Blood Pressure regulation

Assuming total peripheral resistance and heart rate remain unchanged, how would a decrease in blood volume affect blood pressure (BP)?

BP would decrease

As blood flows away from the heart, how does overall blood pressure in vessels change? Why?

Blood pressure decreases, because of the effects of friction between the vessel walls and the moving blood.

Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance? 10%% change in cardiac output 10%% change in vessel diameter 10% change in vessel length 10%% change in blood viscosity

10% change in vessel diameter

Which stimulates anti-diuretic hormone release from the posterior pituitary? Which stimulates anti-diuretic hormone release from the posterior pituitary? increased osmolarity decreased blood pressure decreased osmolarity A and B B and C

A and B

Plasma proteins decrease in a person with liver failure. What effect does this have on capillary exchange?

net filtration (movement of fluid into interstitial space) increases

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?

net osmotic pressure

Which of the following is the correct classification of vasopressin? neurohormone neurotransmitter classic hormone trophic hormone

neurohormone

The RAS pathway begins with secretion of

renin

At a holiday celebration, you ate foods high in salt. Which would you predict?

Decreased urine volume and increased blood volume

If increased blood pressure stimulated the baroreceptor reflex, which changes would occur?

Increased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output

What is the mechanism of action of vasopressin?

Insertion of AQP2 into the apical membrane of collecting duct cells

An increase in vasoconstrictor substances in the bloodstream would cause the blood vessel diameter to_______ causing the resistance to ______ and the blood pressure to______

decrease, increase, increase

Which would NOT be a physiological response to decreased blood volume? vasoconstriction increased sympathetic output increased secretion of renin decreased anti-diuretic hormone release increased thirst

decreased anti-diuretic hormone release

When a person stands, mean arterial blood pressure can fall and the baroreceptor reflex is activated. Which is a change associated with this reflex?

decreased compliance of the veins

Indicates blood pressure at its low point when the ventricles relax and minimal pressure is exerted against the vessel walls.

diastolic pressure

The purpose of valves in the cardiovascular system is to

ensure that blood flows in one direction.

Which of the following would NOT increase mean arterial pressure? angiotensin II vasopressin sympathetic nerves epinephrine at muscarinic receptors

epinephrine at muscarinic receptors

Mean arterial pressure is influenced by heart rate. cardiac output. resistance of the arterioles. total blood volume. All of the above.

all of the above

Which is a target tissue for angiotensin II (ANG II)? hypothalamus cardiovascular control center adrenal cortex arterioles All of the above

all of the above

Which hormone increases sodium excretion?

atrial natriuretic peptide

Which of these drugs for hypertension specifically act on the heart rather than on the blood volume or total peripheral resistance? calcium channel blockers diuretics angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors beta blockers

beta blockers

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.

blood pressure

Which of the following is the force of blood, per unit area, against the blood vessel wall?Select Answer Blood pressure Cardiac output Total peripheral resistance Blood viscosity

blood pressure

the force of the blood against the vessel wall.

blood pressure

How do arterial baroreceptors help change the mean arterial pressure?

heart rate, stroke volume, and total peripheral resistance

A decrease in sympathetic activity to blood vessel walls would cause the blood vessel diameter to ____ causing the resistance to ____ and the blood pressure to ____

increase, decrease, decrease

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

By moving skeletal muscles and by alternating pressure on the abdominal and thoracic cavity by breathing, you pump blood in the veins through their valves back toward the heart. Which is NOT a result of increased activity of these pumps? By moving skeletal muscles and by alternating pressure on the abdominal and thoracic cavity by breathing, you pump blood in the veins through their valves back toward the heart. Which is NOT a result of increased activity of these pumps? -increased end-diastolic pressure -increased resistance in the arteries -increased venous pressure -increased mean arterial pressure

increased resistance in the arteries

What would happen to a person's blood pressure when the vessel diameter is decreased by 10% because of smoking? The blood pressure would ____.​

increases

What would happen to a person's blood pressure with a 10% increase in viscosity as a result of time spent at high altitudes? The blood pressure ____.

increases

What would happen to a person's blood pressure with growth during middle school, leading to a 10% increase in vessel length? The blood pressure ____.​

increases

Which of the following best describes the direct effect of vasopressin? decreases blood plasma osmolarity increases water reabsorption at the collecting duct of the kidney decreases water reabsorption at the collecting duct of the kidney increased blood plasma osmolarity

increases water reabsorption at the collecting duct of the kidney

you increase arterial pressure by _____ cardiac output and/or ______ total peripheral resistance

increasing, increasing

When a person is cut, the tissue in the area swells, in part due to increases in histamine (vasodilator) and damage to the capillaries that allows more proteins to filter into the interstitial space. Which Starling force is increased owing to this protein movement?

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

Indicates the average pressure in the systemic arteries that drives blood flow.

mean arterial pressure

Indicates the highest blood pressure, when the ventricles of the heart contract and force blood into the aorta.

systolic pressure

Which is NOT a force that directly drives fluid into (absorption) and out (filtration) of the capillaries? the osmotic pressure caused by solutes that cannot pass into the capillaries the pressure of the fluid inside and outside of the capillary the ionic driving force caused by ions in the blood the osmotic pressure caused by solutes that cannot pass out of the capillaries

the ionic driving force caused by ions in the blood

What does TPR stand for?

total peripheral resistance

the amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood vessels.

total peripheral resistance

Which blood vessels have the lowest blood pressure?

veins

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?

venous

What causes active hyperemia?

Increased metabolism results in a local increase in CO2

A patient has a tumor that secretes high levels of aldosterone. Which would you expect?

Hypokalemia and increased potassium in urine

If there were a sudden increase in blood volume, what would the baroreceptors do, and what would be the effect of that reflex?

Increase firing rate; decreased myocardial contractility

What is the effect of an increase in blood viscosity?

It increases total peripheral resistance.

What is the equation for calculating the mean arterial pressure (MAP) based on the factors that affect blood pressure?

MAP = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

If the radius of a tube decreases by half, what will happen to the resistance to fluid flow?

Resistance will increase 16 times.

At a campus event, you ate a lot of salty treats. Which would you expect?

Vasopressin secretion and thirst

Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________.

blood vessel diameter

Sympathetic activity alters total peripheral resistance by changing __________.

blood vessel diameter

the friction red blood cells encounter when moving past each other.

blood viscosity

what factors affect total peripheral resistance?

blood viscosity, total vessel length, and vessel diameter

Blood pressure is a highly regulated physiological variable mainly because it maintains adequate blood flow to which of the following organ(s)? Blood pressure is a highly regulated physiological variable mainly because it maintains adequate blood flow to which of the following organ(s)? liver kidneys brain skeletal muscles A and C

brain

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.

capillary; interstitial fluid

The heart alters blood pressure by changing __________.

cardiac output

the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute.

cardiac output

Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?

carotid sinus and aortic arch

how do we change cardiac output?

change strength of contraction of the heart, and change heart rate

constricting or dilating arterioles does what?

changes total peripheral resistance

If total peripheral resistance increases, what happens to mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

it increases

Which part of the heart has failed in congestive heart failure if you find edema (accumulation of fluids) in the lungs (pulmonary edema) due to higher pressure in the pulmonary veins?

left ventricle

Each day, approximately 20 liters of fluid is filtered and 17 liters is absorbed, meaning 3 liters of fluid goes from capillaries to interstitium. What keeps the fluid from swelling the tissues (edema)?

lymphatic system

Which of the following structures is the site of release for vasopressin? adrenal gland anterior pituitary hypothalamus posterior pituitary kidney

posterior pituitary

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.

proteins in the blood

Which tissue in the walls of blood vessels allows for regulation of vessel diameter?

smooth muscle