Bisc 102 final

What molecule holds instructions for the synthesis of proteins and copies itself before cell division?

DNA

the cellular components of blood that transport oxygen are

red blood cells

Diastolic pressure reflects the

relaxation of the ventricles

Homo sapiens (human) is in which domain?

Eukarya

In the male, the sac-like structure that contains the testes is the

scrotum

Since fever is not always present, it is an example of adaptive immunity. (t/f)

False

The renal vein transports oxygen-rich blood to the kidney. (t/f)

False

The type of T cell that is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies is the plasma cell. (t/f)

False

The type of cell that is primarily responsible for initiating and coordinating that adaptive immune response is the B cell. (t/f)

False

A major challenge is finding an acceptable bone marrow donor with the matching complex of Major Histocompatibility (MHC) proteins a person needs. Why is it important that the MHC proteins match between the donor and recipient?

If they don't match, the recipient's immune system will see the donor's bone marrow as foreign

Which of the following statements is incorrect about turgor pressure?

It occurs in organisms with cell walls when placed in a hypertonic environment

You are reading a patient's chart and decide that ovulation has happened. What did the chart show surging to make you think this?

LH

The tightly coiled structure/s inside the testes that produce the sperm cells is/are the

seminiferous tubes

Pollination is a step of ________ in a plant.

sexual reproduction

A tubal ligation is a surgical procedure in which the Fallopian tubes are severed, and then tied. How would this cause sterility?

Oocytes cannot move to the uterus

The condition that develops when dopamine levels in the brain are deficient is

Parkinson disease

Patients with muscular dystrophy have decreased voluntary motion, while involuntary motions remain normal. Which tissues are affected by muscular dystrophy?

skeletal muscle only

The middle layer of the wall of an artery or vein, allowing it to withstand and modify blood pressure, is

smooth muscle

Which gametes can a RRyy plant produce?

Ry

Acid reflux would occur under which conditions?

Stomach contents leak into the esophagus.

What type of mutation occurred in the following? Normal Allele: GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC Mutant Allele: GGAAUGAAACAGGUACCC

substitution

If you had a patient with blood improperly draining from all areas above the diaphragm, you would suspect a problem with the

superior vena cava

The diagram shows a

synapse

A neuromuscular junction is a ________ between a ________ and a ________.

synapse; muscle; neuron

The DNA sequence ATGCATGC will pair with which of the following DNA strands?

TACGTACG

If you were looking at a diagram of the male human body and were asked to locate the germ cells, you would point to the

testes

In the late 1950s, some women took __________ as a tranquilizer to relieve morning sickness and it caused deformed limbs in developing embryos.

thalidomide

In many autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, antibody complexes form in the blood. Kidney failure is a common consequence of these diseases for which reason?

the antibody complexes become trapped in the kidney.

A heart murmur is caused by

the heart valves not functioning properly.

If human gametes were diploid

the products of fertilization would have more chromosomes than their parents

Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. What would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow?

They would be immunocompromised.

A decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is called anemia. (t/f)

True

A very rapid response to a pathogen, involving antibodies, is a secondary immune reaction. (t/f)

True

Energy is one of the resources obtained by heterotrophs when they eat. (t/f)

True

If you see B cells, you know that a humoral response is underway. (t/f)

True

When a baby receives antibodies in breast milk, this is an example of passive immunity. (t/f)

True

Which of the following questions cannot be answered by science?

What is the meaning of life?

The cap-like ________ covers the head of the sperm and releases enzymes that will help the sperm penetrate the egg.

acrosome

What type of membrane protein is involved in creating anchoring junctions between animal cells?

adhesion proteins

Applications of DNA technology may result in negative effects, including

all answers are correct

Heterotrophs eat to

all answers are correct

Meiosis is a process that produces

all answers are correct

The homeostasis of water in organisms is affected by

all answers are correct

What might an ectotherm do to conserve or obtain body heat?

all answers are correct

A nutrient is a substance that an organism uses for

all answers are correct (growth, metabolism, maintenance, repair of tissues)

Fever is considered a defense mechanism because it

all answers are correct (inactivates some viruses, speeds up the rate of phagocytosis, reduces the iron level in the blood, kills some bacteria)

Blood

all answers are correct (is a liquid connective tissue, delivers food to the cells of the body, delivers oxygen to the cells of the body, helps remove wastes from the body)

Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defenses include

all answers are correct (the acidity of the stomach, tear fluid from the eye, an un-punctured skin, mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract)

Which correctly describes B cells and T cells?

all answers are correct (they are lymphocytes, attack cancerous cells in the body, attack foreign particles in the body, are not innate defenses)

The enzyme that breaks down starch is

amylase

A three-base sequence (loop) in tRNA that is complementary to a three-base sequence in mRNA is

an anticodon

If a genetic counselor examines a pedigree chart and notices an occurrence of a disease in every generation, the counselor would assume that the disease was caused by

an autosomal dominant disorder

Which is not part of the innate defense response?

antibody production

All living organisms

are either unicellular or multicellular

The large vessels of the circulatory system that carry blood away from the heart are

arteries

Cloning through DNA technology is most similar to

asexual reproduction

An asexual process used by prokaryotes in which replicated DNA and other cell parts are distributed into two daughter cells is called

binary fission

Like the kidney, a dialysis machine filters all but what out of the blood?

blood cells

Immunological memory results from the production of

both B and T memory cells

To inherit an autosomal recessive disorder requires that the person receive the allele leading to the disease from

both parents

As a result of glycolysis, glucose is

broken down into two molecules of pyruvate

When comparing the genetic characteristics between embryonic and adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells

can differentiate into any specialized cells, while adult stem cells can't

the small vessels from which water and dissolved substances diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluid are

capillaries

Animals that hunt and eat essentially only other animals are

carnivores

What connective tissue provides a mold that bone replaces until bone growth is complete?

cartilage

The rounded part of a neuron containing the nucleus and mitochondria is the

cell body

If you observe an immune reaction involving a cytotoxic T cell, it is a

cell-mediated response

The end of the uterus that opens to the vagina is the

cervix

The 2 cm-long structure in the human female that stimulates her to experience orgasm is the

clitoris

In a process called ________, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from stimulated B cells.

clonal selection

In the ABO blood type system, the IA allele is ________ with the IB allele.

codominant

Bypassing a checkpoint in the cell cycle may result in a cancer cell

continuing to divide and replicate with faulty DNA.

Systolic pressure reflects the force caused by the

contraction of the ventricles

The primary function of a vaccine is to

create immunological memory without causing disease.

Recombinant chromosomes have a mix of paternal and maternal alleles due to

crossing over

The splitting of a cell into two daughter cells in the eukaryotic cell cycle is

cytokinesis

Diuretics are commonly prescribes drugs for patients with hypertension because they

decrease blood volume and blood pressure

Alcohol reduces ADH secretion that in turn

decreases tubule permeability to water and thus increases urine volume

What mutations occurred in most ice fish that prevent production of hemoglobin?

deletion of one hemoglobin gene and fragmentation of the other hemoglobin gene

The part of the neuron that is usually highly branched and receives input from other neurons is the

dendrite

Animals that consume decaying organic matter as their main source of food are

detritivores

In mammals, a muscular _________ expands the chest, pulling air into the lungs.

diaphragm

A hydrogen bond

does not require electron transfer

Epithelial cells of the small intestine contain about 500 microvilli. What is the purpose of these microvilli?

to increase surface area for food absorption

Which of the following are examples of kinetic energy?

electrons moving through the electron transport chain, protons moving through ATP synthase

Thalidomide was given to pregnant women from 1957 to 1961 to help relieve the symptoms of morning sickness. Thalidomide binds to and inactivates the protein cereblon, which is important in limb formation. If a woman took thalidomide during the ________ period of her baby's development, it could result in stunted growth of their limbs.

embryonic

Irritants such as cigarette smoke, cause the walls of the alveoli to tear, thereby reducing the surface area for gas exchange. A respiratory disease caused by long-term exposure to such irritants is

emphysema

Which is a role of bile?

emulsifying fats

If working on a diagram of the human male reproductive system, you would label the tightly coiled tube that receives and stores sperm from one testis as the

epididymis

The condition that develops when there is excess GABA leading to excess dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain is

epilepsy

If a patient could not pass food from the pharynx to the stomach, there would probably be blockage in the

esophagus

An intrauterine device (IUD) prevents pregnancy by blocking the sperms from entering into the vagina. (t/f)

false

If you see cytotoxic T cells, you know that a humoral response is underway. (t/f)

false

The causes of PMS are clearly related to hormonal fluctuations, but they are not yet fully understood. (t/f)

false

The second stage of prenatal development is the fetal stage. (t/f)

false

Crossing over is more likely to separate genes on a chromosome if they are

far apart

The process that unites the male gamete with the female gamete in organisms that reproduce sexually is termed

fertilization

The chemical composition of urine reflects the process of

filtration and reabsorption only

Which is not an endocrine gland?

gallbladder

The stage of human development in which the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm form is the

gastrula

What is an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

genetic variability during an ecological disaster

Sister chromatids are

genetically identical and attached to each at the centromere.

Human reproduction can result in a

genetically unique offspring

Imagine that you are in a study session, and your group is taking a practice quiz that members grade for one another. For the question, "a cook decides to cook only using monomers, so what chemicals could the cook use?" you would mark correct if the paper you are grading has the answer as

glucose and fructose

The hormone released from the hypothalamus that stimulates release of LH and FSH in both the male and female is

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

In the human male and female reproductive systems, each system contains paired primary sex organs called ________, which contain ________ that give rise to gametes.

gonads; germ cells

the enzyme that unwinds DNA is

helicase

The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen is

hemoglobin

If all the offspring show the dominant phenotype in a test cross, then the individual with the unknown genotype was

homozygous dominant

The hormone that is the basis of most pregnancy tests is

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Which is a common cause of cervical cancer?

human papillomavirus

The type of skeleton that consists of fluid constrained within a layer of flexible tissue is a(n)

hydrostatic skeleton

In an inherited form of high cholesterol, HH individuals have a blood cholesterol level greater than 500 mg/dl, RH individuals are near 300mg/dL, and normal (RR) cholesterol levels should be less than 200mg/dL. The H allele is ________ to the R allele.

incompletely dominant

Kidney stones are calcium-rich crystals that form inside the kidney and can be triggered by dehydration because salt concentrations

increase as blood volume drops

Since hemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than for oxygen, what would be a symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning?

increased blood pH

The two largest veins of the body that deliver blood to the right atrium are the

inferior vena cava and superior vena cava

An acid

is a chemical that adds hydrogen ions to a solution

The genetic information in viruses

is either DNA or RNA

A person has a recessive, faulty allele for a disease, but the person does not have the disease since they also have a normal dominant allele. This person

is termed a carrier

Menopause

is the cessation of menstruation

The rungs of the DNA ladder are formed by base pairs

joined by hydrogen bonds

Blood in the pulmonary artery would have ________ oxygen and ______ carbon dioxide than blood in the pulmonary vein.

less; more

The enzyme that breaks down fats is

lipase

Which produces bile?

liver

If a doctor tells you to bring all of the bags with blood components that you can find in the lab refrigerator to the operating room, what would you leave behind?

lymph

Why does the surface of the oocyte change when the first sperm cell touches the oocyte?

to prevent more than one sperm from entering the egg.

The role of B cells in adaptive immunity is ________, while the role of T cells in adaptive immunity is __________

to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; to attack marked cells in cell-mediated immunity

The scientific name of the "windpipe" is the

trachea

Colorless urine usually indicates excessive water intake or the ingestion of diuretics. (t/f)

true

Genital warts are caused by HPV. (t/f)

true

If presented with a person who was malnourished because of a refusal to eat, you would diagnose anorexia nervosa. (t/f)

true

If you detected large amounts of ammonia in mammalian urine, you would know that the mammal in question had serious problems with liver and urinary functions. (t/f)

true

In an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the body's self antigens. (t/f)

true

Reabsorption is one of the three steps in making mammalian urine. (t/f)

true

Taking antibiotics can disrupt the microbial community of the vagina and create an opportunity for the yeast Candida albicans to cause an infection. (t/f)

true

The signal for the heart to contract begins at the sinoatrial node. (t/f)

true

Diploid means having

two homologous sets of chromosomes

In humans, the muscular tube into which urine from the kidney first drains is the

ureter

Cilia sweep the released mature oocyte from an ovary into the

uterine tube

If a woman, late in pregnancy, feels contractions of a muscular sac-like organ, she is feeling contractions of her

uterus

You are working with a male patient suffering from infertility. Examination shows no problems until a blockage in a tube that extends from the scrotum and connects to the ejaculatory duct. You tell the patient that the infertility is probable due to damage to his

vas deferens

The widening of blood vessels is

vasodilation

If you wanted to create a medical weapon to cause enemy soldiers to be unable to absorb nutrients, you would target the

villi

One of the main reasons that we exhale a higher percentage of carbon dioxide than we inhale is that

we produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct of aerobic respiration

As part of an exam, you are given a powder to analyze. When you perform various tests, you find that it contains a single chemical that changes the pH of neutral water to a pH of 6. You would conclude that the chemical is a

weak acid

The diploid first cell of a new organism is a(n)

zygote

The correct sequence for the stages in development from conception to birth is

zygote, preembryonic stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage

B cells and T cells are

lymphocytes

A primary "antigen presenting cell," a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, is a

macrophage

If the DNA in a cell consists of 20% adenine, it will also have ________ thymine.

20%

If you cross RrYy and RRyy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will have yellow peas? R=round, r=wrinkled, Y=yellow, y=green

50%

If you cross two heterozygous ( Yy) pea plants, what proportion of the offspring will be heterozygous?

50%

A diploid germ cell will produce cells with half the number of chromosomes, haploid cells, in

meiosis

Sexual reproduction includes

meiosis, fertilization, and mitosis

The component of the cytoskeleton that attaches to the chromosomes to separate them during anaphase is the

mitotic spindle

If you wanted to change airflow to alveoli, what tissue would you need to target?

muscle

The temperature in a room dropping below the setting on the thermostat, causing the heater to turn on, and the heat turning off when the set temperature is reached, is an example of the principle of

negative feedback

The functional unit of a kidney is a

nephron

In order, the organelles involved in the production of milk, which is mainly fat and protein, are

nucleus, nuclear pore, rough ER, smooth ER, transport vesicle, Golgi body, and vesicle for secretion

Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with

obesity

Mitosis of a stem cell in an embryo results in ________; mitosis of a specialized cell in an embryo results in ___________.

one stem cell and one specialized cell; two specialized cells

The process used to control the level of water and ions in body fluids is termed

osmoregulation

The diffusion of water across a membrane that is permeable to water but not to ions and other charged solutes is

osmosis

In a secondary oocyte, meiosis is arrested in metaphase II until

ovulation

Aerobic respiration consumed _______ gas and generates ________ gas as a waste product.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

The endocrine gland(s) that produces hormones that help regulate blood calcium is/are the

parathyroid gland

The "P" in "P generation" refers to

parental

If you eat a lot of meat, one enzyme needed to break down all of that protein would be

pepsin

Rhythmic smooth muscle contractions occurring along the human digestive system that propel food along the system are termed

peristalsis

Which of the following are the primary components of the cell membrane and contribute to its semi-permeability property?

phospholipids

You are lying on a sand dune looking over the water, listening to the waves, and enjoying the feel of the sun and wind on your skin. You also smell the salty ocean air and seaweed that has washed ashore.When you look at the water, what is being activated?

photoreceptor

The liquid matrix of blood is

plasma

A person can donate blood every two months, platelets every two weeks, and plasma twice a week. In whole blood donation, the blood is collected directly into a bag until it is used in a transfusion. In platelet donation, the platelets are separated from the other blood cells by apheresis and saved; the other blood cells and plasma are injected back into the donor. In plasma donation, blood cells are separated, plasma is removed, and the blood cells are injected back into the donor.Which is the correct order for the time required to replace each blood component from shortest to longest?

plasma, platelet, red blood cell

If you were dealing with a patient who repeatedly had trouble with excessive bleeding, you might consider giving the patient a transfusion containing

platelets

Traits that depend on more than one gene are

polygenic

The hormone oxytocin is stored and released by the _________ and targets the ____________.

posterior pituitary; mammary glands

If a lion eats a gazelle, before the molecules have been broken down by its cells, the lion has gained

potential energy

Birth control pills contain a combination of estrogen and progesterone and prevent pregnancy by

preventing ovulation

The cells in the ovary that give rise to the mature egg cells are the

primary oocytes

Organisms that extract energy from nonliving environmental resources are called

producers

Binary fission produces ________ cells, mitosis produces ________ cells, and meiosis produces ________ cells.

prokaryotic; eukaryotic body; eukaryotic sex

The three main domains in the Woese system of classification are

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

The structure that secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid that activates the sperm to swim is the

prostate gland

If you transfuse type AB blood into a patient with type A blood, the patient will raise antibodies against the B antigen on the donor's blood, but will not raise antibodies against the A antigen. Why not?

B and T cells that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by clonal deletion.

A gram of carbohydrate yields the same amount of calories in a gram of

protein but less than the amount of calories in a gram of fat