BMS 507.01 Study Guide CHAPTER 10

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triad

the structure by a t-tubule with a sarcoplasmic reticulum on either side

actin

light regions, I-bands, thin and light

twitch

a single stimulus that doesn't perform useful work, 3 phases- latent period before contraction, contraction phase, relaxation phase

oxygen debt

after exercise or other exertion, the body needs more oxygen than usual to normalize metabolic activities, results in heavy breathing

lactic acid

byproduct of anaerobic respiration which strongly contributes to muscle fatigue

anerobic

chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)

tetanus

complete (sustained muscle contraction, useful work) and incomplete (enough stimulus to lead to muscle contraction, but not sustained)

fast twitch fibers

contract quickly, large diameter, large glycogen reserves, few mitochondria, strong, fatigue quickly

myosin

dark regions, A-bands, thick and heavy

tropomyosin

double stranded, prevents actin-myosin interaction

action potential

electrical signal

motor unit

functional unit of muscle contraction

sacromere

functional unit of striated muscle

synaptic cleft

gap between synaptic terminal and motor end plate

tropinin

globular protein, binds tropomyosin in G-actin, controlled by Ca2+

treppe

increase in stimulation frequency or intensity that doesn't yet perform useful work

neruromuscular junction

location of neural stimulation

intermediate twitch fibers

mid-sized, have low myoglobin, have more capillaries than fast twitch fibers, slower to fatigue

receptors

neural structures that respond to stimuli

recruitment

part of motor unit, the progressive activation of a muscle by the successive recruitment

synaptic knob

part of the presynaptic neuron containing vesicles containing neurotransmitters

aerobic

prolonged activity, supported by mitochondria, require oxygen and nutrients

slow twitch fibers

slow to contract, small diameter, more mitochondria, high oxygen supply, contain myoglobin

muscle tissue

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

sarcoplasmic reticulum

stores calcium, modified endoplasmic reticulum

calcium

the chemical element, that cannot be produced by any biological processes

recovery period

the time required after exertion for muscles to return to normal, oxygen becomes available, mitochondrial activity resumes

T tubules

tunnel of sarcolemma that allow extracellular environment deep within the inside of muscle cell

isometric

type of muscle tension, same measure (length), change in tension but no change in muscle length (ex. plank)

isotonic

type of muscle tension, same tension (forces muscle exerts on object (concentric and eccentric)

ACh (acetocholine)

used in the motor unit division of the somatic nervous system


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