Blood Bank Final Exam Review
With regard to inheritance, the relationship of "cis" and "trans" is: "cis" is when the same allelic gene is present on both chromosomes in a pair; "trans" is when the different allelic genes are present on the two chromosomes in a pair "cis" is when the different allelic genes are present on the two chromosomes in a pair; "trans" is when the same allelic gene is present on both chromosomes in a pair "cis" is when two genes are on the same chromosome; "trans" is when two genes are on different chromosomes "cis" is when two genes are on different chromosomes; "trans" is when two genes are on the same chromosome
"cis" is when two genes are on the same chromosome; "trans" is when two genes are on different chromosomes
Marks the sequence to be amplified during PCR 1.Primer 2.Polymerase chain reaction 3.Hybridization 4.Probe 5.Amplicon DNA sequence
1. Primer
Lock and Key 1.exactness of fit 2.bonds 3.surface charge 4.optimum concentration of antigens and antibodies 5.environmental condition
1. exactness of fit
Match the tentative interpretation of antibody screen and direct antiglobulin test (DAT) with the results given below. 1.Alloantibody, IgG 2. Alloantibody, IgM 3.Autoantibody, IgM 4.Autoantibody or transfusion reaction, IgG One screening cell 1+ at antihuman globulin phase, DAT negative
1.Alloantibody, IgG
Match the Fisher-Race notation with the correct Weiner notation for the following: r' 1.Ce 2.CE 3.DCE 4.Dce
1.Ce
When two genes are close together on the same chromosome and are inherited as a group or bundle, they are inherited as this 1.Haplotypes 2.Recessive 3.Amorphic genes 4.Codominant genes 5.Polymorphic
1.Haplotypes
One of the two types of light chains 1.Kappa 2.Epitope 3.Hinge region 4.Isotype 5.Idiotype
1.Kappa
Match the following phenotypes with the most probable genotype in the Weiner nomenclature. DCce 1.R1r 2.R1R1 3.R2R2 4.rr
1.R1r
This is a protein produced in response against one's own cells. anticoagulant antibody autoantibody antigen
1HLA antigens
How many units of red blood cells are required to raise the hematocrit of a 70-kg nonbleeding adult man from 24% to 30%? 2 4 3 1
2
Match the tentative interpretation of antibody screen and direct antiglobulin test (DAT) with the results given below. 1.Alloantibody, IgG 2. Alloantibody, IgM 3.Autoantibody, IgM 4.Autoantibody or transfusion reaction, IgG All screening cells positive 1+ is IS, DAT negative
2. Alloantibody, IgM
Match the Fisher-Race notation with the correct Weiner notation for the following: ry 1.Ce 2.CE 3.DCE 4.Dce
2.CE
Part of the antigen that the immunoglobulin binds to 1.Kappa 2.Epitope 3.Hinge region 4.Isotype 5.Idiotype
2.Epitope
Technique used to replicate a specific targeted 1.Primer 2.Polymerase chain reaction 3.Hybridization 4.Probe 5.Amplicon DNA sequence
2.Polymerase chain reaction
Match the following phenotypes with the most probable genotype in the Weiner nomenclature. DCe 1.R1r 2.R1R1 3.R2R2 4.rr
2.R1R1
When a gene product is expressed only when it is inherited by both parents 1.Haplotypes 2.Recessive 3.Amorphic genes 4.Codominant genes 5.Polymorphic
2.Recessive
Van Der Wahls 1.exactness of fit 2.bonds 3.surface charge 4.optimum concentration of antigens and antibodies 5.environmental condition
2.bonds
Parents who are herterozygous for D antigen will have what likelihood of producing an Rh negative child? 25% 50% 75% no Rh negative children be produced
25%
The genotype of parents of a newborn for characteristic B: Mother Bb and Father Bb. B is dominant and b is recessive. The probability of traits B and b in this newborn is: 100% B 25% b; 75% B 50% b; 50% B 75% b; 25% B
25% b; 75% B
Zeta potential 1.exactness of fit 2.bonds 3.surface charge 4.optimum concentration of antigens and antibodies 5.environmental condition
3. surface charge
A gene that does not express a detectable product 1.Haplotypes 2.Recessive 3.Amorphic genes 4.Codominant genes 5.Polymorphic
3.Amorphic genes
Match the tentative interpretation of antibody screen and direct antiglobulin test (DAT) with the results given below. 1.Alloantibody, IgG 2. Alloantibody, IgM 3.Autoantibody, IgM 4.Autoantibody or transfusion reaction, IgG All screening cells positive 1+ at IS, DAT positive, C3 1+
3.Autoantibody, IgM
Match the Fisher-Race notation with the correct Weiner notation for the following: Rz 1.Ce 2.CE 3.DCE 4.Dce
3.DCE
Imparts flexibility to the immunoglobulin molecule 1.Kappa 2.Epitope 3.Hinge region 4.Isotype 5.Idiotype
3.Hinge region
The binding of two complementary pairs of DNA 1.Primer 2.Polymerase chain reaction 3.Hybridization 4.Probe 5.Amplicon DNA sequence
3.Hybridization
Match the following phenotypes with the most probable genotype in the Weiner nomenclature. DcE 1.R1r 2.R1R1 3.R2R2 4.rr
3.R2R2
In which phase of reactivity would rouleaux typically be detected in the screen? 15° C 4° C Antihuman globulin 37° C
37° C
Match the tentative interpretation of antibody screen and direct antiglobulin test (DAT) with the results given below. 1.Alloantibody, IgG 2. Alloantibody, IgM 3.Autoantibody, IgM 4.Autoantibody or transfusion reaction, IgG All screening cells 2+ at antihuman globulin phase, DAT positive, IgG 2+
4.Autoantibody or transfusion reaction, IgG
Equal expression of two different inherited genes as in most blood group systems 1.Haplotypes 2.Recessive 3.Amorphic genes 4.Codominant genes 5.Polymorphic
4.Codominant genes
Match the Fisher-Race notation with the correct Weiner notation for the following: R0 1.Ce 2.CE 3.DCE 4.Dce
4.Dce
The type of immunoglobulins determined by the heavy chain 1.Kappa 2.Epitope 3.Hinge region 4.Isotype 5.Idiotype
4.Isotype
Short sergment of DNA with a known sequence that can be labeled with a marker 1.Primer 2.Polymerase chain reaction 3.Hybridization 4.Probe 5.Amplicon DNA sequence
4.Probe
Zone of equivalence 1.exactness of fit 2.bonds 3.surface charge 4.optimum concentration of antigens and antibodies 5.environmental condition
4.optimum concentration of antigens and antibodies
Match the following phenotypes with the most probable genotype in the Weiner nomenclature. ce 1.R1r 2.R1R1 3.R2R2 4.rr
4.rr
Temperature 1.exactness of fit 2.bonds 3.surface charge 4.optimum concentration of antigens and antibodies 5.environmental condition
5. environmental condition
Amplified target sequences of DNA produced by polymerase chain reaction 1.Primer 2.Polymerase chain reaction 3.Hybridization 4.Probe 5.Amplicon DNA sequence
5.Amplicon DNA sequenc
Variable region of an immunoglobulin 1.Kappa 2.Epitope 3.Hinge region 4.Isotype 5.Idiotype
5.Idiotype
Having two or more alleles at a given gene locus 1.Haplotypes 2.Recessive 3.Amorphic genes 4.Codominant genes 5.Polymorphic
5.Polymorphic
In a random population, 16% of the population is homozygous for a particular trait. What percentage of the same population is heterozygous for that particular trait? 32% 64% 84% 48%
84%
HLA matching between the donor and recipient is important for progenitor cell transplantation to avoid: -graft versus host disease (GVHD). -graft rejection. -transfusion reactions. -A and B.
A and B
A recipient is AB negative, the supply of type specific blood has been exhausted. The best choice for substitution is: O negative A negative A positive AB positive
A negative
What is meant by the term autosomal? -A gene that does not express a characteristic -A trait that is carried on the sex chromosome -A trait that is expressed only in the parents -A trait that is not carried on the sex chromosomes
A trait that is not carried on the sex chromosomes
A 29-year-old female was admitted to the emergency room with severe bleeding. The blood type was tested and determined to be AB, D negative. Six units of RBCs are ordered STAT. Of the following types available in the blood bank, which would be the most preferable for crossmatch? AB, D positive A, D positive A, D negative O, D negative
A, D negative
What substances are found in the saliva of a group A person who also inherited the secretor gene? A, H A, B, H A, Se H
A, H
How would autoantibodies affect compatibility testing? No effect The DAT would be positive ABO, Rh, antibody screen, and crossmatch may show abnormal results Results would depend on the specificity of autoantibody
ABO, Rh, antibody screen, and crossmatch may show abnormal results
The genotype of parents of a newborn with a phenotype of A is as follows: Mother AO and Father BO. The genotype of the newborn is: OO AO BO AA
AO
In a family study, it was determined that all four siblings in the family had a different blood type: A, B, O, and AB. The parents were most likely __________. AO AND BO AA AND BB AO AND BB OO AND AB
AO AND BO
In a family study, it was determined that all four siblings in the family had a different blood type: A, B, O, and AB. The parents were most likely __________. OO AND AB AO AND BO AA AND BB AO AND BB
AO AND BO
What blood type is not possible for an offspring of AO and BO mating? AB A or B O All are possible
All are possible
Which of the following is associated with the Rhnull phenotype? All of the above Mutation of the RhAG regulator gene Membrane abnormalities Immunized Rhnull individuals may produce anti-Rh29
All of the above
To increase the sensitivity of the antibody screen in a compatibility test, what can be done? All of the above are correct. Extend the incubation time. Use an enhancement such as polyethylene glycol. Increase the serum-to-cell ratio.
All of the above are correct.
When using the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate genetic frequencies, which of the following must be true? -The population statistics must be large. -Mutations cannot occur. -Mating must be random. -All of the above are true.
All of the above are true.
According to Landsteiner's Law, if an individual's red cells have negative reactions with anti-A and anti-B, what antibodies will one find in his/her serum: Anti-A only Anti-B only Anti-A and Anti-B Neither Anti-A nor Anti-B
Anti-A and Anti-B
Which of the following antibodies would you have to go to a rare donor file to find compatible blood? Anti-K Anti-s Anti-p Anti-U
Anti-U
A recipient phenotypes as group O with the following Rh phenotype: D+C+c-E+e+. If this recipient is transfused with red blood cells from six random group O D-positive donors, what Rh alloantibody could this patient produce as a result of transfusion? Anti-D Anti-c Anti-C Anti-E
Anti-c
A recipient phenotypes as group O with the following Rh phenotype: D+C+c-E+e+. If this recipient is transfused with red blood cells from six random group O D-positive donors, what Rh alloantibody could this patient produce as a result of transfusion? Anti-c Anti-C Anti-D Anti-E
Anti-c
An anti-E was identified in a patient who recently received a transfusion. What other Rh system antibody should be investigated? Anti-c Anti-f Anti-G Anti-D
Anti-c
If D-negative red cells are given to an R1Rz individual what is the most likely antibody that could develop? Anti-d Anti-c Anti-D Anti-E
Anti-c
Antibodies are ruled out using cells that are homozygous for the corresponding antigen because: All of the above Antibodies show dosage It results in a P value of .05 for proper identification of the antibody Multiple antibodies may be present
Antibodies show dosage
Which of the following is responsible for the activation of the classic pathway of complement? -Antibody bound to antigen -Bacteria -Foreign proteins -Virus
Antibody bound to antigen
An individual presents with the following ABO grouping results: Anti-A: 0 Anti-B: 4+ Anti-A,B: 4+ A1 cells: 4+ B cells: 0 This individial is blood group: A O B AB
B
Select the cell involved in humoral immunity. B lymphocytes Monocytes Neutrophils T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Opsonozation is a term to describe what process? -Ingestion of cells -Binding to cells or antigens -Lysis of cells -Phagocytosis
Binding to cells or antigens
In Rosenfield notation, the phenotype of a donor may be written as Rh:1, 2, 3, -4, 5. What is the correct phenotype in Fisher-Race (CDE) notation? CcDe CcDE cDe CDEe
CDEe
Convert the following from Wiener to Fisher-Race Terminology. R1Rz cde/cde CDE/cDE CdE/cdE CDe/CDE
CDe/CDE
Convert the following from Wiener to Fisher-Race Terminology. R1R2 -CDe/cDE -CDE/cDE -cde/cde -CdE/cdE
CDe/cDE
The Weiner notation R1R2 translates to Fisher-Race as: CDe/cDE CDe/CDE CDE/cDE CDe/cDe
CDe/cDE
he Weiner notation R1R2 translates to Fisher-Race as: CDe/cDE CDe/CDE CDE/cDE CDe/cDe
CDe/cDE
In Rosenfield notation, the phenotype of a donor may be written as Rh:1, 2, -3, 4, 5. What is the correct phenotype in Fisher-Race (CDE) notation? CcDe CDEe CcDE cDe
CcDe
At the end of an antiglobulin test, IgG-coated control cells are added to the negative tests and centrifuged. What does it mean if no agglutination occurs? Test is valid. Antiglobulin reagent was working properly. Cells were not washed thoroughly. Control cells are contaminated.
Cells were not washed thoroughly.
Which class of HLA antigens would be typed when matching patient and donors for platelet transfusion? Class II only Classes I, II, III Class I and II Class I only
Class I only
Which of the following describes the expression of most blood group antigens? Dominant Recessive Codominant Corecessive
Codominant
How are Rh antigens inherited? Codominant alleles Sex-linked genes X-linked Autosomal recessive alleles
Codominant alleles
Select the portion of the antibody molecule that imparts the antibody's unique class function. -Constant region of the light chain -Constant region of the heavy chain. -Variable region of the light chain -Variable region of the heavy chain
Constant region of the heavy chain.
Select the substance that regulates the activity of other cells by binding to specific receptors. -Immunoglobulins -Cytokines -Anaphylatoxin -Complement
Cytokines
The LW antigen expression is typically stronger on __________ cells. Rh null D-variant D-positive red D-negative red
D-positive red
Which genotype usually shows the strongest reaction with anti-D? DCE/DCE Dce/dCe D__/D__ -CE/-ce
D__/D__
Contaminated antisera is a cause of reverse typing ABO discrepancies. True or False
False
Parents who are both phenotyped as group A cannot have a group O child.
False
The Mendelian law that refers to the trasmission of a trait from one generation to the next in a predictable fashion is called independent assortment. True False
False
The possible ABO phenotypes of offspring with parents with genotypes A1A2 and BO would include phenotype O. True or False
False
What portion of the antibody molecule binds to receptors on macrophages and assists in the removal of antibody bound to red cells? Fab fragment Hinge region Fc fragment J chain
Fc fragment
Which of the following is heterozygous? Fy(a-b+) Fy(a+b+) Le(a+b-) Jk(a+b-)
Fy(a+b+)
Graft vs. host disease may occur from a mismatch of: ABO compatible plasma red cell hemoglobin proteins Rh antigens HLA antigens
HLA antigen
Select the term that is associated with the B-cell response to antigens. -Humoral immunity -Nonspecific immunity -Innate immunity -Cellular immunity
Humoral immunity
What would be the result of group A blood given to a group O patient? Nonimmune transfusion reaction Immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction
Immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction
A group O patient was crossmatched with group B red blood cells. What phase of the crossmatch will first detect this incompatibility? Indirect antiglobulin 37° C low-ionic strength solution Immediate spin None of them; unit is compatible
Immediate spin
The alledged father of a child in a disputed case of paternity is blood group AB. The mother is group O and the child is group O. What type of exclusion is this? -Direct/primary/first order -Probability -Rando -Indirect/secondary/second order
Indirect/secondary/second order
An individual with a Bombay phenotype, who is Le+ and Se+ will have a Lewis phenotype of: Le (a-b-) Le (a+ b-) Le (a-b+) Le (a+b+)
Le (a+ b-)
Which of the following combinations will not allow Leb antigen to be produced: Lele, Sese, HH LeLe, sese, HH LeLe, SeSe, HH Lele, Sese, Hh
LeLe, sese, HH
Which is true regarding compatibility testing for the infant younger than 4 months old? To determine the infant's ABO group, RBCs must be tested with reagent anti-A, anti-B, and anti-A,B. A crossmatch is not needed with the infant's blood when unexpected antibodies are present. A DAT is required. Maternal serum cannot be used for antibody detection.
Maternal serum cannot be used for antibody detection.
The oligosaccharide molecule that creates the active A antigen is: N-acetylgalactosamine galactose fucose paragloboside
N-acetylgalactosamine
Parents of group A and AB can not produce offspring of group: B A AB O
O
The children of an AB mother and a B father could phenotype as all of the following except: AB O B A
O
A 26-year-old B Rh0 (D)-negative female patient requires a transfusion. No B Rh0 (D)-negative donor units are available. Which should be chosen for transfusion? AB Rh0 (D)-negative RBCs O Rh0 (D)-negative RBCs B Rh0 (D)-negative RBCs A Rh0 (D)-negative RBCs
O Rh0 (D)-negative RBCs
The basic function of the immune system is: Protection of the host Cell production phagocytosis of parasites Protein production
Protection of the host
Which of the following refers to the presence of an excess amount of antibody present in a test system? Postzone Zone of equivalence Endzone Prozone
Prozone
Each of the following genotypes is possible for an individual whose red cells reach as indicated below except: ANTISERA REACTIONS anti-C + anti-D + anti-E + anti-c + anti-e + R0r'. Rzr. R1R2. R1r".
R0r'.
A patient phenotypes as D+C+E-c-e+. The most likely genotype is: R1R. R1R0. R1r". R1R1.
R1R1
A patient phenotypes as D+C+E-c-e+. The most likely genotype is: R1R. R1r". R1R1. R1R0.
R1R1.
An individual's blood cells gave the following reactions with antisera: Anti-D Anti-C Anti-E Anti-c Anti-e Rh control 4+ 3+ 0 3+ 3+ 0 The most probable genotype is: R1R2 R1r R2r R0r"
R1r
The Rh genotype cDE/CDe is written in Weiner notation as: RzRo RzR2 ROR1 R2R1
R2R1
The Rh genotype cDE/CE is written in Weiner notation as: r R1 r"r' R2ry r'r
R2ry
The Rh genotype cDE/CdE is written in Weiner notation as: r"r' R2ry r'r r R1
R2ry
The Rh genotype cDe/CDe is written in Weiner notation as: R2R1 RzRo RzR2 ROR1
ROR1
What Rh type could a weak D patient receive? Rh positive Rh negative Rh positive or negative
Rh positive or negative
Current theory regarding the genetics of the Rh system suggests that: each Rh system antigen is coded by its own gene locus. one gene locus with multiple alleles codes for the protein antigens. the Rh system genes are a haplotype that codes for three sets of alleles. Rh system antigens are coded by two closely linked genes.
Rh system antigens are coded by two closely linked genes.
A complete Rh typing for antigens C, c, D, E, and e revealed negative results for C, D, and E. How is the individual designated? Rh-positive Rh-negative positive for c and e Impossible to determine
Rh-negative
The Rh genotype CDE/cDE is written in Weiner notation as: RzRo R2R1 ROR1 RzR2
RzR2
The Rh genotype CDE/cDe is written in Weiner notation as: ROR1 RzRo RzR2 R2R1
RzRo
Which of the following will cause an antigen to elicit a greater immune response? -Size greater than 10,000 daltons -Small antigen size -Similarity to the host -Composed largely of carbohydrates
Size greater than 10,000 daltons
In the Hardy-Weinberg formula, p2 represents: -The heterozygous population of one allele -The homozygous population of one allele -The recessive allele -The dominant allele
The homozygous population of one allele
According to the Wiener nomenclature and/or genetic theory of Rh inheritance: There are three closely linked loci, each with a primary set of allelic genes The alleles are named R1, R2, R0, r, r', r", Rz, and ry There are multiple alleles at a single complex locus that determine each Rh antigen The antigens are named D, C, E, c and e
There are multiple alleles at a single complex locus that determine each Rh antigen
The Fisher/Race designation of cDE/cDE would correlate to a Rosenfield designation of Rh: 1, −2, 3, 4, −5. True or False
True
When one allele is expressed over another gene, that allele is called dominant. Ture False
True
When one allele is expressed over another, that allele is called dominant. True or False
True
You are born with innate immunity systems such as mechanical barriers. True or False
True
In an antibody identification panel, only one red cell line was negative at the antihuman globulin phase. On ruling out and matching the pattern, an anti-k was identified. What further testing is necessary to confirm the antibody? Perform an adsorption using "k"-positive cells. Two more k-negative cells should be tested so that the rule of three can be satisfied. Treat the panel cells with enzymes and perform the panel again. Two more K-negative cells should be tested to satisfy the rule of three.
Two more k-negative cells should be tested so that the rule of three can be satisfied.
Red cells that phenotype as S-s- are also: N-negative. M-negative. U-negative. Tja-negative.
U-negative.
Select the region of the antibody molecule responsible for imparting unique antibody specificity. Variable region Hinge region Fc fragment Constant region
Variable region
If anti-M was reacted with red cells that are M+N+, how would they compare with red cells that are M+N-? The same Weaker Varies with the method Stronger
Weaker
A father carries the Xga blood group trait and passes it on to all of his daughters but to none of his sons. What type of inheritance pattern does this demonstrate? Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive X-linked dominant X-linked recessive
X-linked dominant
When a female possesses a phenotypic trait that she passes to all of her sons and none of her daughters, the trait is said to be: X-linked recessive. X-linked dominant. Autosomal dominant. Autosomal recessive.
X-linked recessive.
A person whose red cells type as M+N+ with antisera would be: a homozygote. linked. unable to be determined without family studies. a heterozygote.
a heterozygote
In a serologic test, the term prozone is also known as: -antigen excess. -equivalence. -antibody excess. -serum-to-cell ratio.
antibody excess.
Lattice formation is the establishment of cross links between: antigens and antibodies antibodies and complement white blood cells and MHC antigens B lymphocytes and antibodies
antigens and antibodies
A patient was admitted to the hospital with acute bleeding. Anti-E was detected in the patient's serum. Four E-negative units of blood were crossmatched for the patient. The units were compatible at immediate spin and following the antiglobulin test. After the antiglobulin test was performed, IgG-sensitized red cells gave a 2+ agglutination reaction. The proper interpretation of this 2+ agglutination reaction is the: patient's anti-E reacted with the IgG-sensitized red cells. crossmatch was incompatible. antihuman globulin washing procedure was adequate. IgG-sensitized red cells spontaneously agglutinated.
antihuman globulin washing procedure was adequate.
An antigen that originates from the individual is termed: -hapten -immunogen -allogeneic -autologous
autologous
Most blood group systems are inherited as: sex-linked recessive. autosomal recessive. autosomal dominant. autosomal codominant.
autosomal codominant.
The numeric Rh4 nomenclature refers to which antigen in the Rosenfield notation? C c E e
c
The Weiner notation R2Rz translates to Fisher-Race as: cDE/CDE cDe/cDE CDe/cDe CDe/CDE
cDE/CDE
In Rosenfield notation, the phenotype of a donor may be written as Rh:1, -2, -3, 4, 5. What is the correct phenotype in Fisher-Race (CDE) notation? CDEe CcDe cDe CcDE
cDe
The Weiner notation R0R2 translates to Fisher-Race as: CDe/CDE CDE/cDE cDe/cDE CDe/cDe
cDe/cDE
Convert the following from Wiener to Fisher-Race Terminology. r/r" cde/cdE Cde/CdE CdE/cdE CdE/cdE
cde/cdE
The term that would describe the genotype AB where both antigens are expressed equally is: codominant heterozygous homozygous zygosity
codominant
Your blood bank mistakenly released a D-positive red blood cell unit that subsequently transfused to a patient who was typed as D-negative. The patient had no history of a previous transfusion or pregnancy. Antibody detection testing was negative in pretransfusion testing. The crossmatch in this case was: compatible at immediate spin. incompatible at immeditate spin only. not necessary to perform. incompatible at antihuman globulin only.
compatible at immediate spin.
Associated with immediate-spin in vitro reactions 1.IgA 2.IgM 3.IgG 4.IgE
deete
Efficient in activation of the complement cascade 1.IgA 2.IgM 3.IgG 4.IgE
deete
A DAT result is as follows: Polyspecific AHG = 1+ Anti-IgG = negative (Check Cells = 3+) The mist etiology of this positive DAT is: anti- IgG anti-C3 anti-I anti-A1 in an A1 individual
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A compatible crossmatch is: mixed field reaction at AHG phase with positive reaction with Coombs control cells negative at immediate spin; 1+ at AHG negative at AHG phase; negative with Coombs control cells negative at AHG phase; positive with Coombs control cells
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A patient was transfused two weeks before his current testing. He is exhibiting a positive DAT and a positive antibody screen in both cells at the AHG phase. The autoantibody may be removed from the serum using: heat elution enzyme treated cells autoadsorption allogeneic adsorption
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A presurgical patient has been tested to determine the blood group in case a transfusion is necessary during surgery. The results of the ABO grouping is as follows: Anti-A: 4+ Anti-B: 1+ A cells: 0 B cells: 4+ What is the cause of this "discrepancy"? hypogammaglobulinemia B(A) phenomenon Anti-A1 in A2 individual sepsis resulting in acquired antigen
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ABO antibodies are capable of causing hemolytic transfusion reactions. True or False
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ABO antibodies display which of the following characteristics: 1. IgM 2. IgA 3. Complement Binding 4. 4°C reactive 5. 37°C reactive 1, 3, and 4 are correct 2, 3, and 5 are correct 1 and 4 are correct 2 and 5 are correct
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Able to cross the placenta 1.IgA 2.IgM 3.IgG 4.IgE
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An antibody is reacting with five panel cells in the AHG phase. Two of the cells react one degree less in agglutination. Possible causes for this difference in degree of afflutination may be: 1. multiple antibodies 2. cold reacting antibody 3. dosage effect 4. enzyme sensitivity 5. DTT effect 1, 3, and 5 are correct 2, 3, and 4 are correct 1 and 3 are correct 1 and 4 are correct 2 and 5 are correct
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Associated with allergic reactions and mast cell activation 1.IgA 2.IgM 3.IgG 4.IgE
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Associated with intravascular cell destruction 1.IgA 2.IgM 3.IgG 4.IgE
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Choose the correct statement regarding ABO antigens: newborns have only the ABO antigens that they ahve acquired from the maternal serum adults have fewer ABO antigens than newborns newborns have the same number of ABO antigens as adults newborns have fewer ABO antigens than adults
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Choose the correct statement regarding the subgroups of A: always exhibit anti-A1 in the serum always react with Anti-A in the forward group always react with Anti-H lectin never react with any forward grouping sera
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Compatibility testing: Detects most errors in the ABO groupings Detects most irregular antibodies on the donor's RBCs that are reactive with patient's serum Proves that the donor's plasma is free of all irregular antibodies Ensures complete safety of the transfusion
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Found in secretions, such as breast milk 1.IgA 2.IgM 3.IgG 4.IgE
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From the following examples choose the condition that would not exhibit a positive DAT: HDFN HTR HTLA antibody WAIHA
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Has the highest number of antigen binding sites 1.IgA 2.IgM 3.IgG 4.IgE
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Has the highest serum concentration 1.IgA 2.IgM 3.IgG 4.IgE
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If a group A individual reacts 3+ with A1 lectin, this person is a (an): A2 A1 Bombay AB
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If a mother is genetically AO and the father is genetically AA, the frequencies of phenotypes for potential offspring are: all Group A 50 Group A; 50% Group O 75% Group A; 25% Group O 25% Group A; 75% Group O
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Immediate spin crossmatch detects incompatibility with: IgG antibodies AHG reactive atypical antibodies ABO group warm antiibodies
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K1-positive donor red cells were mistakenly transfused to a recipient with anti-K. The patient's posttransfusion blood sample has a positive direct antiglobulin test with polyspecific antihuman globulin. The direct antiglobulin test is positive because of anti-K is an __________ antibody that has sensitized the __________ cells in vivo. IgM, donor's IgG, donor's IgM, recipient's IgG, recipient's
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Rh antibodies are: 1. IgG 2. IgM 3. complement binding 4. non-complement binding 5. cold-reaction 6. warm-reacting 1, 3, and 5 are correct 1, 4, and 6 are correct 2, 3, and 6 are correct 2, 4, and 5 are correct
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Rh antibodies react best at what temperature (°C)? 15 22 18 37
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Screening cells and major crossmatch are positive on immediate spin (IS) only, and the autocontrol is negative. Identify the problem. Cold alloantibody Cold autoantibody Abnormal protein Antibody mixture
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The blood group with the most H antigen is: O A1 A2B B
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The component of PCR that marks the reaction initiation location and the sequence to be amplified is the: primer probe Taq Polymerase gene chip
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The elution method that is most effective for ABO antibodies is: acid cholorform freeze-thaw ether
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The methods that would be used for removal of antibodies from the surface of red cells include: 1. enzyme pre-treatment 2. freeze-thaw 3. adsorption 4. acid 5. LISS enhancement 1 and 3 only 2 and 4 only 1, 2, and 5 3 and 4 only
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The molecular technology test method that utilizes a fluorescent probe is: single nucleotide polymorphism polymerase chain reaction Taq Polymerase Real-Time polymerase chain reaction
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The process of annealing is: breaking the hydrogen bonds of the DNA creating a target sequence replicating the DNA creating additional strands of DNA
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The purpose of the solid phase in a microarray is to: provide a source of fluorescence denature the sample DNA provide a solid phase surface label the DNA
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The test methodology that employs generation of DNA from an RNA template is: PCR reverse transcriptase PCR Multiplex PCR- the generation of copies from Real-Time PCR - allows for DNA detection during the reaction gene chip technology
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This antibody is frequently seen in warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. IgM IgG IgA IgE
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What immunoglobulin class is capable of crossing the placenta? IgG IgM IgE IgA
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What immunoglobulin class reacts best at room temperature at immediate spin? IgE IgG IgM IgA
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What immunoglobulin class reacts best by antiglobulin testing? IgE IgM IgA IgG
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The antibody screen: detects all low-frequency antibodies helps to distinguish between an alloantibody and autoantibody detects most clinically significant antibodies can be omitted if the patient has no history of antibodies
detects most clinically significant antibodies
The purpose of the immediate spin crossmatch is to: meet computer crossmatch requirements determine ABO compatibility between donor and recipient detect cold-reacting unexpected antibodies ensure survival of transfused RBCs
determine ABO compatibility between donor and recipient
An individual's genotype is homozygous for a trait while the sibling is heterosygous for the trait. The homozygous individual exhibits a stong expression of the trait while the expression is weakened in the herterozygous sibling. This trait is: -codominant -expressing linkage -displaying dosage -exhibiting position effect
displaying dosage
The recipient has a positive compatibility test at the AHG phase with a negatice antibody screen. The most likely cause for this incompatibility is: ABO incompatibility antibody to a high frequency antigen donor with a positive DAT positive DAT in recipient
donor with a positive DAT
In a pedigree, an open circle is the standard symbol for: male female carrier of a trait twins
female
A blood group system conforms to the Hardy-Weinberg Law. This statement can be interpreted as: -phenotype frequencies are incremental -phenotype frequencies total 1.0 when added -genotype frequencies total 1.0 when added -genotype frequencies equal 100%
genotype frequencies total 1.0 when added
Two genes are close to each other and are inherited together as a unit. The combination of the two genes that are inherited together is known as a: genotype haplotype phenotype amorph
haplotype
The major histocompatibility complex is located on chromosome 6 and is important in all the following immune functions except: -graft rejection. -coordination of cellular and humoral immunity. -recognition on nonself. -hemolysis
hemolysis.
The term that would describe the genotype AO is: codominant zygosity heterozygous homozygous
heterozygous
The term that would describe the genotype BB is: codominant zygosity heterozygous homozygous
homozygous
The weak D may be created when the D antigen is: inherited from only one parent received in an Rh positive transfusion in the trans position to the C gene absent on both chromosomes
in the trans position to the C gene
The Mendelian law that refers to the transmission of a trait from one generation to the next in a predictable fashion is: genetic crossing over independent assortment independent segregation linkage disequilibriu
independent segregation
The phase of the agglutination reaction is important in the interpretation of the antibody screen or antibody identification panel because it: determines whether an autoantibody is present. indicates the class of the antibody. determines whether there is a delayed transfusion reaction. provides clues on antibody dosage.
indicates the class of the antibody.
Skin, mucus membranes, and normal bacterial flora are part of: innate immunity acquired immunity passive immunity active immunity
innate immunity
Genes located close to each other on the same chromosome are likely to be: an amorph linked subject to crossing over suppressed
linked
Crossing over occurs during zygote formation meiosis somatic cell division mitosis
meiosis
A blood group that is polymorphic has: multiple possible alleles for antigen production more than one locus for antigen production one allele at each locus required for antigen production multiple antigenic products produced
multiple possible alleles for antigen production
The strength of an antigen-antibody complex is directly proportional to the: titer of antibody in plasma number of points of attachment amount of cryptic antigen present on cells number of antigen binding sites on the immunoglobulin molecule
number of points of attachment
Rh Ag is associated with: only red cell Rh antigens organs such as brain and liver ion transport across the red cell membrane the production of RhC antigen``
only red cell Rh antigens
The components involved innate immunity include all of the following EXCEPT: phagocytic cells lysozyme acidic stomach secretions bacterial flora
phagocytic cells
When an individual is said to be group A, it refers to the individual's: alleles. phenotype. genotype. haplotype.
phenotype
When an individual is said to be group A, it refers to the individual's: phenotype. haplotype. genotype. alleles.
phenotype.
A substance is most antigenic when its biochemical composition is: carbohydrate protein lipoprotein polysaccharide
protein
The Rh genotype ce/CDe is written in Weiner notation as: R2ry r R1 r"r' r'r
r R1
The Rh genotype cE/Ce is written in Weiner notation as: r R1 r'r R2ry r"r'
r"r'
Choose the genotype that is homozygous for E antigen: rr r"ry R1R2 rRz
r"ry
The Rh genotype Ce/ce is written in Weiner notation as: r'r R2ry r"r' r R1
r'r
The following test results are obtained: Anti-D: 0 Anti-C: + Anti-c: + Anti-E: 0 Anti-e: + The most probably genotype is: R1r R0r r'r rr
r'r
Antibody screening of the recipient is performed as a component of compatibility testing to detect: human leukocyte antigen antibodies. red cell alloantibodies incompatibilities with the donor's red cells. irregular antigens on the recipient's red cells.
red cell alloantibodies
A poor response to platelet transfusion that can be caused by antibodies to human leukocyte antigens is known as: -refractoriness. -nonresponders. -responders. -immune activation.
refractoriness.
The next step in investigating a positive direct antiglobulin test using polyspecific antihuman globulin reagent should be to: repeat the direct antiglobulin test using warm saline. add IgG-sensitized red cells to verify positive reaction. perform an eluate. repeat the direct antiglobulin test using monospecific anti-IgG and anti-C3 reagents.
repeat the direct antiglobulin test using monospecific anti-IgG and anti-C3 reagents.
The Wiener nomenclature for the E antigen is: hr' hr' ' rh' ' Rh0
rh' '
The Wiener nomenclature for the E antigen is: hr' hr' ' rh' ' Rh0
rh' '
Which of the following phenotypes will react with anti-f? rr R2R2 R1R1 R1R2
rr
A patient developed a combination of Rh antibodies: anti-C, anti-E, and anti-D. Can compatible blood be found for this patient? It is almost impossible to find blood lacking the C, E, and D antigens rr blood could be used without causing a problem R0R0 may be used because it lacks all three of these antigens Although rare, ryr blood may be obtained from close relatives of the patient
rr blood could be used without causing a problem
A trait that is passed from father to daughter is: -autosomal dominant -autosomal recessive -sex-linked dominant -sex-linked recessive
sex-linked dominant
Extravascular destruction of blood cells occurs in the: spleen lymph nodes thymus blood vessels
spleen
Hemagglutination is... when soluble antigen and antibody combine to "fall out" of solution in flakes the formation of an insouble compound that settles out as a solid the clumping of red blood cells and is used to visualize Ag-AB reactions a testing method where one component of testing is adhered to a solid phase such as a microtiter plate
the clumping of red blood cells and is used to visualize Ag-AB reactions
Zeta Potential is... coin like stacking of red cells situation resulting in excess antibody concentration Liquid portion of a blood sample collected with an anticoagulant the difference in charge density between the inner and outer ion cloud surrounding the surface of the red blood cells
the difference in charge density between the inner and outer ion cloud surrounding the surface of the red blood cells
If two traits were found to occur higher in a population together than each occurs separately, they may be linked. This would suggest that: they are inherited on different chromosomes. crossover has occurred. they are found far apart on the same chromosome. the genes are close together on the same chromosome.
the genes are close together on the same chromosome.
Fisher-Race describes the inheritance of the Rh antigens as resulting from: one locus with three subloci a single complete unit three separate closely linked loci linkage to the ABO genes
three separate closely linked loci
Mitosis results in __________ chromosomes as the original. four cells with half as many two cells with the same number of four cells with the same number of two cells with half as many
two cells with the same number of
What does the "U" in U antigen stand for? unusual universal uniform unique
universal
The Rh genotype cDe/CDe is written in Weiner notation as: RzRo ROR1 RzR2 R2R1
v
The term that describes similarity or dissimilarity of genes at an allelic position is called... heterozygous zygosity homozygous codominant
zygosity