Blood Chapter 21

centrifuged to reveal three components Middle layer What is? contains what? What % of components?

-Buffy coat -Leukocytes, platelets 1%

Blood type. RH+ and RH- Deals with a surface antigen, called Antigen __

-D

Lines are called?

-Myeloid line -Lymphoid line

Blood type. Surface antigens for ABO blood type? Surface antigens for RH + and RH-?

-Surface antigen AB -Surface antigen D

Agranulocytes: ___________ and _________. Hint: What do their name end in? Look Smooth, unlike sand

-lymphocytes and monocytes -cytes

Blood type can be determined by two types. ___ type __+, __- type.

ABO type and RH+ and RH-

Hemoglobin What is its function of Hemoglobin?

Capable of reversibly transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

Hematocrit is higher here for us then those who live at sea level. Why?

Oxygen being thinner. We produce more red blood cells, to capture and carry around oxygen.

What is the composition of plasma? Whats its function?

Water and some proteins The watery stuff all the other stuff is floating in.

-ABO surface antigens may be accompanied in the plasma by ____-_ antibodies and/or ____-_ antibodies RH+/RH surface antigens may be accompanied by ____-_ antibodies

anti-A antibodies and/or anti-B antibodies

Explain blood type.

Blood type can be determined by 2 factors. ABO and RH+ and RH-. You will be an A, B, AB, or O, this will determine the surface antigens. The surface antigens are on the outside membrane of the cells. Plasma has anti bodies, which will match up with specific surface antigens. You will also be a + or a - to RH, which will determine if you have surface D antigens. + means D surface antigens, with no Anti-D antibodies in the plasma. -means no D surface antigens, also no Anti-D antibodies unless exposed to RH+. You must be given the correct blood, or Agglutination can occur if antibodies bind to their specific surface antigen Agglutination is the process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody

Hemoglobin Consists of four ______ protein molecules: ___ _____ chains ___ ____ chains

Consists of four globin protein molecules: Two alpha (α) chains Two beta (ß) chains

What type of blood is running in us right now?

Whole blood

-Blood Plasma contains __________ floating around that will react with _______ ________.

- Antibodies -Surface antigens.

-What is the process of creation for new Erythrocytes? -Where are the new Erythrocytes made?

-"When old Erythrocytes are phagocyzed by the spleen and liver, liver then send message to make more from red bone marrow from the old/damaged Erythrocytes parts" -Red Bone marrow

Erythrocytes -What is the size of Erythrocytes? -Erythrocytes a Unique _______ shape , only red blood cells look this way. -Erythrocytes are structured this way, to increase ____ _____, to carry more __________.

-7.5 μm in diameter, little smaller then capillary. -biconcave, thick around edges, concave in middle -Increase surface area, to carry more hemoglobin

Leukocytes What are the two special functions of Leucocytes?

-Diapedesis: leave blood stream and get to problem. -Chemotaxis: detect and become aware of toxins, migrate to the area to attack intruder.

-A and B are _________ -O is __________ -AB work together as __-___________ -Specifically, __ and __ surface antigens determine the ABO blood type?

-Dominent -Recessive -Co-dominant A or B

Formed Elements in the Blood -The ___________ is the percentage of the volume of all formed elements in the blood. -3 things added together? Which are?

-Hematocrit Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

• Every erythrocyte is carrying 280 million molecules of a red-pigmented protein called ________

-Hemoglobin

____________ is the production, production and growth of Formed Elements.

-Hemopoiesis

-What are surface antigens?

-Identifying markers/molecules on the plasma membrane surface of A,B erythrocytes (red blood cells).

centrifuged to reveal three components Bottom/heaviest layer? What is? What % of components?

-Leuokocytes -44%

Platelets -Explain the process of how platelets are made by ____________. -Before tentocles broken off called? -After broken called?

-Made in Bone Marrow -Megakaryocytes (sit outside blood stream), that have little tentacles that hang down into the capillaries, and the tips of the tentacles break off, these are what form platelets. -Proplatelets -Platelets.

Functions of Blood -Transportation of? - Regulation of ________,_________,_________? - Protection. How done? _____________ guard against infection - Blood carries ______________ to fight infection.

-Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes - Temperature, pH, fluid levels - Leukocytes guard against infection - Blood carries antibodies (things to fight things we are exposed to). Babies breastfeeding get moms antibodies, and this makes babies stronger, more able to fight off bad stuff.

• Whole blood can be centrifuged to reveal three components: (spun and separated) Top layer? What is? contains what? What % of components?

-Plasma -Straw colored -55%

What are Antibodies?

-Protein in the plasma produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen.

As Erythrocytes pass through small blood vessels (capillaries), they line up in ________ _______ termed a ___________. -What is the benefit of them passing into the capillaries this way?

-Single file, Rouleau -So the capillaries can take as much oxygen as it can.

Platelets -What are they? -What cells from platelets? -Function? -Size in comparisons to leukocytes and erythrocytes?

-Small, irregular, membrane-enclosed cellular fragments -formed from megakaryocytes -Involved in blood clotting -1/4 the size of Erythrocytes. Smallest of the 3.

Hemopoiesis -Begin with stem cells called _____________. The stem cells will form __ lines of cells, which forms the cells.

-Stem cells called hemocytoblasts - 2 lines

Erythrocytes contain ________ _______ on their plasma surface membrane.

-Surface antigens

Platelets -Explain what they do, and how they do it -Are they like Firefighters or Policemen?

-They are the first responders, like police men. -They are not kept somewhere and released, they are constantly traveling in blood around looking for problems, if there are problems they are right there to start clotting process.

Erythrocytes - What is the function of Erythrocytes?What are they transporting? -Also referred to as ____ _____ cells Are Erythrocytes true blood cells?

-Transport Oxygen and Carbon dioxide. Carry Hemoglobin -Red blood cells -Not true cells because they lack nucleus and organelles.

Leukocytes -Also know as ______ blood cells. -Unlike erythrocytes, leukocytes are ____ ____ as they possess a nucleus and organelles. -What do they do? -Size in comparisons to erythrocytes, and platelets?

-White blood cells. -True cells -They help initiate an immune response and defend the body against pathogens. -1-3 times larger then erythrocytes. Much bigger

Myeloid line -Forms (hint everything except one thing, what is the exception?) - ______________, erythrocytes, ________________, and all _________________ except _______________.

-erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and all leukocytes except lymphocytes

Lymphoid line forms ________________.

-lymphocytes

Granulocytes: ________, _________, and __________ Hint: What do their names look like? Looks like sand under microscope.

-neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils -phils

-What surface antigen is on the corresponding blood type? 1. Blood type= A surface antigen= 2. Blood type= B surface antigen= 3. Blood type= AB surface antigen= 4. Blood type= O surface antigen= 5.Blood type= RH+ surface antigen 6.Blood type=RH- surface antigen=

1. Blood type= Type A surface antigen-A 2. Blood type= Type B surface antigen-A 3. Blood type= Type AB surface antigen-AB 4. Blood type= O surface antigen- none 5.Blood type= RH+ surface antigen= D 6.Blood type= RH- surface antigen= None

Blood type. 1. Surface antigens all have ________. 2. What erythrocytes (blood cells) have surface antigens on them 3. A blood cells are covered with __ surface antigens. In the plasma it has anti __ antibodies. 4. B blood cells are covered with __ surface antigens. In the plasma it has anti __ antibodies. 5. AB blood cells has both __ and __ surface antigens. In the plasma it has __ antibodies. 6. In O blood, cells have __ surface antigens, and __ and __. antibodies

1. Plasma 2. antigens 3. A B 4. B A 5. A and B, No 6. No, A and B.

Platelets -How do they cause clotting?

Get sticky, catch fibrin floating around, creates a fibrous net which catches erythrocytes/leukocytes floating around, which beings clotting to stop bleeding.

The five types of leukocytes are divided into two classes: ____________ ____________

Granulocytes Agranulocytes

What are theFormed Elements.

Leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets.