Biopsych test 3 ch. 11
Which effect is likely to result from damage to the amygdala
A normal startle response, but an absence of learned fears
An experimental drug, Ri15-4513, has been shown to block the behavioral effects of
Alcohol
What area of the brain seems to be a key area for learned fears?
Amygdala
It is possible to predict (with moderate accuracy) people's political attitudes toward the use of the military, the death penalty and so forth by monitoring which of the following?
Amygdala responses to a sudden loud noise
What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself?
Animals activity patterns become less consistent and no longer reapond to light and dark cycles
Proteins that circulate in the blood, specifically attaching to one kind of antigen are
Anti-bodies
A leukocyte attacks when it finds a cell with foreign
Antigens
Startle responses are greater when a person is
Anxious
One of the main differences between natural killer cells and T cells
Attack several kinds of intruders
If a hamster in its home territory attacks an intruder, what will the hamster do I a second intruder arrives shortly after the first intruder leaves?
Attack the second intruder quickly and vigorously
Findings from people with pure autonomic failure suggest that
Autonomic output is important for experiencing emotion
What type of leukocyte attaches to an intruder and produces a specific antibody to attack the intruders antigen?
B cell
Many cells in the amygdala get input from sensory modalities, especially the ___ nuclei
Basolateral and central
Activity in the left hemisphere is associated with
Behavioral activation
Which system is most likely to be active when moderate physiological arousal occurs while approaching a member of the opposite sex?
Behavioral activation system
The field of study that would be most concerned with the effects of smoking, diet, exercise, and stress on health is
Behavioral medicine
Individuals who manage to succeed and thrive despite many difficulties may best be described as
Being resilient
Occasional brief periods of stress
Boost the activity of the immune system
A search for the happiness center in the brain is unlikely to be successful because
Brain areas associated with particular emotions vary considerably
The flow of ___ ions across the membrane is controlled by the GABAa complex
Chloride
At the center of the GABAa receptor is a
Chloride channel
Directly stimulating the ___ of a hamster results in priming it to attack, even without the previous experience of fighting.
Corticomedial amygdala
Chemicals released by the immune system that attack infections and communicate with the brain to elicit anti-illness behaviors are
Cytokines
Individuals with pure autonomic failure
Do not experience much intensity of emotion
The sympathetic nervous system is to ___ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to ___
Emergencies;relaxation
The limbic system consists of structures that are believed to be important for which kind of responses?
Emotional
Benzodiazepine tranquilizers affect GABA synapses by
Facilitating binding of GABA to its receptors
Amygdala damage will result in the complete loss of the startle response
False
Individuals with posttramatic stress disorder are more likely to have a suppressed startle reflex
False
Low serotonin turnover is associated with reduced aggression
False
The limbic system-the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus- has been regarded as non-critical for emotion
False
The pattern of physiological reactions for each emotion is easily distinguishable by the person who is experiencing them
False
One explanation for the difficulty that people with amygdala damage have with recognizing fearful faces is that they
Focus their attention on the nose and mouth of faces instead of the eyes
Across studies involving amygdala damage, the general conclusion seems to be that the amygdala is important for
Focusing attention on emotional stimuli
Selye inferred that any threat to the body, in addition to its specific effects, activated a generalized response to stress, which he called the
General adaptation syndrome
In people suffering from posttramatic stress disorder, the startle response is
Generally stronger than in other people
Not all children who are abused become violently aggressive in adolescence or adulthood. Of the following, which has been demonstrated to influence violence by these people?
Genes regulating monoamine oxidase
Many studies have found that violent criminals and arsonists released from prison had a greater probability of communities other violent crimes of they
Had lower than normal serotonin turnover
Output from the amygdala to the ___ modifies the approach and avoidance responses
Hypothalamus
Under what circumstances do the criminal behaviors of monozygotic twins resemble each other more than dizygotic twins ?
In adulthood
The behavioral inhibition system is associated with
Increased attention and arousal, decreases action and fear or disgust
Most tranquilizers reduce anxiety by
Increasing GABA
According to the ___ theory, we experience emotion after we experience autonomic arousal
James-Lange
Blood and urine levels of which chemicals are related to a history of violent suicide attempts?
Low amount of serotonin turnover
According to a number of animal studies, under which condition is the probability of violent behavior greatest?
Low serotonin turnover
According to a number of animal studies, under which conditions is the probability of violent behavior greatest?
Low serotonin turnover
Which of the following has been associated with an increased probability of suicide attempts?
Low serotonin turnover
The behavioral activation system is associated with
Low to moderate arousal, tendency to approach new objects, and pleasant mood
Studies of aggressive and criminal behaviors in adulthood have found that
Monozygotic twins resemble each other more closely than dizygotic twins
Blood cells that attach to types of tumor cells and cells infected with viruses are known as
Natural killer cells
Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors
Occur during NREM sleep
Investigators have found that individuals who suffer prefrontal cortex Damage
Often make bad decisions
Which evidence is most detrimental to the James-Lange theory?
Patients with pure autonomic failure experience emotions
When faces with moral dilemmas involving killing one person to save five others,
People with the strongest autonomic arousal are the least likely to make the "logical" decision to kill one and save five others
Impulsive behavior and poor decisions are common symptoms of
Prefrontal damage
Alcohol decreases anxiety by
Promoting chloride flow at the GABA-A receptor complex
The field of study concerned with how the nervous system interacts with the immune system is known as
Psychoneuroimmunology
Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity?
Relaxed wakefulness
Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would
Remain relatively stable
The concentration 5-HIAA in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine provides an estimate of
Serotonin turnover
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most characteristic of which sleep stage?
Stage 2
Leukocyte a identify intruder cells by their
Surface proteins
Leukocytes identify intruder cells by their
Surface proteins
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for preparing the body for intense, vigorous, emergency activity is the
Sympathetic nervous system
A sturdy administering testosterone to women found which of these effects?
Testosterone increased the amount of time they looked at angry faces
According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect?
The brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity
The classical illness behaviors such as fever, sleepiness and lack of appetite are caused by
The immune systems production of cytokines
After damage to the amygdala, what happens to a rat's startle reflex?
The rat's startle reflex does not vary from one situation to another
What common measure of fear or anxiety is popular because it can be used with non-humans as well as humans
The startle response
What potential advantage does a moderately aggressive monkey possess?
They are more likely to get mates and food
Why do humans suffer from sleepiness, decreased muscle activity and decreased sex drive during illness?
They are useful ways of conserving energy while the body is attacking the illness
Recognition of an angry expression is faster when the face is directed ___ and a fearful expression is faster if it is directed ___
Toward you; to the side
Activation of the HPA axis occurs during prolonged stress
True
Brief activation of the sympathetic nervous system can enhance activity of the immune system
True
Psychologists typically define emotion in terms of three components
True
Temporary sleep deprivation causes the body to respond in a similar manner as it does to being ill
True
The amygdala is one of the main areas for integrating both environmental and genetic influences, and then regulating the current level of anxiety
True
Temporary increases in cortisol can enhance immune function
Trye
If a treatment suddenly lowered your serotonin level
We could not predict how and when your behavior would change
A research study linked different genes for the enzyme MAOA to the probability of antisocial behavior. The effect of the gene varied from small to great depending on what?
Whether the person was maltreated during childhood