BIOS 1310: Pre-Lab 1: Endocrine System
What cell types release insulin?
Beta cells
one of the primary purposes of the parathyroid hormone is to stimulate the synthesis of _______ from vitamin D.
Calcitriol
Endocrine hormones are secreted into ______.
Capillaries
What type of thyroid cells hydrolyzes thyroglobulin to make T3 and T4?
Follicular cells
The thyroid follicle is made of _______ & ______.
Follicular cells and colloid
The anterior pituitary is also known as the ________.
Hypophysis
The posterior pituitary is also known as the ________.
Neurohypophysis
how many hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?
None
Is the purpose of the second messenger system to allow a molecule that cannot enter the cell to have an effect inside the cell?
YES
What is the order of the suprarenal cortex from superficial to deep.
Zona Glomerulosa Zona Fasiculata Zona Reticularis
One type of second messenger system is cAMP. In this system the G protein binds to _____________ which produces cAMP
binds to adenylate cyclase
How do hormones travel in the body?
blood
Where does the anterior pituitary release hormones?
blood
The anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system which is a _______ ________ network.
blood vessel
The hypothalamus regulates ________, _______, & water intake.
body temp, food, and water intake
What is glycogenolysis?
breakdown of glycogen
What type of cells is found in the medulla of the suprarenal gland?
chromaffin
The cortex collectively produces 25 different hormones called ________.
corticosteroids
Glucocorticoids assist in glucose regulation and _________ inflammation
decreasing
Mineralocorticoid functions to regulate _________ concentration in body fluids.
electrolyte
The hypothalamus regulates ________ behavior.
emotional
Most pancreatic cancers stem from the _____ pancreas
exocrine
Epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulate the _____________________ response.
fight or flight
what is glycogenesis?
formation of glycogen from sugar
Information is detected from the _________ _______ to initiate a signal to release a hormone.
from the neuroendocrine system
Alpha cells in the islet of Langerhan's secrete _________.
glucagon
What is an enlarged thyroid gland called?
goiter
Insulin is released when blood glucose levels are _____.
high
Where are oxytocin and ADH produced?
hypothalamus
a lipid-based hormone, like aldosterone, can bind with a receptor in the _________ of the cell.
in the cytoplasm
Oxytocin functions to ______ smooth muscle contraction in the reproductive tracts. It also helps with ________ from lactating mammary glands.
increase smooth muscle contractions. helps with milk ejection from mammary glands.
cAMP activates kinases which ______ the production of even more molecules.
increases
The ________ connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
infundibulum
what causes a goiter?
insufficient dietary Iodine
The principle mineralocorticoid is __________ which regulates ______ and ______ ions
is Aldosterone which regulates Na+ and K++
Why is the thyroid gland reddish?
it is highly vascular
The suprarenal gland is located superior to the _______.
kidney
Glucocorticoids stimulate ________ and ______ metabolism.
lipid and protein
Glucagon is released when blood glucose levels are ______.
low
The posterior pituitary uses a system called the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract. This tract is made up of _______.
neurons
A first messenger binds to receptor _____________ of the plasma membrane.
on the surface
another type of second messenger system uses calcium ions. Calcium activates an enzyme molecule called ____________.
phospholipase C
The hypothalamus produces hormones that are transported to & stored in the ________ pituitary.
posterior pituitary.
what is gluconeogenesis?
process of organisms producing sugars
This enzyme produces ________ which binds to the SER to open channels to release _____ into the cytoplasm.
produces IP to release Calcium
When the ligand leaves the receptor the G protein ________.
reattaches
What cellular structure determines that a cell is the target cell versus a cell that is a nontarget cell?
receptors
What causes parathyroid hormone to be secreted?
response to low blood calcium
The zone that produces sex hormones is zona ______.
reticulara
The pineal gland attaches to the roof of the ______ ventricle and releases _____.
roof of the 3rd ventricle and releases Melatonin
The hypothalamus maintains the _______/______ cycle.
sleep/wake
the ________ is the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.
the Infundibulum
the colloid contains a glycoprotein called ________.
thyroglobulin
what amino acid is the primary component of thyroglobulin?
tyrosine
_______ carry thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland
veins
calcitonin is secreted by the ________ cells of the thyroid gland
"C" cell
The parafollicular cell is also called the _______ which produces _______.
"C" cell which produces Calcitonin
There are usually ___ parathyroid glands and they are found on the _______surface of the thyroid gland
4 parathyroid glands found on the posterior surface
What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?
ACTH, FSH, GH, LH, TSH
What hormones are released in the posterior pituitary?
ADH, OT
The zona glomerulosa produces _____.
Aldosterone
The Hypothalamus controls the __________ __________ system.
Autonomic nervous system
The most common glucocorticoids are ________ and _______.
Cortisol and corticosterone
the receptor-ligand complex then binds to ______inside the nucleus.
DNA
The Hypothalamus is the master control center for the _____________ system.
Endocrine
Which type of cells in the pancreas is most common?
Endocrine
The suprarenal medulla synthesizes and secretes ________ & ________.
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
When a ligand binds to the receptor the ____________ detaches from the receptor.
G Protein
The zona fasciculata produces ________.
Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - stimulates lipid/protein metabolism.
Glucose is released into the blood stream from the liver when glucagon stimulates it to break down _______.
Glycogen
In children, thyroid hormone is needed to release ______________ from the anterior pituitary.
Growth Hormone (GH)
Weight loss, heat intolerance, and hyperactivity is caused from......?
Hyperthyroidism
Weight gain, cold intolerance, and sluggishness is caused from ....?
Hypothyroidism
The islet of Langerhan's produces 2 major hormones, what are they?
Insulin, Glucagon
Pancreatic islet cells, called Langerhan's cells, release the hormones.....
Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
What element is needed to make thyroid hormone
Iodine
ADH acts on the _______ to ________ water retention and constrict blood vessels.
Kidneys to increase
The receptor has a specific site that will allow for attachment of a _________.
Ligand
is the G protein the second messenger?
NO
what hormone is antagonist to calcitonin?
Parathyroid hormone
The zona reticularis produces _______.
Sex hormones - androgens
The anterior pituitary is regulated by two classes of hormones called _______ & ________.
Releasing & Inhibiting
The Hypothalamus secretes _________ & _________ hormones that control the _________ pituitary.
The Hypothalamus secretes releasing & inhibiting hormones that control the anterior pituitary.
The follicular cell makes the hormone ________ which is secreted into the blood.
Thyroid hormone
What hormones does the thyroid gland synthesize?
Thyroid hormones and Calcitonin
the suprarenal gland is also known as the _____ _____.
adrenal gland
Where is TSH produced
anterior pituitary
The thyroid gland is located anterior to the ________ and inferior to the _______.
anterior to the trachea inferior to the larynx