Biomechanics- Study Guide 2

Which of the following are transverse plane movements at the shoulder? a. horizontal abduction b. medial rotation c. both A and B above d. none of the above

a. horizontal abduction

Internal rotation is synonymous with which of the following? a. medial rotation b. lateral rotation c. external rotation d. none of the above

a. medial rotation

Which of the following motions occurs primarily in the sagittal plane? a. running b. a cartwheel c. a pirouette d. all of the above

a. running

In which of the following planes does a forward roll occur? a. sagittal b. frontal c. transverse d. oblique

a. sagittal

Which view is best for observing normal human gait? a. side view b. front view c. back view d. does not matter

a. side view

Which of the following statements is false? a. the hip is distal to the knee b. the shoulder is superior to the hip c. superficial muscles are closer to the skin than deep muscles d. the triceps are posterior to the biceps

a. the hip is distal to the knee

Ventral is a synonym for ____________________, which means toward the front of the body.

anterior

Abduction takes place around which axis?

anteroposterior axis

In anatomical position what is the position of the elbow? a. 180° b. 0° c. need more information d. none of the above

b. 0°

Which of the following motions occurs primarily in the frontal plane? a. running b. cartwheel c. pirouette d. all of the above

b. cartwheel

Which of the following terms best describes translational motion along a curved line? a. rectilinear b. curvilinear c. rotational d. general

b. curvilinear

In anatomical position, what term describes the radius relative to the ulna? a. medial b. lateral c. posterior d. anterior

b. lateral

Shaking the head "no" involves which of the following movements? a. lateral and medial rotation b. left and right rotation c. internal and external rotation d. all of the above are correct

b. left and right rotation

Which of the following describes the knee joint relative to the ankle joint? a.distal b. proximal c. medial d. lateral

b. proximal

Which of the following is a linear movement in the frontal plane? a. shoulder adduction b. shoulder girdle elevation c. shoulder flexion d. both A and B

b. shoulder girdle elevation

Foot pronation occurs at which joint? a. ankle b. subtalar c. both A and B d. pronation does not occur in the foot

b. subtalar

In anatomical position, the forearm is in what position? a. pronated b. supinated c. flexed d. abducted

b. supinated

In two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systems, what unit is used for the vertical axis? a. x b. y c. z d. any of the above can describe the vertical axis

b. y

Which is true about the Cartesian coordinate system? a. It is a special reference system used by biomechanists. b. It can be used to describe two-dimensional or three-dimensional motion. c. both A and B d. none of the above

c. both A and B

Which of the following is true regarding horizontal adduction? a. also called horizontal flexion b. occurs in the transverse plane c. both A and B d. none of the above

c. both A and B

What term is used to describe the motion of bringing the foot closer to the lower leg? a. flexion b. extension c. dorsiflexion d. plantar flexion

c. dorsiflexion

During the preparatory phase for an underhand softball pitch, the hand holding the ball is drawn behind the body prior to the forward swing of the arm. When the hand is drawn behind the body, which of the following movements occurs at the shoulder? a. flexion b. extension c. hyperextension d. circumduction

c. hyperextension

Which of the following is not an example of a sagittal plane movement? a. flexion b. hyperextension c. lateral flexion d. plantar flexion

c. lateral flexion

Primarily in which plane does the swinging of a baseball bat occur? a. sagittal b. frontal c. transverse d. obtuse

c. transverse

Which of the following units is unique to three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systems (i.e. do not exist in 2-D systems)? a. x b. y c. z d. all of the above are unique to 3-D systems

c. z

Which of the following limb movements occur during "jumping jacks"? a. flexion and abduction b. extension and adduction c. flexion and extension d. adduction and abduction

d. adduction and abduction

Which of the following could be defined by a movement analyst as a mechanical system? a. entire human body b. right arm c. projected ball d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following is/are true regarding anatomical reference position? a. palms face forward b. erect posture c. starting position for describing motion d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following terms means "farther from the head"? a. distal b. proximal c. superior d. inferior

d. inferior

Which of the following categories of motion is mutually exclusive with each of the others? a. translational motion b. rectilinear motion c. curvilinear motion d. rotational motion

d. rotational motion

The cardinal frontal plane divides the body into equal _____.

front and back halves

Abduction occurs in which plane?

frontal

Which of the following terms would accurately describe the biceps muscle? a. anterior b. posterior c. medial d. lateral

a. anterior

Which of the following is/are examples of superficial muscle(s)? a. biceps b. triceps c. gastrocnemius d. all of the above

a. biceps

Which of the following is true regarding circumduction? a. combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction b. synonymous with rotation c. both A and B d. none of the above

a. combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction

The word ______________ refers to a description of quality without the use of numbers.

qualitative

______________ describes motion along a straight line, whereas ______________ describes motion along a curved line.

rectilinear; curvilinear

Which imaginary cardinal plane bisects the body into right and left halves?

sagittal

Elbow extension takes place in what plane?

sagittal plane

Nodding the head "yes" occurs in which plane?

sagittal plane

Most human movement falls into which category?

in general

Translation is a synonym for ______________ motion.

linear

Movements in the transverse plane occur around which axis?

longitudinal axis

The ______________ axis is the imaginary line around which sagittal plane motion occurs.

mediolateral

Describe the steps that should be taken when planning a qualitative analysis.

the steps that should be taken when planning a qualitative analysis are: first, identify the major question(s) of interest. second, make a decision. third, collect observations. fourth, interpret observations. fifth, communicate with performer. sixth, refine question and go back to making a decision, or end the analysis.

Describe three different tools used to collect and analyze kinematic data and provide the strengths and weaknesses of each tool. Include both high tech and low tech examples.

three tools used to collect and analyze kinematic data are a video camera (record movement while being able to rewatch it), another analyst, and reflective joint markers (used in front of cameras with infrared light rings to capture high-contrast images/videos). a strength of a video camera is that the video can be reviewed multiple times and allows the performer to listen and view the critiques. a weakness is that the performer might perform differently because they know they are being recorded and also the video may require multiple angles. a strength of the help from another analyst is that there are more than one person looked for a particular movement that one's eye may not be able to observe. a weakness is that these analyst may have different opinions on what movement is optimal for a certain task. a strength of a reflective joint marker is that it allows for the joint to be focused on for the images to observe movement. a weakness is that multiple cameras are needed due to the typical planar human motion.

A dancer performs a pirouette in which plane?

transverse plane

To supplement visual observations, the analyst can often use non-visual information. Describe two examples of auditory information that could be used during a qualitative analysis.

two examples of auditory information that could be used during a qualitative analysis are: one, the crack of a baseball bat hitting a ball indicated that the contact was direct rather than glancing. and two, proper contact of a golf club with a ball sounds distinctly different from when a golfer "tops" the ball.

What are the two main sources of information for the analyst diagnosing a motor skill?

two main sources of information for the analyst diagnosing a motor skill are auditory information and repeated observation. auditory information can provide clues about the way in which a movement was executed. repeated observation helps the analyst to distinguish consistent performance errors from random errors.

Name two ways an analyst can increase his/her knowledge about the mechanics of a motor skill and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each.

two ways an analyst can increase his/her knowledge about the mechanics of a motor skill are visual observation and feed back from the performer. advantages of visual observation are that the viewer may repeatedly view the movement and can enhance the learning of a motor skill. a disadvantage of visual observation is that even the most careful observers may miss important aspects of a rapidly executed movement. an advantage of feedback from the performer is that they may be experienced enough to recognize the way a particular movement feels as compared to the ways a slight modification of the same movement feels. a disadvantage of feedback from the performer is that the performer may not be sufficiently kinesthetically attuned to provide meaningful subjective feedback of this nature.