Biotech chapter 6 multiple choice

1. What are antigens and antibodies? a. Antigens are foreign bodies and antibodies are immune system components that recognize antigens. b. Antibodies are foreign bodies and antigens recognize them and work to destroy them. c. Antigens are produced by B cells in response to antibody accumulation. d. Antigens are foreign bodies and antibodies are a specific cell type from the immune system. e. none of the above

a. Antigens are foreign bodies and antibodies are immune system components that recognize antigens.

6. How is the creation of recombinant antibodies useful to researchers? a. Recombinant antibodies can be used to precisely deliver toxins, cytokines, and enzymes directly to the antigen. b. The production of recombinant antibodies is strictly theoretical and probably will serve no purpose to biotechnology research. c. Recombinant antibodies allow for more efficient production and isolation of the scFv. d. Recombinant antibodies can deliver toxins, cytokines, and enzymes but are disseminated throughout the organism. e. none of the above

a. Recombinant antibodies can be used to precisely deliver toxins, cytokines, and enzymes directly to the antigen.

10. Which of the following statements about immunity is not true? a. Vaccines use a live infectious agent that is still capable of producing disease in order to elicit an immune response. b. The immune system remembers foreign antigens through memory B cells. c. Vaccines consist of an antigen from an infectious agent that induces an immune response. d. Immunity to a fatal disease can often be triggered by infection with a closely related infectious agent, as in the cases of cowpox and smallpox. e. Antibody-producing B cells normally live only a few days but memory cells survive for a long time.

a. Vaccines use a live infectious agent that is still capable of producing disease in order to elicit an immune response.

Heavy chain antibodies have major implications for therapeutic purposes because _______________. a. they have smaller variable domains and can be purified more easily b. the only have heavy chains and no light chains and are more easily engineered c. nanobodies are easily constructed from the constant regions of these antibodies d. they are derived from camels and related animals, and there would not be recognized by the human immune system e. they recognize much smaller antigens

a. they have smaller variable domains and can be purified more easily

7. Why is an ELISA used? a. to quantify the amount of a specific protein or antigen in a sample b. to quantify the amount of DNA in a sample c. to determine the amount of antibody within a sample d. to dilute out antibody from serum in a microtiter plate e. none of the above

a. to quantify the amount of a specific protein or antigen in a sample

4. Which of the following statements about antibodies is not correct? a. Antibodies consist of two light chains and two heavy chains. b. Polyclonal antibodies are derived from hybridomas. c. Antibodies are classified into classes and have distinct roles in the immune system. d. One particular antibody made from a clonal B cell is called a monoclonal antibody. e. Monoclonal antibodies are made by fusing B cells to myelomas, culturing the hybridomas, and screening for appropriate antigen recognition.

b. Polyclonal antibodies are derived from hybridomas.

12. What is reverse vaccinology? a. the removing of B cells from a person's body, exposing them to an infectious agent in vitro , and then returning them to the body b. the use of expressed genes from an expression library to find proteins that elicit an immune response in mice to create new vaccine candidates c. the vaccination of a person with a related, but non-pathogenic, strain to elicit an immune response d. the vaccination of a person after he or she has already been exposed to the pathogen e. none of the above

b. the use of expressed genes from an expression library to find proteins that elicit an immune response in mice to create new vaccine candidates

3. How are the variants of antibodies produced? a. Each variant is encoded on one gene. b. by post-translational modification of the antibodies c. by shuffling a small number of gene segments around d. by splicing the transcript into various configurations e. all of the above

c. by shuffling a small number of gene segments around

13. What is critical to finding novel antigens for vaccine development? a. the growth of live infectious agents to create whole vaccines b. the engineering of genes to attenuate infectious agents c. the identification of proteins that elicit an immune response d. the identification of the immune system components unique to specific infectious agents e. none of the above

c. the identification of proteins that elicit an immune response

2. Which of the following is an accurate description of B and T cells? a. B cells recognize antigens expressed on the surface of other cells and T cells produce antibodies. b. B cells are components of the cell-mediated immunity and T cells comprise the humoral immunity. c. Major histocompatibility complexes are associated with B cells whereas T cells produce antibodies. d. B cells produce antibodies and T cells recognize antigens expressed on the surface of other cells. e. none of the above

d. B cells produce antibodies and T cells recognize antigens expressed on the surface of other cells.

14. Which of the following statements about edible vaccines is not true? a. In developing countries, proper storage and availability of needles and personnel to administer the vaccine are limiting factors in vaccinating the population. b. Edible vaccines must not be destroyed by the digestive system and must still elicit an immune response. c. A problem with using edible vaccines is the possibility that vaccine vegetables could be mistaken for normal vegetables used as food. d. Edible vaccines are usually too expensive to be manufactured in large quantities. e. All of the above are true.

d. Edible vaccines are usually too expensive to be manufactured in large quantities.

which of the following is the mechanism of action for Herceptin? a. Herceptin binds to the HER2 promoter to prevent transcription, thus lowering amounts of receptor. b. Herceptin binds to intracellular HER2 proteins to prevent cancer cells from dividing. c. Herceptin binds to HER3 and HER4 cell surface receptors to activate the immune system. d. Herceptin binds to extracellular domain of HER2 and prevents internalization and subsequent cancer cell division. e. Herceptin targets TNF(alpha)

d. Herceptin binds to extracellular domain of HER2 and prevents internalization and subsequent cancer cell division.

All of the following are features or functions of nanobodies except _________________________. a. small, monomeric, lack disulfide bonds, and resistance to denaturation b. high affinity to the antigen c. recognize protruding and recessed paratopes d. cannot be humanized e. consist of only the VHH domain of heavy chain antibodies

d. cannot be humanized

5. Which of the following statements about humanized antibodies is correct? a. Humanized antibodies to the ClfA protein of S. aureus may provide a way to eliminate the antibioticresistant pathogen in patients with nosocomial infections. b. Herceptin has been effective in treating some patients with breast cancer. c. Humanized monoclonal antibodies are created by removing the constant regions of mouse antibodies and replacing them with human constant regions. d. Full humanization of an antibody involves removing the hypervariable regions and splicing them into the heavy and light chains of human antibodies. e. All of the above are correct.

e. All of the above are correct.

All of the following statements are Remicaide are true except ______________. a. Remicaide targets TNF (alpha) in the joints of people with rheumatoid arthritis. b. Remicaide is a chimeric antibody. c. Remicaide's mechanism of action includes enhancing the release of IL-1. d. Remicaide is a fusion protein produced in a myeloma cell line. e. All of the above are true.

e. All of the above are true.

11. How are vaccines made so that they do not cause disease? a. killing the infectious agent with heat or denaturing the infectious agent with chemicals b. using a component or protein of the infectious agent instead of the organism itself c. genetically engineering the infectious agent to remove the genes that cause disease d. using a related but non-pathogenic strain of an infectious agent e. all of the above

e. all of the above

8. Which of the following is an example of how ELISA is used? a. home pregnancy test b. detection of pathogenic organisms c. detection of plant diseases d. detection of dairy and poultry diseases e. all of the above

e. all of the above

9. In which application are fluorescent antibodies used? a. immunocytochemistry b. flow cytometry c. immunohistochemistry d. fluorescence activated cell sorting e. all of the above

e. all of the above

15. Which of the following is not a risk associated with vaccines? a. adverse side effects b. allergic reactions c. preservatives containing mercury d. induction of autoimmunity in some individuals e. all of the above are potential risks associated with vaccination

e. all of the above are potential risks associated with vaccination