BIOLOGY - UNIT 7: PLANTS: GREEN FACTORIES
the stamens
(collectively, the androecium),
the sepals
(collectively, the calyx),
petals
(collectively, the corolla),
the carpels
(collectively, the gynoecium),
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid). The chemical structure of genes which control inheritance.
dicotyledon
(dicot). A flowering plant with seeds having two seed leaves, e.g., bean.
monocotyledon
(monocot). A flowering plant with seeds having one seed leaf, e.g., corn.
nucleus
(pl. nuclei). The protoplasmic substance separate from the cytoplasm; the cell headquarters or information center; location of DNA and RNA; bodies found in the nucleus are chromosomes and the nucleolus.
RNA
(ribonucleic acid). A chemical important in taking blueprint messages from DNA of the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm for protein synthesis instructions.
human body
30 trillion or more cells
vacuole
A cell storage body that increases in size with age; included within, but not a part of the cytoplasm; storage materials are often water and poisonous by-products of cell activities.
leaf or branch
A crosswise elongation of cells within the stem will produce a
stamen
A flower part; a ring of pollen-producing appendages of a flower; inside the petals, but outside the carpels.
sepal
A flower part; the outermost ring of leaflike appendages of a flower; often green or inconspicuous, outside the petals.
petal
A flower part; the ring of leaflike appendages occurring inside the sepals, but outside the stamens.
endosperm
A food storage tissue which assists in seed development in flowering plants; may or may not be apparent depending upon the stage of seed maturation.
tissue
A group of similar cells (simple tissue), or unlike cells with a specialized common function (complex tissue).
carpel
A leaflike part of the flower where seeds are produced
DNA
A meristematic cell will differentiate due to its .
sclerenchyma
A plant cell of a long fiber type or variable sclereid type; important in plant body support; may be part of xylem or phloem tissues
annual
A plant that completes its life cycle from seed germination through fruit and seed production within a year's time
membrane
A protein and fat structure serving as a covering and enclosure for cells.
entropy
A running down, or related to the physical law of an increasing tendency for disorganization.
cotyledon
A seed leaf; may store (dicot) or absorb (monocot) food in seeds of flowering plants.
nucleolus
A smaller, darker body found in the nucleus; contains a concentration of RNA; associated with message transfer to the cytoplasm and cell division
grana
A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis
product of decomposition of food molecules, chemical associated with mitochondria, a form of chemical energy
ATP is a:
cytoplasm
All the organic substances located between the nucleus and cell membrane; one location of mitochondria, chloroplast, and other tiny bodies.
tissue culture
Cells from practically any part of a plant can, under the proper conditions, develop into a new plant with the same genetic inheritance as the parent plant.
meristematic
Cells that multiply and produce growth at various parts of a plant are:
DNA
Chemical messages originate from:
hypogynous, perigynous, and epigynous.
Common flowers may be divided into three basic types:
Parenchyma
Differentiated cells which take on the function of food storage are: .
tracheids and vessel members
Distinctive cells of the xylem are the _____
Starches
During cell division, energy is needed. The first chemicals to be broken down to use as energy in cell division are called
angiosperms
Flowering plants are classified as:
dry or fleshy; dehiscent or indehiscent; and simple, multiple, or aggregate.
Fruits are classified by such characteristics as
elongation
In the maturation process of cells, the first step after production by a meristem; a lengthening of the cell assisted by water intake in living things to occur; an organic catalyst.
cristae
Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
collenchyma
Oblong cells with unevenly thickened walls for support in young stems
bark
Old phloem cells become:
roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit
Plant Organs
cytoplasm a plasma membrane a nucleus vacuoles
Plant cells and animal cells both have
The Marvelous Cell Factory Energy conversion
Synthesize complex chemicals Decompose chemicals Perform maintenance Selective exchange Route and transfer chemicals Interpret coded information Duplicate itself
wood
That part of a tree that is interior to the vascular cambium; the xylem of a tree.
bark
That part of a woody stem, or tree, that is outside the vascular cambium; includes phloem and cork.
taproot
The ______________ is generally a deeper root system with a long root growing downward and branch roots growing outward from various parts of the root
cell
The basic building block of all forms of life.
energy
The capacity to do or perform work
enzymes
The chemicals first activated in the seed that help cause other chemicals to react are called
life activities
The cytoplasm is the most important part of the cell for carrying out ________________
phloem
The food-conducting tissue of a plant's vascular or transport system.
differentiation
The maturation of a cell produced by a plant meristem; cells may mature to form fibers, parenchyma, vessel members, etc.
vascular cambium
The meristematic cells which produce new cells increasing plant body girth; often forming a ring only several cell layers wide in woody stems and roots.
9
The moisture content of the seed must be at least __percent before germination begins.
parenchyma
The most common plant cell, found in practically all parts of the plant body; important for food production, food storage, lateral transport, and other life processes; an almost round cell in some tissues.
nucleic acid, RNA
The nucleolus is a concentration of _____ ______.
protoplasm
The organic substance making up the cells of all living things.
epidermis
The outermost layer of plant cells or tissue, providing a covering for the plant body.
crop production
The process used to select seeds, nutrients, and season to get the maximum production from a crop
protoplast
The protoplasmic unit of a cell, usually made up of a nucleus and cytoplasm.
green revolution
The revolution in plant production that greatly increased crop yields
cell wall
The rigid wall of plant cells that surrounds the cell membrane.
inflorescence
The specific pattern of flower arrangement of a plant.
morphorlogy
The study of growth characteristics of a plant is called developmental __________
chromosome
The threadlike bodies apparent in the nucleus during certain phases of cell division; carries the genes or inheritance units of a cell; segments of DNA molecules.
chloroplast
The tiny body that contains chlorophyll; photosynthesis takes place in this part of the cell.
mitochondria
The tiny rod-shaped cell bodies where aerobic respiration occurs; the cell powerhouses.
ribosome
The tiny, dot-like bodies in the cytoplasm or part of the endoplasmic reticulum; important in protein synthesis.
ribonucleic acid
The transfer of information from the nucleus to organelles is accomplished by:
middle east
The use of wheat as food can be traced to the area of
phloem xylem
The vascular cambium cells differentiate into:
xylem
The water and mineral conducting tissue of a plant's vascular or transport system.
vascular cambium
The width of a tree increases through direct growth of the:
meristem
The youthful, undifferentiated cells of root and shoot tips and other plant parts that produce new cells for growth in size and girth.
taproot and fibrous root
Two types of root systems are the_______
genetic information energy matter
What does the plant need in order for it to germinate and develop?
because it consists of numerous interdependent subunits because coded information cannot arise from random processes
Why is a cell analogous to an engineered watch?
cuttings
________ are commonly used to propagate many house plants, along with a number of garden and orchard plants.
ATP
a chemical form of energy which can be directly used for chemical activities
endoplasmic reticulum
appears to be a cell communication system for chemical messages and to be a factory in association with ribosomes for life processes.
epidermis, phloem, and xylem
are each complex tissues
Golgi bodies
centers for collecting and packaging cell building materials and enzymes, construction of the cell wall, secretion and storage of high- energy compounds
Collenchyma tissue
commonly occurs underneath the epidermis
chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and Golgi bodies
cytoplasmic bodies are the _____________________
beans are examples of
dicotyledons
cell wall
feature distinguishing plant cells from animals cells is the ________________
adventitious roots
fibrous system is similar in appearance with none conspicuously larger than any others
Robert Hooke
first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.
serves to anchor the plant body and to absorb water and minerals, storage of food and conduction of the water and minerals to other plant parts
functions of the roots
Sclerenchyma tissue
hard, thickened cell walls are left after the protoplasts of these cells have dried up
Ribosomes
have the important function of assembling proteins from amino acidsx
Undirected energy
is usually destructive
to support the plant body and leaves and to conduct food, water, and minerals to other plant parts
main functions of stems are
Grasses are examples of
monocotyledons
plumule
shoot tip consists of a tiny ___
Collenchyma and sclerenchyma
simple tissues.
Fibrous root systems
tend to be shallow but cling tightly to soil particles
horticulture
the art or practice of garden cultivation and management.
minerals sugars calcium oxalate anthocyanins dissolved proteins
the five substances that can be found in the cell vacuoles.
