BioS 41: Exam 1

energetically unfavorable reactions

positive change of G

The study of enzymes also includes an examination of how the activity is regulated. Molecules that can act as competitive inhibitors for a specific reaction are often similar in shape and size to the enzyme's substrate. Which variable(s) used to describe enzyme activity will remain the same in the presence and absence of a competitive inhibitor?

Vmax

reduction

addition of electrons

oxidation

addition of oxygen atoms to a molecule OR electrons are removed

condensation reaction

bond is formed between an -OH group on one sugar and an -OH group on another (molecule of water is expelled)

phosphoanhydride bonds

bonds between phosphates

catabolism

break down foodstuffs into smaller molecules that generate energy

Chemical reactions carried out by living systems depend on the ability of some organisms to capture and use atoms from nonliving sources in the environment. the specific subset of these reactions that use nutrients in food to build macro molecules can be described as ____ a) metabolic b) catabolic c) anabolic d) biosynthesis

c) anabolic

NADH/NADPH

carry energy in the form of 2 high-energy electrons plus a proton

Chemical reactions carried out by living systems depend on the ability of some organisms to capture and use atoms from nonliving sources in the environment. The specific subset of these reactions that break down nutrients in food can be described as _____________.

catabolic

formula for change of G

change of G * + RT ln[x]/[y] x = product y= substrate

phosphodiester bonds

covalent bonds between the phosphate group attached to the sugar of one nucleotide and a hydroxyl group on the sugar of the next nucleotide

Which set of amino acid side chains can participate in disulfide bonds? a) valine b) arginine c) phenylalanine d) cysteine

d) cysteine

unsaturated

double bonds, kinks

NADH and NADPH are activated carrier molecules that function in completely different metabolic reactions. Both carry two additional ________ and one additional _____________. This combination can also be referred to as a hydride ion.

electrons, proton

Although covalent bonds are 10-100 times stronger than noncovalent interactions, many biological processes depend upon the number and type of noncovalent interactions between molecules. Which of the noncovalent interactions below will contribute most to the strong and specific binding of two molecules, such as a pair of proteins?

electrostatic attractions

free energy (G)

energy that can be harnessed to do work or drive chemical reactions

the amino acids glutamine and glutamic acids are shown (glutamine has a O=C-NH2. glutamic acid has a O=C-O -). They differ only in the structure of their side chains. At pH 7, glutamic acid can participate in molecular interactions that are not possible for glutamine. What types of interaction are these?

ionic bonds

Cells require one particular monosaccharide as a starting material to synthesize nucleotide building blocks. Which of the monosaccharides below fills this important role?

ribose

NADPH:

single phosphate group is located far from the region involved in electron transfer

The study of enzyme kinetics is usually performed with purified components and requires the characterization of several aspects of the reaction, including the rate of association with the substrate, the rate of catalysis, and _____________.

the regulation of the enzyme activity.

metabolism

the sum total of all the chemical reactions it needs to carry out to survive, grow and reproduce

forming hydrogen bonds to aid solubility in water

uncharged polar,

binding to another water-soluble protein

uncharged polar, basic, and acidic

anabolism

use the energy harnessed by catabolism to drive the synthesis of molecules

CO2 (carbon dioxide) CH4 (methane)

CO2 is the most oxidized CH4 is the most reduced

This cell type can reproduce by either sexual or asexual means

What are eukaryotic (cells)?

This cell type can live almost anywhere and contains a peptidoglycan layer

What are prokaryotes (bacteria)?

Animals use what broad spectrum pathway to break down food into energy

What is Catabolism?

This type of bond occurs between two cysteine side chains in proteins.

What is a disulfide bond?

The measure of a system's disorder

What is entropy?

forming ionic bonds with negatively charged DNA

basic

Which of the following organelles has both an outer and an inner membrane? a) endoplasmic reticulum b) mitochondrion c) lysosome d) peroxisome

b) mitochondrion

hydrolysis

molecule of water is consumed to break apart a glycosidic bond

energetically favorable reactions

negative change of G

saturated

no double bonds, no kinks, max # of hydrogens

localizing an "integral membrane" protein that spans a lipid bilayer

nonpolar

tightly packing the hydrophobic interior core of a globular protein

nonpolar