chem reactions to occur -transport small molecules in and out of cells -form contractile structures in muscles
"if the light switch is turned from 'off' to 'on' then the light will go on"--list four characteristics about this statement
-is based on an inference -is a prediction -can be tested -can be falsified
name two organelles found in animal cells but not in plant cells
-lysosomes -centrioles
list 6 characteristics of living things
-maintains homeostasis -adapts/responds to environment -reproduces -uses energy -has cells -can form an organized community
name two features unique to eukaryotes
-may or may not have cell wall -multiple linear chromosomes
name two structural features of neurons that help them perform their functions
-myelin sheaths--cover axon, act as insulators, help signals move through more quickly/efficiently, quicker response time -dendrites--long, thin, branch out away from cell body, allowing them to detect/receive signals more quickly, communicates signal faster
list three characteristics of a HW population
-random mating -large population -no mutations or natural selection
list 4 functions of mitosis in humans
-replace somatic cells -repair wounds -growth -replace lost/damaged somatic cells
name two features both pro/eukaryotes have
-ribosomes -at least one chromosome w genetic information -semi-fluid cytosol
name three functions of the nervous system and give examples
-sensory input--to receive signals which the sensory neurons transmitted (ex you hear the bell ring, receptors in your ears send a signal to the brain) -integration--to process the signals the brain receives (ex you comprehend that the bell means class is over and it's time for you to go) -motor output--signaling the muscles in your legs to stand up so you can leave the room)
how do you make a wet mount slide?
-take slide -clean it -place specimen on the center of it -place a few drops of water on the specimen using micropipette -put cover slide on it at 45 deg angle to avoide bubbles beneath it -use pencil eraser to tap and gently remove any bubbles
if a microscope's field diameter is 3 mm at 50x, predict the field diameter at 150x
1 mm (when magnification goes up, field diameter goes down)
a woman has 5 sons. she is about to have another baby. what is the probability that this child will be a boy?
1/2
when a dark blue schmoo is mated with a white schmoo, all of their offspring are a light blue color. the expected offspring from a cross between two light blue schmoos would be
1/2 light blue schmoos, 1/4 dark blue schmoos, 1/4 white schmoos, and 17 students wonder wtf a schmoo is
when a dark blue schmoo is mated with a white schmoo, all of their offspring are a light blue color. what can you say about the gametes produced by the light blue schmoo?
1/2 would contain a dark blue allele and 1/2 would contain a white allele
total magnification: 5x objective, 20x eyepiece
100x
24 chromosomes in a shark how many in a shark gamete
12
diploid somatic fruit fly cell has 8 chromosomes. how many possible combinations are there in its gametes? assume no crossing over ocurrs
16
a potassium ion (K+) has a net charge of +1. since its atomic number is 19, how many electrons does it have?
18
convert 2000 micrometers to milimeters
2
In an ideal HW population where the percentage of organisms with the dominant phenotype is 84%, what percentage of the population is heterozygous?
48% q^2 + 2pq + p^2 = 1 q^2= percentage of population that has recessive allele/100 = 16/100 = .16 Solve for q Take √.16 = .4 Frequency of the recessive allele = .4 .4 + p = 1 P = .6 p^2 = % population that are dominant (.6) ^2 = 36% of population are dominant If p+q=1, then HW p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 Dom + het + rec = 1
convert 5 mm to micrometers
5000 micrometers
total magnification: 10x objective, 5x eyepiece
50x
write the following as it would appear through a microscope: >
<
C + 2H2 ---> CH4 list reactants
C, 2H2
C + 2H2 ---> CH4 List products
CH4
equation for bicarbonate ion
CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3 (carbon dioxide + water <--> carbonic acid <--> hydrogen ion + bicarbonate ion)
in which phases of the cell cycle do most of the cell's growth and activity take place?
G phases
quantity of DNA doubles between
G1 and G2 phases of cell cycle
in fruit flies grey body (G) is dominant over black body (g). two grey flies were mated and produced 158 greys and 49 blacks. this cross could be represented by
Gg x Gg
which of the following represents a molecule? (Na, H2O, C, S^-2)
H2O
in pure water, there are
H2O molecules, H+ ions, and OH- ions
what phase is not included in interphase?
M phase
mitotic phase
Mitosis and cytokinesis together
anaphase
NOT prophase for some reason lol