Biopsych test 3 ch. 11

Which effect is likely to result from damage to the amygdala

A normal startle response, but an absence of learned fears

An experimental drug, Ri15-4513, has been shown to block the behavioral effects of

Alcohol

What area of the brain seems to be a key area for learned fears?

Amygdala

It is possible to predict (with moderate accuracy) people's political attitudes toward the use of the military, the death penalty and so forth by monitoring which of the following?

Amygdala responses to a sudden loud noise

What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself?

Animals activity patterns become less consistent and no longer reapond to light and dark cycles

Proteins that circulate in the blood, specifically attaching to one kind of antigen are

Anti-bodies

A leukocyte attacks when it finds a cell with foreign

Antigens

Startle responses are greater when a person is

Anxious

One of the main differences between natural killer cells and T cells

Attack several kinds of intruders

If a hamster in its home territory attacks an intruder, what will the hamster do I a second intruder arrives shortly after the first intruder leaves?

Attack the second intruder quickly and vigorously

Findings from people with pure autonomic failure suggest that

Autonomic output is important for experiencing emotion

What type of leukocyte attaches to an intruder and produces a specific antibody to attack the intruders antigen?

B cell

Many cells in the amygdala get input from sensory modalities, especially the ___ nuclei

Basolateral and central

Activity in the left hemisphere is associated with

Behavioral activation

Which system is most likely to be active when moderate physiological arousal occurs while approaching a member of the opposite sex?

Behavioral activation system

The field of study that would be most concerned with the effects of smoking, diet, exercise, and stress on health is

Behavioral medicine

Individuals who manage to succeed and thrive despite many difficulties may best be described as

Being resilient

Occasional brief periods of stress

Boost the activity of the immune system

A search for the happiness center in the brain is unlikely to be successful because

Brain areas associated with particular emotions vary considerably

The flow of ___ ions across the membrane is controlled by the GABAa complex

Chloride

At the center of the GABAa receptor is a

Chloride channel

Directly stimulating the ___ of a hamster results in priming it to attack, even without the previous experience of fighting.

Corticomedial amygdala

Chemicals released by the immune system that attack infections and communicate with the brain to elicit anti-illness behaviors are

Cytokines

Individuals with pure autonomic failure

Do not experience much intensity of emotion

The sympathetic nervous system is to ___ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to ___

Emergencies;relaxation

The limbic system consists of structures that are believed to be important for which kind of responses?

Emotional

Benzodiazepine tranquilizers affect GABA synapses by

Facilitating binding of GABA to its receptors

Amygdala damage will result in the complete loss of the startle response

False

Individuals with posttramatic stress disorder are more likely to have a suppressed startle reflex

False

Low serotonin turnover is associated with reduced aggression

False

The limbic system-the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus- has been regarded as non-critical for emotion

False

The pattern of physiological reactions for each emotion is easily distinguishable by the person who is experiencing them

False

One explanation for the difficulty that people with amygdala damage have with recognizing fearful faces is that they

Focus their attention on the nose and mouth of faces instead of the eyes

Across studies involving amygdala damage, the general conclusion seems to be that the amygdala is important for

Focusing attention on emotional stimuli

Selye inferred that any threat to the body, in addition to its specific effects, activated a generalized response to stress, which he called the

General adaptation syndrome

In people suffering from posttramatic stress disorder, the startle response is

Generally stronger than in other people

Not all children who are abused become violently aggressive in adolescence or adulthood. Of the following, which has been demonstrated to influence violence by these people?

Genes regulating monoamine oxidase

Many studies have found that violent criminals and arsonists released from prison had a greater probability of communities other violent crimes of they

Had lower than normal serotonin turnover

Output from the amygdala to the ___ modifies the approach and avoidance responses

Hypothalamus

Under what circumstances do the criminal behaviors of monozygotic twins resemble each other more than dizygotic twins ?

In adulthood

The behavioral inhibition system is associated with

Increased attention and arousal, decreases action and fear or disgust

Most tranquilizers reduce anxiety by

Increasing GABA

According to the ___ theory, we experience emotion after we experience autonomic arousal

James-Lange

Blood and urine levels of which chemicals are related to a history of violent suicide attempts?

Low amount of serotonin turnover

According to a number of animal studies, under which condition is the probability of violent behavior greatest?

Low serotonin turnover

According to a number of animal studies, under which conditions is the probability of violent behavior greatest?

Low serotonin turnover

Which of the following has been associated with an increased probability of suicide attempts?

Low serotonin turnover

The behavioral activation system is associated with

Low to moderate arousal, tendency to approach new objects, and pleasant mood

Studies of aggressive and criminal behaviors in adulthood have found that

Monozygotic twins resemble each other more closely than dizygotic twins

Blood cells that attach to types of tumor cells and cells infected with viruses are known as

Natural killer cells

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors

Occur during NREM sleep

Investigators have found that individuals who suffer prefrontal cortex Damage

Often make bad decisions

Which evidence is most detrimental to the James-Lange theory?

Patients with pure autonomic failure experience emotions

When faces with moral dilemmas involving killing one person to save five others,

People with the strongest autonomic arousal are the least likely to make the "logical" decision to kill one and save five others

Impulsive behavior and poor decisions are common symptoms of

Prefrontal damage

Alcohol decreases anxiety by

Promoting chloride flow at the GABA-A receptor complex

The field of study concerned with how the nervous system interacts with the immune system is known as

Psychoneuroimmunology

Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity?

Relaxed wakefulness

Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would

Remain relatively stable

The concentration 5-HIAA in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine provides an estimate of

Serotonin turnover

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?

Stage 2

Leukocyte a identify intruder cells by their

Surface proteins

Leukocytes identify intruder cells by their

Surface proteins

The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for preparing the body for intense, vigorous, emergency activity is the

Sympathetic nervous system

A sturdy administering testosterone to women found which of these effects?

Testosterone increased the amount of time they looked at angry faces

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?

The brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity

The classical illness behaviors such as fever, sleepiness and lack of appetite are caused by

The immune systems production of cytokines

After damage to the amygdala, what happens to a rat's startle reflex?

The rat's startle reflex does not vary from one situation to another

What common measure of fear or anxiety is popular because it can be used with non-humans as well as humans

The startle response

What potential advantage does a moderately aggressive monkey possess?

They are more likely to get mates and food

Why do humans suffer from sleepiness, decreased muscle activity and decreased sex drive during illness?

They are useful ways of conserving energy while the body is attacking the illness

Recognition of an angry expression is faster when the face is directed ___ and a fearful expression is faster if it is directed ___

Toward you; to the side

Activation of the HPA axis occurs during prolonged stress

True

Brief activation of the sympathetic nervous system can enhance activity of the immune system

True

Psychologists typically define emotion in terms of three components

True

Temporary sleep deprivation causes the body to respond in a similar manner as it does to being ill

True

The amygdala is one of the main areas for integrating both environmental and genetic influences, and then regulating the current level of anxiety

True

Temporary increases in cortisol can enhance immune function

Trye

If a treatment suddenly lowered your serotonin level

We could not predict how and when your behavior would change

A research study linked different genes for the enzyme MAOA to the probability of antisocial behavior. The effect of the gene varied from small to great depending on what?

Whether the person was maltreated during childhood