Parenting Styles

3 Reason for Physical Abuse

(1) Vague discrimination between permissible and impermissible forms of physical violence > line between spanking and beating is not clear (2) The privacy in which child care is conducted in Western societies > many other cultures have a joint responsibility (3) Unrealistic high expectations regarding children's abilities to be quiet and compliant at at particular age

Overt Behavior

ask children to get a job and keep earnings

Neglect

ignore children/unresponsive - fend for themselves

The Cycle of Violence Hypothesis

the theory that the abuse and the neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children (1/3 of people = abuse child)

Uninvolved Parenting

- low warmth and low control - no or few punishments - parents do little else but provide for child's basic needs - children tend to be aggressive and do poorly o school > look for love in the wrong places - can increase anxiety, depression, and internalize emotions - no communication between child and parent - the worst type of parenting style

Bidirectional Influence

- parent and child mutual reinforce behavior > characteristics of the child themselves - behavior - temperament - attractiveness: physical attractiveness increase: more affection; decrease: unappealing faces - pay attention to other people - ex. fuzzy child + angry parent = perpetual cycle that will never break

Feedback

- reinforcement - any action that increases the likelihood of the response that it follows > ex. praising them when they finish homework - positive reinforcement > ex. negative reinforcement: takin away something to increase positive behavior - punishment: any action that discourages the recurrance of the response that it follows > ex. grounding for bad behavior - works very quickly (positive) - disadvantages: result in long-term consequences

Name the 8 Signs of Abuse

(1) visible, serious injuries that have no reasonable explanation (2) Bite or choke marks (3) burns from cigarettes or immersion in hot water (4) feelings of pain for no apparent reason (5) fear of adults or care providers (6) inappropriate attire in warm weather (concealing injuries) (7) extreme behavior - highly aggression - your responsibility to respond (8) fear of physical contact

Statistics About Abuse

- 5 children per day are killed by their parents or caretaker - 140,000 others are physically injured every year - 3 million children are abused or neglected in the US every year (both physical abuse and psychological mistreatment)

Ethnic Differences in Parenting

- European Americans: authoritative style - Asian and Latin American: authoritarian style - Asian: training child to do the best in the group (academia, recessive neglect in school = suicide) - Latin: do everything as a family unit - Boubank got these results but highly criticise because all the families she interviews where all white families - black families do not fit in any style: high in control and high in love and warmth: more positive parenting within this group

Individualism vs Collectivism

- Individualism: emphasis on anatomy and independence (US culture) - collectivism: redefine goals in the bigger group (haromony, loyal are highly valued) - cultural effects either options

Physical Abuse

- can happen in any household, but most frequent in stressful environments (poverty, single parenthood, and higher than average levels of marital conflict, or stepfathers) - child abuse is more likely when there is a history of violence between spouses - some parents show instant regret after abusing their child

Authoritative Parenting

- golden parenting style in the US - parents explain rules and encourage discussion (balance in control and in warmth) - children ofter cheerful, achievement orientated - use a lot of positive reinforcement (operant conditioning) - have good relationships with peers and positive behavioral outcome - Ex. getting on the level of the child and explain why they get discipline (give and take a lot of feedback - a lot communication)

Permissive Parenting

- high in warmth but low on control - no punishment; allows the child to do as they please - parents generally accept their child's behavior and punish infrequently - children often are impulsive - and tend to act out more - high in confidence and high self-esteem, but don't have social skills and not motivated in academia (school) - main goal: to increase confidence and creativity > Ex. getting an F is good - parents rather pay for better grades than punishing their child

8 Characteristics of Children Abused

- likely to be fuzzy - resistant to control - not really adaptable to new situations - more headaches - stomach aches - bedwetting - more anxious - may show developmental delays

Consequences of Psychological Maltreatment 5

- low self-esteem - lying - misbehavior - the decrease in academia - extreme: become depress and commit suicide

Parenting Styles

- somewhat genetics influence - parent's behaviors and attitudes that set the emotional climate of parent and child interactions - tend to remain stable across situations: the style is usually biologically in all situations because interactions remain stable - comparing first and last child - last child tends to be the one where parents try to fix their first mistake

Spanking

- spanking should be avoided entirely even if it gets immediate compliance but can have serious long-term side effects (poor mental health, higher levels of demanding, and antisocial behavior) > children might think violence is an acceptable solution to problems

Authoritarian Parenting

- style: high in control and low in warmth - controlling, demanding, constructive - parents lay down rules and expect them to be followed without discussion - only parent can speak - little communication between child and parent - children generally lack self-esteem or are overly aggressive (like parents) - can include spanking and yelling (but not limited to it)

Direct Instruction

- telling a child what to do, when, and why - benefits children's social skills more than making demands - speak at their level - increase empathy - putting yourself in someone's shoes

Psychological Maltreatment

- the abuse that occurs when parents or other caregivers harm children behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning (overt beahvior or neglect) - difficult to determine if the child is being psychological maltreatment - Ex. parents can frighten, belittle, or humiliate > causes intimidating and harassment (feel like failures)

Timeouts - do they work?

- works for some people and do no work well for others - more common menthod - how people structure the timeouts dtermines effectiveness > ex. glitter water bottles - consistency is key

Name the 4 Types of Parenting Styles

1) Authoritarian Parenting 2) Authoritative Parenting 3) Permissive Parenting 4) Uninvolved Parenting

Name the 4 type of Styles for punishment

1) Direct Instruction 2) Feedback 3) Timeouts 4) Bidirectional Influence