BIOS 1310: Pre-Lab 1: Endocrine System

What cell types release insulin?

Beta cells

one of the primary purposes of the parathyroid hormone is to stimulate the synthesis of _______ from vitamin D.

Calcitriol

Endocrine hormones are secreted into ______.

Capillaries

What type of thyroid cells hydrolyzes thyroglobulin to make T3 and T4?

Follicular cells

The thyroid follicle is made of _______ & ______.

Follicular cells and colloid

The anterior pituitary is also known as the ________.

Hypophysis

The posterior pituitary is also known as the ________.

Neurohypophysis

how many hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

None

Is the purpose of the second messenger system to allow a molecule that cannot enter the cell to have an effect inside the cell?

YES

What is the order of the suprarenal cortex from superficial to deep.

Zona Glomerulosa Zona Fasiculata Zona Reticularis

One type of second messenger system is cAMP. In this system the G protein binds to _____________ which produces cAMP

binds to adenylate cyclase

How do hormones travel in the body?

blood

Where does the anterior pituitary release hormones?

blood

The anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system which is a _______ ________ network.

blood vessel

The hypothalamus regulates ________, _______, & water intake.

body temp, food, and water intake

What is glycogenolysis?

breakdown of glycogen

What type of cells is found in the medulla of the suprarenal gland?

chromaffin

The cortex collectively produces 25 different hormones called ________.

corticosteroids

Glucocorticoids assist in glucose regulation and _________ inflammation

decreasing

Mineralocorticoid functions to regulate _________ concentration in body fluids.

electrolyte

The hypothalamus regulates ________ behavior.

emotional

Most pancreatic cancers stem from the _____ pancreas

exocrine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate the _____________________ response.

fight or flight

what is glycogenesis?

formation of glycogen from sugar

Information is detected from the _________ _______ to initiate a signal to release a hormone.

from the neuroendocrine system

Alpha cells in the islet of Langerhan's secrete _________.

glucagon

What is an enlarged thyroid gland called?

goiter

Insulin is released when blood glucose levels are _____.

high

Where are oxytocin and ADH produced?

hypothalamus

a lipid-based hormone, like aldosterone, can bind with a receptor in the _________ of the cell.

in the cytoplasm

Oxytocin functions to ______ smooth muscle contraction in the reproductive tracts. It also helps with ________ from lactating mammary glands.

increase smooth muscle contractions. helps with milk ejection from mammary glands.

cAMP activates kinases which ______ the production of even more molecules.

increases

The ________ connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

infundibulum

what causes a goiter?

insufficient dietary Iodine

The principle mineralocorticoid is __________ which regulates ______ and ______ ions

is Aldosterone which regulates Na+ and K++

Why is the thyroid gland reddish?

it is highly vascular

The suprarenal gland is located superior to the _______.

kidney

Glucocorticoids stimulate ________ and ______ metabolism.

lipid and protein

Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are ______.

low

The posterior pituitary uses a system called the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract. This tract is made up of _______.

neurons

A first messenger binds to receptor _____________ of the plasma membrane.

on the surface

another type of second messenger system uses calcium ions. Calcium activates an enzyme molecule called ____________.

phospholipase C

The hypothalamus produces hormones that are transported to & stored in the ________ pituitary.

posterior pituitary.

what is gluconeogenesis?

process of organisms producing sugars

This enzyme produces ________ which binds to the SER to open channels to release _____ into the cytoplasm.

produces IP to release Calcium

When the ligand leaves the receptor the G protein ________.

reattaches

What cellular structure determines that a cell is the target cell versus a cell that is a nontarget cell?

receptors

What causes parathyroid hormone to be secreted?

response to low blood calcium

The zone that produces sex hormones is zona ______.

reticulara

The pineal gland attaches to the roof of the ______ ventricle and releases _____.

roof of the 3rd ventricle and releases Melatonin

The hypothalamus maintains the _______/______ cycle.

sleep/wake

the ________ is the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

the Infundibulum

the colloid contains a glycoprotein called ________.

thyroglobulin

what amino acid is the primary component of thyroglobulin?

tyrosine

_______ carry thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland

veins

calcitonin is secreted by the ________ cells of the thyroid gland

"C" cell

The parafollicular cell is also called the _______ which produces _______.

"C" cell which produces Calcitonin

There are usually ___ parathyroid glands and they are found on the _______surface of the thyroid gland

4 parathyroid glands found on the posterior surface

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

ACTH, FSH, GH, LH, TSH

What hormones are released in the posterior pituitary?

ADH, OT

The zona glomerulosa produces _____.

Aldosterone

The Hypothalamus controls the __________ __________ system.

Autonomic nervous system

The most common glucocorticoids are ________ and _______.

Cortisol and corticosterone

the receptor-ligand complex then binds to ______inside the nucleus.

DNA

The Hypothalamus is the master control center for the _____________ system.

Endocrine

Which type of cells in the pancreas is most common?

Endocrine

The suprarenal medulla synthesizes and secretes ________ & ________.

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

When a ligand binds to the receptor the ____________ detaches from the receptor.

G Protein

The zona fasciculata produces ________.

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - stimulates lipid/protein metabolism.

Glucose is released into the blood stream from the liver when glucagon stimulates it to break down _______.

Glycogen

In children, thyroid hormone is needed to release ______________ from the anterior pituitary.

Growth Hormone (GH)

Weight loss, heat intolerance, and hyperactivity is caused from......?

Hyperthyroidism

Weight gain, cold intolerance, and sluggishness is caused from ....?

Hypothyroidism

The islet of Langerhan's produces 2 major hormones, what are they?

Insulin, Glucagon

Pancreatic islet cells, called Langerhan's cells, release the hormones.....

Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin

What element is needed to make thyroid hormone

Iodine

ADH acts on the _______ to ________ water retention and constrict blood vessels.

Kidneys to increase

The receptor has a specific site that will allow for attachment of a _________.

Ligand

is the G protein the second messenger?

NO

what hormone is antagonist to calcitonin?

Parathyroid hormone

The zona reticularis produces _______.

Sex hormones - androgens

The anterior pituitary is regulated by two classes of hormones called _______ & ________.

Releasing & Inhibiting

The Hypothalamus secretes _________ & _________ hormones that control the _________ pituitary.

The Hypothalamus secretes releasing & inhibiting hormones that control the anterior pituitary.

The follicular cell makes the hormone ________ which is secreted into the blood.

Thyroid hormone

What hormones does the thyroid gland synthesize?

Thyroid hormones and Calcitonin

the suprarenal gland is also known as the _____ _____.

adrenal gland

Where is TSH produced

anterior pituitary

The thyroid gland is located anterior to the ________ and inferior to the _______.

anterior to the trachea inferior to the larynx