BIOS 1300 Lab exam 2
What type of ion channels does the neurotransmitters open?
(Ligand) chemically-gated Na+ ion channels
Lateral/external rotation is turning the humerus ____ from the body
Away
Glenohumeral abduction is moving the humerus ____ from the body in the ____ plane
Away; Frontal
List the six joint types?
Ball & socket Condyle Saddle Plane Hinge Pivot
Define Closed reduction external fixation
Device outside the skin that screws into the bone fragments to maintain alignment
What is the primary muscle of inspiration?
Diaphragm
Define true ribs
Directly attached to the sternal body
What are the other subgroups of fractures?
Displaced Non-displaced
Moving the dorsum of the foot towards the shin is known as...
Dorsi flection
The motion of opening the mouth is called...
Elevation
What CT wraps around the muscle fibers?
Endomysium
Which CT wraps around the whole muscle?
Epimysium
Name the action of the fibularis longus
Eversion of ankle
Looknig up at the ceiling is an example of cervical...
Extension
Name the action of the Gluteus Maximus
Extension of the hip
Name the action of the quads
Extension of the knee
T/F: The scapula has an articulation with the axial skeleton
FALSE
Trabeculae are found in compact bone?
FALSE
The CMC joint of the thumb is between the carpal bone and the base of the ____ ____
First metacarpal
The pinky finger metacarpal is number ____
Five
Define the origin of a muscle
Fixed attachment of a bone
What is aponeurosis?
Flat tendons of external & internal oblique muscles in anterior rectus sheath
Nodding your head forward is an example of cervical...
Flexion
Swinging the arms forward is an example oh GH ____
Flexion
Name the action of the TFL
Flexion & abduction of the hip
These IP, PIP, and DIP joints are capable of moving into which two motions?
Flexion and extension
Name the action of the hamstring
Flexion of the knee
Name the action of the sartorius
Flexion, abduction, and external rotation of the hip
Define Floating ribs
Floating ribs are not attached at all
Jumping jacks causing movement in which plane?
Frontal
Shoulder abduction occurs in which plane?
Frontal
The GH joint is the articulation of the ____ ____ and the head of the ____
Glenoid fossa; Humerus
What proteins are attached to the tropomyosin
Globular protein
the _____ disappears when the muscle is fully contracted
H Band
Define the action of a muscle
Joint that is moved
The meniscus is found in the ____
Knee
Name the test integrity of ACL
Lachmans Test
Which bony structure is more prominent? The Medial epicondyle or the lateral epicondyle
Lateral Epicondyle
"Side-ways" bending of the trunk is called...
Lateral flexion
The radius is the ____ bone and the ulna is the ____ bone
Lateral, Medial
The tibia is the ____ bone and the fibula is the ____ bone
Lateral, medial
What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
Lubricate and nourish articular surfaces
Which ligament is stronger and thicker?
PCL
Define reduction
Restoration of bones into anatomical alignment (relocating dislocated bone)
Bringing the border of the scapulae closer together is an example of ...
Retraction
The sternal angle articulates with the costal cartilages of which rib?
Rib 2
What are the three parts of the thoracic cage?
Ribs, Sternum, and clavicle (Vertebrae are not apart of the thoracic cage)
Shaking your head no is an example of cervical...
Rotation
The voltage change along the T Tubules causes voltage-gated calcium ion channels to open on the ____ ____
SR
Doing sit-ups causes movement in which plane?
Sagittal
Flexion of the elbow occurs in which plane?
Sagittal
The meniscus acts as a ___ ___
Shock absorber
What are the different types of fractures?
Simple Comminuted Open Closed
Once a AP if fired at the motor end plate, the ____ muscle is propagated along and then down the _____
Skeletal, T Tubule
The radius and unla are parallel when in what motion?
Supination
When the palm faces anteriorly, the motion is what?
Supination
What are the two primary actions of the biceps chrachii muscle?
Supination and flexation of the forearm
Define ORIF (open reduction internal fixation)
Surgery is required to align the fracture
Which neck of the humerus is more likely to fracture? (Surgical or anatomical)
Surgical Neck
What does calcium bind to when it enters the presynaptic terminal?
Synaptic Vesicles
What is the most common type of joint?
Synovial Joint
The inside of the joint capsule is lined with ___ ____ which produces and absorbs ____ ___
Synovial membrane; Synovial fluid
Which bone do the inferior tibia and fibula articulate?
Talus bone
Where does the diaphragm insert?
The central tendon
What is the difference between the hip bone and the pelvic girdle?
The hip bone doesn't contain the coccyl and sacrum
What is the contractile unit of a muscle called?
The sacromere
The muscles of the radial (thumb) side of the hand are called the ____ group
Thenar
What do the muscles of facial expression have in common?
They all flex
Myofibrils are made up of two protein filaments called...
Thick & thin
The actin slides along the ____ filament, which shortens the sacromere causing muscle ____
Thin; Contraction
How many muscles comprise the hamstring group?
Three
Medial/internal rotation is turning the humerus ____ the body
Towards
Forearm supination occurs in which plane?
Transverse
What are the groups/geometry of different types of fractures?
Transverse Oblique Linear
The first elbow articulation is between the ____ of the unla and the ____ of the humerus
Trochlear notch; Trochlea
What protein does Ca++ bind to ?
Troponin
What effect does this cause?
Troponin changes conformation and moves tropomyosin
T/F: The ulna articulates with the carpal bones?
True
The elbow is made up of how many articulation?
Two
Which ligament is often torn in baseball pitchers?
UCL - ulnar collateral ligament
Which bone articulates with the trochlea?
Ulna
Name the test integrity of MCL
Valgus Stress Test
Name the test integrity of LCL
Varus Stress Test
Moving the plantar of the foot outward is called?
Version
What passes through transverse foramen?
Vertebral artery
Intervertebral joints are formed by articulation between ____ ____ and between the superior and inferior articular processes
Vertebral bodies
What part of the vertebrae does the spinal cord pass through?
Vertebral foramen
What type of ion channels open when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal?
Voltage-gated Ca++ ion channels
Define genu varus legs
Where the LCL is loosened and legs bow outward
Define genu valgus legs
Where the MCL is loosened and legs are bowed inward
The most inferior aspect of the sternum is the ____ ____
Xphoid process
Can you palpate the spine of the scapula?
YES
T/F: Is the axon to a skeletal muscle wrapped in myelin?
YES/TRUE
What enzyme breaks down Ach?
acetocholesterare (ACh erase)
In muscle contraction, the ____ slides towards the center of the ____ filament
actin, myosin
Movement of Na+ into the muscle fiber causes (repolarization/depolarization)
depolarization
Shrugging your shoulders causes what movement?
elevation
Moving the plantar of the foot inward in called?
inversion
Ca++ (leaves/enters) the SR
leaves
Opposition allows for the movement of what?
of the thumb to the pinky
Nodding your head 'yes' causes movement in which plane?
sagittal
When a muscle contracts the ____ shortens
sarcomere
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
False ribs are ribs __ to __
8 - 10
The sacrum is made up of ____ fused vertebrae
5
True ribs are ribs __ to __
1 - 7
Floating ribs are ribs ___ & ___
11 & 12
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
There are ___ total pairs of ribs
12
The coccyx is made u prof ___ to ___ fused vertebrae
3 - 5
How many muscles make up the rotator cuff?
4
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
Which ligament prevents the femur from sliding forward and backward of the tibia
ACL and PCL
What is the "unhappy triad"?
ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus
ATP is broken down into what two things for energy?
ADP & phosphate (P)
What breaks the bond between the myosin head & myosin binding site?
ATP
Spreading the fingers out would cause the MCP to move into ?
Abduction
Name the action of the Gluteus Medium
Abduction of the hip
What neurotransmitter is released from the presynaptic vesicles?
Acetylcholine
What is the strongest tendon in the body?
Achilles' tendon
What muscle makes up the calcaneal tendon?
Achilles' tendon
What muscle is typically referred to as a groin pull/strain?
Adductor muscles
Define dislocation
An injury where articulations have no contact with each other
Define Subluxation
An injury where there's partial contact between articular surfaces of the bones
What ligament maintains contact of the head of the radius with the unla?
Annular ligament
Name the test integrity of the Anterior Talofibular/calcaneofibuakr (ankle) ligament
Anterior Drawer Test
A joint capsule has a fibrous layer that attaches to the _____ _____
Articulating bones
Define a Closed reduction non-invasive fixation
Bring the fracture ends in alignment without surgery or devices
The atlas can also be called the ____ vertebrae
C1
The axis can also be called the ___ vertebrae
C2
What ion MUST be present for contraction to continue?
Ca++
Name the motion of the shoulder that results in a circular movement pattern
Circumduction
What type of lamellae surrounds the circumference of the bone?
Circumferential
The acromion of the sapula articulates with the ____
Clavicle
What type of lamellae is between osteons?
Concentric
When Ca++ moves down into the presynaptic terminal, does it move up or down its concentration gradient?
DOWN
Bursa (increases/decreases) friction between structures that cross a joint
Decreases
What bone structure is unique to this vertebrae?
Dens
Clenching your jaw causes what movement?
Depression
The motion of closing the mouth is called...
Depression
The opposite of scapular elevation is scapular ...
Depression (sagging shoulders)
The glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with the ____ of the humerus
Head
What do the thoracic vertebrae articulate with?
Head of the ribs (costal cartilages)
The hip joint is an articulation between the ____ of the femur and the ____
Head; Acetabulum
The second articulation is between the ____ of the radius and the ____ of the humerus
Head; Capitulum
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Hinge (flexion and extension)
What bone does the latissimus dorsi insert on?
Humerus
What type of CT is articular cartilage?
Hyaline Cartialge
The muscles of the ulnar (pinky) side of the hand ar called the ____ group
Hypothenar
What are the three coxal bones?
Ilium, Ischium, and pubis
Define false ribs
Indirectly attached to the sternal body
Where is a common site for male inguinal hernias?
Inguinal Canal
What type of lamellae surrounds the exterior of central osteons?
Interstitial
Name the action of the tibialis anterior
Inversion of ankle
What part of the ischium do we sit on?
Ischial Turbosity
What are the predominant cells at the border of the periosteum?
Osteoprogenitor cells
Rotating the hip in a ____ rotation will point the patella towards the inside of the leg
Medial
The MCP joint is an articulation between the heads of the ____ and the ____ ____
Metacarpal; Proximal phalanx
The DIP's are between what two phalanges?
Middle and distal
What bone does the thumb NOT have?
Middle phalanx
What is the function of the extraocular muscle?
Movement of the eyeball
Define the insertion of a muscle
Moves with the contractions
Skeletal muscle is responsible for ____ movement
Muscular
These protein filaments are known as what?
Myofilaments
What's uncovered when tropomyosin moves on the actin myofilament?
Myosin binding sites
Can you palpate the acromion?
NO
Does the fibula participate in the movement in the knee joint?
NO
Is there a spinous process on this vertebra?
NO
What does the superior articular facet articulate with?
Occipital condyle
The saddle joint allows for ____ to occur
Opposition
What creates the "dimple" in the skin of the gluteal region?
PSIS
Which CT wraps around the muscle fascicles?
Perimysium
The IP joint articulates between the ____
Phalanx
When myosin heads bind to binding sites what is released?
Phosphate
Moving the plantar surface away from the shin is known as...
Plantar flexion
What is a cross-bridge?
Plas a role in muscle contraction
Name the test integrity of PCL
Posterior Drawer Test
When the palm faces posteriorly, the motion is what?
Pronation
The opposite of scapular retraction is scapular....
Protraction
What are the four locations of a fracture?
Proximal Diaphyseal Distal Malleolar (region of ankle)
The PIP's are between what two phalanges?
Proximal and middle
The radiounlar joint is an articulation between the ____ and ____ radius and ulna
Proximal; Distal
Which bone articulates with the capitulum?
Radius
An example of scapular elevation is...
Raising the shoulders (working the traps)
Where is the umbilicus located?
Rectus abdominal (belly button)
Shaking your head 'no' causes movement in which plane?
transverse