Body Structure and Function Chapter 16 Study Guide

_________ skin can lead to infection and can allow foregin substances to be absorbed

cracked skin

_________ sweat glands are distributed widely over the body, but are numerous on the upper lip, forehead, back, palms, and soles.

eccrine

__________ glands secrete sweat into numerous ducts that empty into pores

eccrine

Hair grows slowly, approximately _________ every 3 days.

1 mm

An __________ is an individual born without the ability to produce melanin. Has totally white hair and skin. Persons eyes look red due to absence of pigment in the iris and the reflection of blood vessels in the eyes

Albino

The epidermis is _______, or has no blood supply

Avascular

Mitosis occurs in the ____________ layer of the skin

Basal

Sometimes external friction causes a separation between the dermis and the epidermis, leading to a __________

Blister

Thickened epidermis on areas of the body with greater friction is called a _________

Callus

____________ is a yellowish pigment found in parts of the epidermis and dermis. It is a precursor to Vitamin A.

Carotene

_____________________ causes faster destruction of elastic fibers and can lead to wrinkle development at a younger age

Cigarette smoking

______ means glue

Colla

________ is a tough, resistant, and flexible fibrous protein

Collagen

____________ is dangerous swelling and compression within the intramuscular septa

Compartmental syndrome

________ tissues attach skin to underlying muscle

Connective

The ________, or "true skin" is considered the thickest skin layer and is composed entirely of live cells

Corium

The layers of the epidermis from outside down

Corneum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale layer

_____________ means "of the skin"

Cutaneous

A skin specialist is called a ___________

Dermatologist

Thick layer below the epidermis is called the ____________ which contains the hair, glands, blood vessels, and nerves

Dermis

Process by which cells are rubbed off constantly through washing and friction is called_________

Desquamation

The skins thin, superficial outer layer is called the

Epidermis

________ tissue not only covers the surface of the body but also lines body cavities and forms some glands

Epithelial

________ are patches of melanin clustered together

Freckles

________ provide internal secretions to the external world

Glands

__________ derives from the subcutaneous fatty layer and covers almost all the skin except for a few areas, such as the lips, palms, soles of the feet and penis.

Hair

accessory structures of the integumentary system include:

Hair, nails, and glands

Collagen ___________ and _________ ___________ with age

Hardens and loses elasticity

__________ is the pigment in red blood cells.

Hemoglobin

The _____________ is the single fatty layer that lies directly below the dermis. It is not actually part of the skin.

Hypodermis

The skin and its accessory structures form the

Integumntary system

_________ creates a waterproof barrier and is the body's true protector

Keratin

__________ cells produces keratin

Keratinocyte

__________ cells provide immune response and participated in allergy response

Langerhan

__________ are fat cells

Lipocytes

In youth, collagen is __________ and _________

Loose and elastic

________ gives color to hair, skin, and other structures

Melanin

_________ is the Brown-Black pigment produced by melanocytes

Melanin

The three pigments that produce normal skin color are:

Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin

___________ cells produces the pigment melanin

Melanocyte

__________ cells promote sensation of touch

Merkel

_________ tissue helps the body react to sensations of heat, cold, pain, touch, vibration, and pressure

Nervous

Secreted _____ provides waterproofing and protects the skin from drying and cracking

Oil

______ skin wrinkles less

Oilier

The skin is an ______ because it is composed of a variety of tissues

Organ

________ binds to hemoglobin and is carried by the red blood cells

Oxygen

________________ helps eliminate waste products and helps in cooling

Perspiration

Functions of the integumentary system include:

Protection, thermoregulation, metabolism, sensation, communication, and storage

The epidermis receives nutrients and oxygen from the underlying dermis via tiny fingerlike projections called ___________

Rete pegs

_________________ glands are considered oil glands

Sebaceous

__________ is the body's largest organ

Skin

The epidermis is composed of ________ epithelium

Squamous

Through the skin medication is called

Transdermal

______________ helps maintain epithelial tissues, promotes proper growth of skeletal and soft tissues, and is necessary for night vision.

Vitamin A

_________ occurs due to the loss of elastic fibers and collagen in the skin.

Wrinkles

baldness, or ________ is related to disease, high fever, emotional stress, surgery, pregnancy, starvation, chemotherapy, radiation, or heredity.

alopecia

_____ sweat glands become active at puberty, secreting a thick, oily, milky, sweat into hair follicles

apocrine

three types of sudoriferous glands

apocrine, eccrine, and mammary glands

_______________ are involuntary muscles that stand erect when stimulated by cold or fear, giving the skin the appearance of goosebumps.

arrector pili

surrounding each hair follicle are small, smooth muscles called ___________

arrector pili

A ____________________ occurs when emotional stressors, such as anxiety or fear, stimulate these glands.

cold sweat

_________ and _____________ have the distinctive purpose of keeping dust particles and perspiration out of the eyes.

eyelashes and eyebrows

more fragile also means ________

friable

____________is due to the type and amount of melanin in a layer of hair

hair color

each hair grows from a tiny sac or bulb within a _____________

hair follicle

a _____________ can reveal environmental exposure to heavy metals, some drugs, or poisons much more accurately than a blood specimen.

hair sample

The main accessory structures of the skin are:

hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, and ceruminal glands.

the nail is made up of _________________ dead cells

keratinized

"Liver spots" are also clusters of ___________

melanin

as people age, they lose ________ and their hair appears gray, and with a total loss, appears white

melanin

A ___________ is a circumscribed area on the skin, it may be raised, dark colored or flesh colored.

mole

nail growth occurs in the _______________

nail matrix

________ are tightly packed cells of the horny layer of the epidermis and help protect the sensitvie tips of fingers and toes.

nails

a mole is also called a ___________

nevus

Sebum may trap bacteria in the pores, causing inflammation or infection, otherwise known as, __________

pimples

__________ are tiny holes in the skin

pores

the primary function of hair is _________________

protection

Primary functions of the integumentary system are:

protection, thermoregulation, metabolism, sensation, communication, and storage

the part of hair below the skin is the__________

root

damaged skin often forms a ________

scar

________ gives hair its shine and provides some waterproofing

sebum

________ prevents drying of the skin, thereby protecting it from cracking.

sebum

the visible but dead portion of hair above the skin is the ________

shaft

_____________ may cause slower capillary refill time

sickle cell anemia

_________ glands are located in the dermis

sudoriferous

scalp hair protects against _______________ sunlight, and insulates against ___________ cold

sunlight, cold

___________ is responsible for male pattern baldness

testosterone

____________ is the male hormone responsible for greater density of hair on men

testosterone

hair __________ can reveal a persons nutritional status

texture

_________ is a skin condition in which the melanocytes stop making melanin, causing distinct, localized areas of white

vitiligo

A toenail lost through trauma takes about _____ to _____ months to regrow

12 to 18

It takes between ____ and ____ weeks for the outer layer of skin to be replaced

2 and 6

normal capillary refill time for an adult is

3 seconds

a fingernail lost through trauma takes about ____ to ____ months to regrow

3 to 5

capillary refill time for geriatric patients is

5 seconds

The _____________ is relatively waterproof and provides a barrier against light, heat, bacteria, and other foreign substances

Stratum corneum

A persons nutritional status greatly influences the thickness of __________________________ tissue

Subcutaneous

___________ tissue lies beneath the dermis and above a layer of muscle. It's purpose is to attach the epidermal and dermal layers to underlying organs and help cushion, protect, and hold these structures in place. It is a heat insulator and specializes in the formation and storage of lipocytes

Subcutaneous

_________________glands are considered sweat glands

Sudoriferous

____________ causes extra melanin production, helping to protect the body from damaging effects of UV light and causing the skin to darken

Sun exposure