BIOMI 2600 Quiz 4 Study Guide

If 10% of Caucasians were heterozygous for a Cftr mutation, what fraction of Caucasians would you predict to suffer from cystic fibrosis?

1/400

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis causes infections primarily of the

Gastrointestinal tract

What major virulence genes were acquired by Y. pseudotuberculosis as it evolved into Y. pestis (circle all correct answers)

Pla; murine toxin; F1 (encoded by caf genes)

The Quantiferon TB test is a test for the presence of

T cells that recognize mycobacterial antigens.

The major environmental signal that Yersinia pestis uses to detect the host environment is

Temperature

Of the three Bordetella adhesins, which is (are) composed primarily of a beta-helix?

pertactin; filamentous hemagglutinin

People who survived infection with Yersinia pestis during the fourteenth-century European epidemic found themselves immune when reexposed to:

plague

Why is Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic plague, considered a potential biowarfare agent?

pneumonic plague is highly communicable with a high mortality rate.

Outbreaks of plague in the middle ages started in _______ of Europe about 15 years after a weather fluctuations in central Asia.

port cities

Malcolm Casadaban, a professor of genetics at the University of Chicago, died in 2011 after a laboratory-acquired infection of Yersinia pestis. This laboratory strain was supposedly rendered safe by to a mutation in _________. Casadaban had an undiagnosed genetic anomaly called hemachromatosis, which causes _________.

An iron uptake system, elevated iron levels in blood and lymph.

Substrate of Pla include

Blood clotting enzymes; antimicrobioal peptides; complement 3b; fasL

Type III secretion system evolved from ______ while Type IV systems (like the one that secretes pertussis toxin) evolved from _______

Flagellar basal body, conjugation systems

Who first applied Koch's postulates to demonstrate that M tuberculosis causes tuberculosis?

Robert Koch

1 micron polystyrene beads coated with trehalose dimycolate

are engulfed by macrophages; release TDM which is a MAMP; cause the release of chemokines that draw macrophages to the site of infection; cause neovascularization

Yersinia survive within macrophages by

Upregulating their iron-uptake systems; using Pla to destroy antimicrobial peptides; using superoxide dismutase and catalase to detoxify reactive oxygen species.

Pertussis toxin export genes direct the export of pertussis toxin

across the outer membrane and resemble proteins required for conjugation

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a member of the

actinobacteria

When the kinase activity of BvgS is moderately but not fully active which proteins are expressed?

adhesions and upregulates itself; high levels release toxins; low levels start to block flagella

Bordetella pertussis is a member of the (circle all that apply)

betaproteobacteria; gram negative

M. tuberculosis (circle all correct answers)

blocks fusion between phagosomes and lysosomes; blocks the acidification of the phagosome

Septicemic plague is caused by an infection of the

blood stream

Of the three stimuli that can be used to activate or inactivate BvgS, which one is reminiscent of signals used by other bacteria?

body temperature activates

When the kinase activity of BvgS is fully active which proteins are expressed?

fhaB plus pertussis toxin

The Daptacel vaccine consists of six different antigens. Antibodies against which of them might actually target the bacteria (circle all correct answers)?

filamentous hemagglutinin; pertactin; fimbriae

Pertussis toxin consists of 1 A subunit (called S1) that has the catalytic active site and ____________ subunit(s) that constitute the B (binding) domain

five total, two identical copies of one

When the kinase activity of BvgS is inactive which proteins are expressed?

flagella

What types of genes were lost as Y. pseudotuberculosis evolved into Y pestis?

flagellar genes; insecticidal genes; high affinity permeases for nutrient uptake; negative regulators of biofilms; adhesins necessary to bind to intestinal epithelium

Yersinia species are members of the

gammaproteobacteria; enterobacteriales

One third of humanity is seropositive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This means that they

have anti-Mtb T cells and/or Helper T cells that indicate prior exposure

Yersinia pestis accesses the body via_____ or _____ while its close relative Y. pseudotuberculosis accesses the body via _____

inhalation, ingestion, ingestion

Collectively the Yop proteins that are translocated from the Yersinia cytoplasm to the host cytoplasm

inhibit phagocytosis, inhibit cytokine release, and stimulate apoptosis.

Adenylate cyclase toxin is inactive in bacteria because bacteria

lack calmodulin

Mycobacterium contains an unusual capsule consisting of

lipids; polysaccharides

The BCG vaccine, which protects against tuberculosis consists of

live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis cells.

Pla is

located in the bacterial outer membrane

On the study of the microbiome of the New York subway, what gene was identified that indicated the presence of Yersinia pestis?

murine toxin

To reverse the activity of pertussis toxin one might provide a patient

nicotinamide

The net difference in mass between an active form of a G protein and an inactive form of the same G protein is equivalent to the mass of:

one phosphate group

Outer membrane proteins such as OmpX, Ail, and YadBC

stimulate endocytosis by macrophages

Despite the fact that M. tuberculosis is a member of the "gram positive" group, it stains very poorly with Gram's stain because

the waxy capsule protects the peptidoglycan from crystal violet

Bubonic Plague is caused by ______ while pneumonic plague is caused by _______ and septicemic plague is caused by:

they are both caused by Yersinia pestis, difference is mode of transfer and manifestation of symptoms

Plague can best be described as a ________ disease

zoonotic