BioS 41: Exam 1
energetically unfavorable reactions
positive change of G
The study of enzymes also includes an examination of how the activity is regulated. Molecules that can act as competitive inhibitors for a specific reaction are often similar in shape and size to the enzyme's substrate. Which variable(s) used to describe enzyme activity will remain the same in the presence and absence of a competitive inhibitor?
Vmax
reduction
addition of electrons
oxidation
addition of oxygen atoms to a molecule OR electrons are removed
condensation reaction
bond is formed between an -OH group on one sugar and an -OH group on another (molecule of water is expelled)
phosphoanhydride bonds
bonds between phosphates
catabolism
break down foodstuffs into smaller molecules that generate energy
Chemical reactions carried out by living systems depend on the ability of some organisms to capture and use atoms from nonliving sources in the environment. the specific subset of these reactions that use nutrients in food to build macro molecules can be described as ____ a) metabolic b) catabolic c) anabolic d) biosynthesis
c) anabolic
NADH/NADPH
carry energy in the form of 2 high-energy electrons plus a proton
Chemical reactions carried out by living systems depend on the ability of some organisms to capture and use atoms from nonliving sources in the environment. The specific subset of these reactions that break down nutrients in food can be described as _____________.
catabolic
formula for change of G
change of G * + RT ln[x]/[y] x = product y= substrate
phosphodiester bonds
covalent bonds between the phosphate group attached to the sugar of one nucleotide and a hydroxyl group on the sugar of the next nucleotide
Which set of amino acid side chains can participate in disulfide bonds? a) valine b) arginine c) phenylalanine d) cysteine
d) cysteine
unsaturated
double bonds, kinks
NADH and NADPH are activated carrier molecules that function in completely different metabolic reactions. Both carry two additional ________ and one additional _____________. This combination can also be referred to as a hydride ion.
electrons, proton
Although covalent bonds are 10-100 times stronger than noncovalent interactions, many biological processes depend upon the number and type of noncovalent interactions between molecules. Which of the noncovalent interactions below will contribute most to the strong and specific binding of two molecules, such as a pair of proteins?
electrostatic attractions
free energy (G)
energy that can be harnessed to do work or drive chemical reactions
the amino acids glutamine and glutamic acids are shown (glutamine has a O=C-NH2. glutamic acid has a O=C-O -). They differ only in the structure of their side chains. At pH 7, glutamic acid can participate in molecular interactions that are not possible for glutamine. What types of interaction are these?
ionic bonds
Cells require one particular monosaccharide as a starting material to synthesize nucleotide building blocks. Which of the monosaccharides below fills this important role?
ribose
NADPH:
single phosphate group is located far from the region involved in electron transfer
The study of enzyme kinetics is usually performed with purified components and requires the characterization of several aspects of the reaction, including the rate of association with the substrate, the rate of catalysis, and _____________.
the regulation of the enzyme activity.
metabolism
the sum total of all the chemical reactions it needs to carry out to survive, grow and reproduce
forming hydrogen bonds to aid solubility in water
uncharged polar,
binding to another water-soluble protein
uncharged polar, basic, and acidic
anabolism
use the energy harnessed by catabolism to drive the synthesis of molecules
CO2 (carbon dioxide) CH4 (methane)
CO2 is the most oxidized CH4 is the most reduced
This cell type can reproduce by either sexual or asexual means
What are eukaryotic (cells)?
This cell type can live almost anywhere and contains a peptidoglycan layer
What are prokaryotes (bacteria)?
Animals use what broad spectrum pathway to break down food into energy
What is Catabolism?
This type of bond occurs between two cysteine side chains in proteins.
What is a disulfide bond?
The measure of a system's disorder
What is entropy?
forming ionic bonds with negatively charged DNA
basic
Which of the following organelles has both an outer and an inner membrane? a) endoplasmic reticulum b) mitochondrion c) lysosome d) peroxisome
b) mitochondrion
hydrolysis
molecule of water is consumed to break apart a glycosidic bond
energetically favorable reactions
negative change of G
saturated
no double bonds, no kinks, max # of hydrogens
localizing an "integral membrane" protein that spans a lipid bilayer
nonpolar
tightly packing the hydrophobic interior core of a globular protein
nonpolar
