BMS 507.01 Study Guide CHAPTER 10
triad
the structure by a t-tubule with a sarcoplasmic reticulum on either side
actin
light regions, I-bands, thin and light
twitch
a single stimulus that doesn't perform useful work, 3 phases- latent period before contraction, contraction phase, relaxation phase
oxygen debt
after exercise or other exertion, the body needs more oxygen than usual to normalize metabolic activities, results in heavy breathing
lactic acid
byproduct of anaerobic respiration which strongly contributes to muscle fatigue
anerobic
chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)
tetanus
complete (sustained muscle contraction, useful work) and incomplete (enough stimulus to lead to muscle contraction, but not sustained)
fast twitch fibers
contract quickly, large diameter, large glycogen reserves, few mitochondria, strong, fatigue quickly
myosin
dark regions, A-bands, thick and heavy
tropomyosin
double stranded, prevents actin-myosin interaction
action potential
electrical signal
motor unit
functional unit of muscle contraction
sacromere
functional unit of striated muscle
synaptic cleft
gap between synaptic terminal and motor end plate
tropinin
globular protein, binds tropomyosin in G-actin, controlled by Ca2+
treppe
increase in stimulation frequency or intensity that doesn't yet perform useful work
neruromuscular junction
location of neural stimulation
intermediate twitch fibers
mid-sized, have low myoglobin, have more capillaries than fast twitch fibers, slower to fatigue
receptors
neural structures that respond to stimuli
recruitment
part of motor unit, the progressive activation of a muscle by the successive recruitment
synaptic knob
part of the presynaptic neuron containing vesicles containing neurotransmitters
aerobic
prolonged activity, supported by mitochondria, require oxygen and nutrients
slow twitch fibers
slow to contract, small diameter, more mitochondria, high oxygen supply, contain myoglobin
muscle tissue
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
sarcoplasmic reticulum
stores calcium, modified endoplasmic reticulum
calcium
the chemical element, that cannot be produced by any biological processes
recovery period
the time required after exertion for muscles to return to normal, oxygen becomes available, mitochondrial activity resumes
T tubules
tunnel of sarcolemma that allow extracellular environment deep within the inside of muscle cell
isometric
type of muscle tension, same measure (length), change in tension but no change in muscle length (ex. plank)
isotonic
type of muscle tension, same tension (forces muscle exerts on object (concentric and eccentric)
ACh (acetocholine)
used in the motor unit division of the somatic nervous system