Bisc 102 final
What molecule holds instructions for the synthesis of proteins and copies itself before cell division?
DNA
the cellular components of blood that transport oxygen are
red blood cells
Diastolic pressure reflects the
relaxation of the ventricles
Homo sapiens (human) is in which domain?
Eukarya
In the male, the sac-like structure that contains the testes is the
scrotum
Since fever is not always present, it is an example of adaptive immunity. (t/f)
False
The renal vein transports oxygen-rich blood to the kidney. (t/f)
False
The type of T cell that is primarily responsible for the production of antibodies is the plasma cell. (t/f)
False
The type of cell that is primarily responsible for initiating and coordinating that adaptive immune response is the B cell. (t/f)
False
A major challenge is finding an acceptable bone marrow donor with the matching complex of Major Histocompatibility (MHC) proteins a person needs. Why is it important that the MHC proteins match between the donor and recipient?
If they don't match, the recipient's immune system will see the donor's bone marrow as foreign
Which of the following statements is incorrect about turgor pressure?
It occurs in organisms with cell walls when placed in a hypertonic environment
You are reading a patient's chart and decide that ovulation has happened. What did the chart show surging to make you think this?
LH
The tightly coiled structure/s inside the testes that produce the sperm cells is/are the
seminiferous tubes
Pollination is a step of ________ in a plant.
sexual reproduction
A tubal ligation is a surgical procedure in which the Fallopian tubes are severed, and then tied. How would this cause sterility?
Oocytes cannot move to the uterus
The condition that develops when dopamine levels in the brain are deficient is
Parkinson disease
Patients with muscular dystrophy have decreased voluntary motion, while involuntary motions remain normal. Which tissues are affected by muscular dystrophy?
skeletal muscle only
The middle layer of the wall of an artery or vein, allowing it to withstand and modify blood pressure, is
smooth muscle
Which gametes can a RRyy plant produce?
Ry
Acid reflux would occur under which conditions?
Stomach contents leak into the esophagus.
What type of mutation occurred in the following? Normal Allele: GGAAUGAAACAGGAACCC Mutant Allele: GGAAUGAAACAGGUACCC
substitution
If you had a patient with blood improperly draining from all areas above the diaphragm, you would suspect a problem with the
superior vena cava
The diagram shows a
synapse
A neuromuscular junction is a ________ between a ________ and a ________.
synapse; muscle; neuron
The DNA sequence ATGCATGC will pair with which of the following DNA strands?
TACGTACG
If you were looking at a diagram of the male human body and were asked to locate the germ cells, you would point to the
testes
In the late 1950s, some women took __________ as a tranquilizer to relieve morning sickness and it caused deformed limbs in developing embryos.
thalidomide
In many autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, antibody complexes form in the blood. Kidney failure is a common consequence of these diseases for which reason?
the antibody complexes become trapped in the kidney.
A heart murmur is caused by
the heart valves not functioning properly.
If human gametes were diploid
the products of fertilization would have more chromosomes than their parents
Each year there are an estimated 250,000 people who could benefit from a bone marrow transplant. What would happen to a patient who no longer had active bone marrow?
They would be immunocompromised.
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is called anemia. (t/f)
True
A very rapid response to a pathogen, involving antibodies, is a secondary immune reaction. (t/f)
True
Energy is one of the resources obtained by heterotrophs when they eat. (t/f)
True
If you see B cells, you know that a humoral response is underway. (t/f)
True
When a baby receives antibodies in breast milk, this is an example of passive immunity. (t/f)
True
Which of the following questions cannot be answered by science?
What is the meaning of life?
The cap-like ________ covers the head of the sperm and releases enzymes that will help the sperm penetrate the egg.
acrosome
What type of membrane protein is involved in creating anchoring junctions between animal cells?
adhesion proteins
Applications of DNA technology may result in negative effects, including
all answers are correct
Heterotrophs eat to
all answers are correct
Meiosis is a process that produces
all answers are correct
The homeostasis of water in organisms is affected by
all answers are correct
What might an ectotherm do to conserve or obtain body heat?
all answers are correct
A nutrient is a substance that an organism uses for
all answers are correct (growth, metabolism, maintenance, repair of tissues)
Fever is considered a defense mechanism because it
all answers are correct (inactivates some viruses, speeds up the rate of phagocytosis, reduces the iron level in the blood, kills some bacteria)
Blood
all answers are correct (is a liquid connective tissue, delivers food to the cells of the body, delivers oxygen to the cells of the body, helps remove wastes from the body)
Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defenses include
all answers are correct (the acidity of the stomach, tear fluid from the eye, an un-punctured skin, mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract)
Which correctly describes B cells and T cells?
all answers are correct (they are lymphocytes, attack cancerous cells in the body, attack foreign particles in the body, are not innate defenses)
The enzyme that breaks down starch is
amylase
A three-base sequence (loop) in tRNA that is complementary to a three-base sequence in mRNA is
an anticodon
If a genetic counselor examines a pedigree chart and notices an occurrence of a disease in every generation, the counselor would assume that the disease was caused by
an autosomal dominant disorder
Which is not part of the innate defense response?
antibody production
All living organisms
are either unicellular or multicellular
The large vessels of the circulatory system that carry blood away from the heart are
arteries
Cloning through DNA technology is most similar to
asexual reproduction
An asexual process used by prokaryotes in which replicated DNA and other cell parts are distributed into two daughter cells is called
binary fission
Like the kidney, a dialysis machine filters all but what out of the blood?
blood cells
Immunological memory results from the production of
both B and T memory cells
To inherit an autosomal recessive disorder requires that the person receive the allele leading to the disease from
both parents
As a result of glycolysis, glucose is
broken down into two molecules of pyruvate
When comparing the genetic characteristics between embryonic and adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells
can differentiate into any specialized cells, while adult stem cells can't
the small vessels from which water and dissolved substances diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluid are
capillaries
Animals that hunt and eat essentially only other animals are
carnivores
What connective tissue provides a mold that bone replaces until bone growth is complete?
cartilage
The rounded part of a neuron containing the nucleus and mitochondria is the
cell body
If you observe an immune reaction involving a cytotoxic T cell, it is a
cell-mediated response
The end of the uterus that opens to the vagina is the
cervix
The 2 cm-long structure in the human female that stimulates her to experience orgasm is the
clitoris
In a process called ________, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from stimulated B cells.
clonal selection
In the ABO blood type system, the IA allele is ________ with the IB allele.
codominant
Bypassing a checkpoint in the cell cycle may result in a cancer cell
continuing to divide and replicate with faulty DNA.
Systolic pressure reflects the force caused by the
contraction of the ventricles
The primary function of a vaccine is to
create immunological memory without causing disease.
Recombinant chromosomes have a mix of paternal and maternal alleles due to
crossing over
The splitting of a cell into two daughter cells in the eukaryotic cell cycle is
cytokinesis
Diuretics are commonly prescribes drugs for patients with hypertension because they
decrease blood volume and blood pressure
Alcohol reduces ADH secretion that in turn
decreases tubule permeability to water and thus increases urine volume
What mutations occurred in most ice fish that prevent production of hemoglobin?
deletion of one hemoglobin gene and fragmentation of the other hemoglobin gene
The part of the neuron that is usually highly branched and receives input from other neurons is the
dendrite
Animals that consume decaying organic matter as their main source of food are
detritivores
In mammals, a muscular _________ expands the chest, pulling air into the lungs.
diaphragm
A hydrogen bond
does not require electron transfer
Epithelial cells of the small intestine contain about 500 microvilli. What is the purpose of these microvilli?
to increase surface area for food absorption
Which of the following are examples of kinetic energy?
electrons moving through the electron transport chain, protons moving through ATP synthase
Thalidomide was given to pregnant women from 1957 to 1961 to help relieve the symptoms of morning sickness. Thalidomide binds to and inactivates the protein cereblon, which is important in limb formation. If a woman took thalidomide during the ________ period of her baby's development, it could result in stunted growth of their limbs.
embryonic
Irritants such as cigarette smoke, cause the walls of the alveoli to tear, thereby reducing the surface area for gas exchange. A respiratory disease caused by long-term exposure to such irritants is
emphysema
Which is a role of bile?
emulsifying fats
If working on a diagram of the human male reproductive system, you would label the tightly coiled tube that receives and stores sperm from one testis as the
epididymis
The condition that develops when there is excess GABA leading to excess dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain is
epilepsy
If a patient could not pass food from the pharynx to the stomach, there would probably be blockage in the
esophagus
An intrauterine device (IUD) prevents pregnancy by blocking the sperms from entering into the vagina. (t/f)
false
If you see cytotoxic T cells, you know that a humoral response is underway. (t/f)
false
The causes of PMS are clearly related to hormonal fluctuations, but they are not yet fully understood. (t/f)
false
The second stage of prenatal development is the fetal stage. (t/f)
false
Crossing over is more likely to separate genes on a chromosome if they are
far apart
The process that unites the male gamete with the female gamete in organisms that reproduce sexually is termed
fertilization
The chemical composition of urine reflects the process of
filtration and reabsorption only
Which is not an endocrine gland?
gallbladder
The stage of human development in which the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm form is the
gastrula
What is an advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
genetic variability during an ecological disaster
Sister chromatids are
genetically identical and attached to each at the centromere.
Human reproduction can result in a
genetically unique offspring
Imagine that you are in a study session, and your group is taking a practice quiz that members grade for one another. For the question, "a cook decides to cook only using monomers, so what chemicals could the cook use?" you would mark correct if the paper you are grading has the answer as
glucose and fructose
The hormone released from the hypothalamus that stimulates release of LH and FSH in both the male and female is
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
In the human male and female reproductive systems, each system contains paired primary sex organs called ________, which contain ________ that give rise to gametes.
gonads; germ cells
the enzyme that unwinds DNA is
helicase
The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen is
hemoglobin
If all the offspring show the dominant phenotype in a test cross, then the individual with the unknown genotype was
homozygous dominant
The hormone that is the basis of most pregnancy tests is
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Which is a common cause of cervical cancer?
human papillomavirus
The type of skeleton that consists of fluid constrained within a layer of flexible tissue is a(n)
hydrostatic skeleton
In an inherited form of high cholesterol, HH individuals have a blood cholesterol level greater than 500 mg/dl, RH individuals are near 300mg/dL, and normal (RR) cholesterol levels should be less than 200mg/dL. The H allele is ________ to the R allele.
incompletely dominant
Kidney stones are calcium-rich crystals that form inside the kidney and can be triggered by dehydration because salt concentrations
increase as blood volume drops
Since hemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than for oxygen, what would be a symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning?
increased blood pH
The two largest veins of the body that deliver blood to the right atrium are the
inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
An acid
is a chemical that adds hydrogen ions to a solution
The genetic information in viruses
is either DNA or RNA
A person has a recessive, faulty allele for a disease, but the person does not have the disease since they also have a normal dominant allele. This person
is termed a carrier
Menopause
is the cessation of menstruation
The rungs of the DNA ladder are formed by base pairs
joined by hydrogen bonds
Blood in the pulmonary artery would have ________ oxygen and ______ carbon dioxide than blood in the pulmonary vein.
less; more
The enzyme that breaks down fats is
lipase
Which produces bile?
liver
If a doctor tells you to bring all of the bags with blood components that you can find in the lab refrigerator to the operating room, what would you leave behind?
lymph
Why does the surface of the oocyte change when the first sperm cell touches the oocyte?
to prevent more than one sperm from entering the egg.
The role of B cells in adaptive immunity is ________, while the role of T cells in adaptive immunity is __________
to secrete antibodies in humoral immunity; to attack marked cells in cell-mediated immunity
The scientific name of the "windpipe" is the
trachea
Colorless urine usually indicates excessive water intake or the ingestion of diuretics. (t/f)
true
Genital warts are caused by HPV. (t/f)
true
If presented with a person who was malnourished because of a refusal to eat, you would diagnose anorexia nervosa. (t/f)
true
If you detected large amounts of ammonia in mammalian urine, you would know that the mammal in question had serious problems with liver and urinary functions. (t/f)
true
In an autoimmune disease, the immune system attacks the body's self antigens. (t/f)
true
Reabsorption is one of the three steps in making mammalian urine. (t/f)
true
Taking antibiotics can disrupt the microbial community of the vagina and create an opportunity for the yeast Candida albicans to cause an infection. (t/f)
true
The signal for the heart to contract begins at the sinoatrial node. (t/f)
true
Diploid means having
two homologous sets of chromosomes
In humans, the muscular tube into which urine from the kidney first drains is the
ureter
Cilia sweep the released mature oocyte from an ovary into the
uterine tube
If a woman, late in pregnancy, feels contractions of a muscular sac-like organ, she is feeling contractions of her
uterus
You are working with a male patient suffering from infertility. Examination shows no problems until a blockage in a tube that extends from the scrotum and connects to the ejaculatory duct. You tell the patient that the infertility is probable due to damage to his
vas deferens
The widening of blood vessels is
vasodilation
If you wanted to create a medical weapon to cause enemy soldiers to be unable to absorb nutrients, you would target the
villi
One of the main reasons that we exhale a higher percentage of carbon dioxide than we inhale is that
we produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct of aerobic respiration
As part of an exam, you are given a powder to analyze. When you perform various tests, you find that it contains a single chemical that changes the pH of neutral water to a pH of 6. You would conclude that the chemical is a
weak acid
The diploid first cell of a new organism is a(n)
zygote
The correct sequence for the stages in development from conception to birth is
zygote, preembryonic stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
B cells and T cells are
lymphocytes
A primary "antigen presenting cell," a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, is a
macrophage
If the DNA in a cell consists of 20% adenine, it will also have ________ thymine.
20%
If you cross RrYy and RRyy pea plants, what fraction of the offspring will have yellow peas? R=round, r=wrinkled, Y=yellow, y=green
50%
If you cross two heterozygous ( Yy) pea plants, what proportion of the offspring will be heterozygous?
50%
A diploid germ cell will produce cells with half the number of chromosomes, haploid cells, in
meiosis
Sexual reproduction includes
meiosis, fertilization, and mitosis
The component of the cytoskeleton that attaches to the chromosomes to separate them during anaphase is the
mitotic spindle
If you wanted to change airflow to alveoli, what tissue would you need to target?
muscle
The temperature in a room dropping below the setting on the thermostat, causing the heater to turn on, and the heat turning off when the set temperature is reached, is an example of the principle of
negative feedback
The functional unit of a kidney is a
nephron
In order, the organelles involved in the production of milk, which is mainly fat and protein, are
nucleus, nuclear pore, rough ER, smooth ER, transport vesicle, Golgi body, and vesicle for secretion
Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with
obesity
Mitosis of a stem cell in an embryo results in ________; mitosis of a specialized cell in an embryo results in ___________.
one stem cell and one specialized cell; two specialized cells
The process used to control the level of water and ions in body fluids is termed
osmoregulation
The diffusion of water across a membrane that is permeable to water but not to ions and other charged solutes is
osmosis
In a secondary oocyte, meiosis is arrested in metaphase II until
ovulation
Aerobic respiration consumed _______ gas and generates ________ gas as a waste product.
oxygen; carbon dioxide
The endocrine gland(s) that produces hormones that help regulate blood calcium is/are the
parathyroid gland
The "P" in "P generation" refers to
parental
If you eat a lot of meat, one enzyme needed to break down all of that protein would be
pepsin
Rhythmic smooth muscle contractions occurring along the human digestive system that propel food along the system are termed
peristalsis
Which of the following are the primary components of the cell membrane and contribute to its semi-permeability property?
phospholipids
You are lying on a sand dune looking over the water, listening to the waves, and enjoying the feel of the sun and wind on your skin. You also smell the salty ocean air and seaweed that has washed ashore.When you look at the water, what is being activated?
photoreceptor
The liquid matrix of blood is
plasma
A person can donate blood every two months, platelets every two weeks, and plasma twice a week. In whole blood donation, the blood is collected directly into a bag until it is used in a transfusion. In platelet donation, the platelets are separated from the other blood cells by apheresis and saved; the other blood cells and plasma are injected back into the donor. In plasma donation, blood cells are separated, plasma is removed, and the blood cells are injected back into the donor.Which is the correct order for the time required to replace each blood component from shortest to longest?
plasma, platelet, red blood cell
If you were dealing with a patient who repeatedly had trouble with excessive bleeding, you might consider giving the patient a transfusion containing
platelets
Traits that depend on more than one gene are
polygenic
The hormone oxytocin is stored and released by the _________ and targets the ____________.
posterior pituitary; mammary glands
If a lion eats a gazelle, before the molecules have been broken down by its cells, the lion has gained
potential energy
Birth control pills contain a combination of estrogen and progesterone and prevent pregnancy by
preventing ovulation
The cells in the ovary that give rise to the mature egg cells are the
primary oocytes
Organisms that extract energy from nonliving environmental resources are called
producers
Binary fission produces ________ cells, mitosis produces ________ cells, and meiosis produces ________ cells.
prokaryotic; eukaryotic body; eukaryotic sex
The three main domains in the Woese system of classification are
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
The structure that secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid that activates the sperm to swim is the
prostate gland
If you transfuse type AB blood into a patient with type A blood, the patient will raise antibodies against the B antigen on the donor's blood, but will not raise antibodies against the A antigen. Why not?
B and T cells that recognize the A antigen will have been removed by clonal deletion.
A gram of carbohydrate yields the same amount of calories in a gram of
protein but less than the amount of calories in a gram of fat
