Body Structure and Function Chapter 16 Study Guide
_________ skin can lead to infection and can allow foregin substances to be absorbed
cracked skin
_________ sweat glands are distributed widely over the body, but are numerous on the upper lip, forehead, back, palms, and soles.
eccrine
__________ glands secrete sweat into numerous ducts that empty into pores
eccrine
Hair grows slowly, approximately _________ every 3 days.
1 mm
An __________ is an individual born without the ability to produce melanin. Has totally white hair and skin. Persons eyes look red due to absence of pigment in the iris and the reflection of blood vessels in the eyes
Albino
The epidermis is _______, or has no blood supply
Avascular
Mitosis occurs in the ____________ layer of the skin
Basal
Sometimes external friction causes a separation between the dermis and the epidermis, leading to a __________
Blister
Thickened epidermis on areas of the body with greater friction is called a _________
Callus
____________ is a yellowish pigment found in parts of the epidermis and dermis. It is a precursor to Vitamin A.
Carotene
_____________________ causes faster destruction of elastic fibers and can lead to wrinkle development at a younger age
Cigarette smoking
______ means glue
Colla
________ is a tough, resistant, and flexible fibrous protein
Collagen
____________ is dangerous swelling and compression within the intramuscular septa
Compartmental syndrome
________ tissues attach skin to underlying muscle
Connective
The ________, or "true skin" is considered the thickest skin layer and is composed entirely of live cells
Corium
The layers of the epidermis from outside down
Corneum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale layer
_____________ means "of the skin"
Cutaneous
A skin specialist is called a ___________
Dermatologist
Thick layer below the epidermis is called the ____________ which contains the hair, glands, blood vessels, and nerves
Dermis
Process by which cells are rubbed off constantly through washing and friction is called_________
Desquamation
The skins thin, superficial outer layer is called the
Epidermis
________ tissue not only covers the surface of the body but also lines body cavities and forms some glands
Epithelial
________ are patches of melanin clustered together
Freckles
________ provide internal secretions to the external world
Glands
__________ derives from the subcutaneous fatty layer and covers almost all the skin except for a few areas, such as the lips, palms, soles of the feet and penis.
Hair
accessory structures of the integumentary system include:
Hair, nails, and glands
Collagen ___________ and _________ ___________ with age
Hardens and loses elasticity
__________ is the pigment in red blood cells.
Hemoglobin
The _____________ is the single fatty layer that lies directly below the dermis. It is not actually part of the skin.
Hypodermis
The skin and its accessory structures form the
Integumntary system
_________ creates a waterproof barrier and is the body's true protector
Keratin
__________ cells produces keratin
Keratinocyte
__________ cells provide immune response and participated in allergy response
Langerhan
__________ are fat cells
Lipocytes
In youth, collagen is __________ and _________
Loose and elastic
________ gives color to hair, skin, and other structures
Melanin
_________ is the Brown-Black pigment produced by melanocytes
Melanin
The three pigments that produce normal skin color are:
Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin
___________ cells produces the pigment melanin
Melanocyte
__________ cells promote sensation of touch
Merkel
_________ tissue helps the body react to sensations of heat, cold, pain, touch, vibration, and pressure
Nervous
Secreted _____ provides waterproofing and protects the skin from drying and cracking
Oil
______ skin wrinkles less
Oilier
The skin is an ______ because it is composed of a variety of tissues
Organ
________ binds to hemoglobin and is carried by the red blood cells
Oxygen
________________ helps eliminate waste products and helps in cooling
Perspiration
Functions of the integumentary system include:
Protection, thermoregulation, metabolism, sensation, communication, and storage
The epidermis receives nutrients and oxygen from the underlying dermis via tiny fingerlike projections called ___________
Rete pegs
_________________ glands are considered oil glands
Sebaceous
__________ is the body's largest organ
Skin
The epidermis is composed of ________ epithelium
Squamous
Through the skin medication is called
Transdermal
______________ helps maintain epithelial tissues, promotes proper growth of skeletal and soft tissues, and is necessary for night vision.
Vitamin A
_________ occurs due to the loss of elastic fibers and collagen in the skin.
Wrinkles
baldness, or ________ is related to disease, high fever, emotional stress, surgery, pregnancy, starvation, chemotherapy, radiation, or heredity.
alopecia
_____ sweat glands become active at puberty, secreting a thick, oily, milky, sweat into hair follicles
apocrine
three types of sudoriferous glands
apocrine, eccrine, and mammary glands
_______________ are involuntary muscles that stand erect when stimulated by cold or fear, giving the skin the appearance of goosebumps.
arrector pili
surrounding each hair follicle are small, smooth muscles called ___________
arrector pili
A ____________________ occurs when emotional stressors, such as anxiety or fear, stimulate these glands.
cold sweat
_________ and _____________ have the distinctive purpose of keeping dust particles and perspiration out of the eyes.
eyelashes and eyebrows
more fragile also means ________
friable
____________is due to the type and amount of melanin in a layer of hair
hair color
each hair grows from a tiny sac or bulb within a _____________
hair follicle
a _____________ can reveal environmental exposure to heavy metals, some drugs, or poisons much more accurately than a blood specimen.
hair sample
The main accessory structures of the skin are:
hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, and ceruminal glands.
the nail is made up of _________________ dead cells
keratinized
"Liver spots" are also clusters of ___________
melanin
as people age, they lose ________ and their hair appears gray, and with a total loss, appears white
melanin
A ___________ is a circumscribed area on the skin, it may be raised, dark colored or flesh colored.
mole
nail growth occurs in the _______________
nail matrix
________ are tightly packed cells of the horny layer of the epidermis and help protect the sensitvie tips of fingers and toes.
nails
a mole is also called a ___________
nevus
Sebum may trap bacteria in the pores, causing inflammation or infection, otherwise known as, __________
pimples
__________ are tiny holes in the skin
pores
the primary function of hair is _________________
protection
Primary functions of the integumentary system are:
protection, thermoregulation, metabolism, sensation, communication, and storage
the part of hair below the skin is the__________
root
damaged skin often forms a ________
scar
________ gives hair its shine and provides some waterproofing
sebum
________ prevents drying of the skin, thereby protecting it from cracking.
sebum
the visible but dead portion of hair above the skin is the ________
shaft
_____________ may cause slower capillary refill time
sickle cell anemia
_________ glands are located in the dermis
sudoriferous
scalp hair protects against _______________ sunlight, and insulates against ___________ cold
sunlight, cold
___________ is responsible for male pattern baldness
testosterone
____________ is the male hormone responsible for greater density of hair on men
testosterone
hair __________ can reveal a persons nutritional status
texture
_________ is a skin condition in which the melanocytes stop making melanin, causing distinct, localized areas of white
vitiligo
A toenail lost through trauma takes about _____ to _____ months to regrow
12 to 18
It takes between ____ and ____ weeks for the outer layer of skin to be replaced
2 and 6
normal capillary refill time for an adult is
3 seconds
a fingernail lost through trauma takes about ____ to ____ months to regrow
3 to 5
capillary refill time for geriatric patients is
5 seconds
The _____________ is relatively waterproof and provides a barrier against light, heat, bacteria, and other foreign substances
Stratum corneum
A persons nutritional status greatly influences the thickness of __________________________ tissue
Subcutaneous
___________ tissue lies beneath the dermis and above a layer of muscle. It's purpose is to attach the epidermal and dermal layers to underlying organs and help cushion, protect, and hold these structures in place. It is a heat insulator and specializes in the formation and storage of lipocytes
Subcutaneous
_________________glands are considered sweat glands
Sudoriferous
____________ causes extra melanin production, helping to protect the body from damaging effects of UV light and causing the skin to darken
Sun exposure